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Jinzhu 2016-02-29 21:52:18 +08:00
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@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ The database handle returned from db.Begin() should be used for all oper">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ The database handle returned from db.Begin() should be used for all oper">
data-chapter-title="Advanced Usage"
data-filepath="advanced.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -602,119 +602,119 @@ The database handle returned from db.Begin() should be used for all oper">
</ul>
<!-- toc stop -->
<h2 id="error-handling">Error Handling</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go">query <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
query <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Limit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// query.Error will return the last happened error</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">query := db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user)
query := db.First(&amp;user).Limit(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">// query.Error will return the last happened error</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// So you could do error handing in your application like this:</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span>Error<span class="token operator">;</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// error handling...</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// So you could do error handing in your application like this:</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user).Error; err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// error handling...</span>
}
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// RecordNotFound</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// If no record found when you query data, gorm will return RecordNotFound error, you could check it like this:</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span>Error <span class="token operator">==</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>RecordNotFound
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Or use the shortcut method</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">RecordNotFound<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// RecordNotFound</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// If no record found when you query data, gorm will return RecordNotFound error, you could check it like this:</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span>).First(&amp;User{}).Error == gorm.RecordNotFound
<span class="hljs-comment">// Or use the shortcut method</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user).RecordNotFound()
<span class="token keyword">if</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Related<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>credit_card<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">RecordNotFound<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// no credit card found error handling</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> db.Model(&amp;user).Related(&amp;credit_card).RecordNotFound() {
<span class="hljs-comment">// no credit card found error handling</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="transactions">Transactions</h2>
<p>To perform a set of operations within a transaction, the general flow is as below.
The database handle returned from <code>db.Begin()</code> should be used for all operations within the transaction.
(Note that all individual save and delete operations are run in a transaction by default.)</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// begin</span>
tx <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Begin<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// begin</span>
tx := db.Begin()
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// do some database operations (use &apos;tx&apos; from this point, not &apos;db&apos;)</span>
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">...</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// do some database operations (use &apos;tx&apos; from this point, not &apos;db&apos;)</span>
tx.Create(...)
...
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// rollback in case of error</span>
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rollback<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// rollback in case of error</span>
tx.Rollback()
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Or commit if all is ok</span>
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Or commit if all is ok</span>
tx.Commit()
</code></pre>
<h3 id="a-specific-example">A Specific Example</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">CreateAnimals<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> err <span class="token operator">{</span>
tx <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Begin<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Note the use of tx as the database handle once you are within a transaction</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> CreateAnimals(db *gorm.DB) err {
tx := db.Begin()
<span class="hljs-comment">// Note the use of tx as the database handle once you are within a transaction</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>Animal<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Giraffe&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span>Error<span class="token operator">;</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rollback<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> err
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := tx.Create(&amp;Animal{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Giraffe&quot;</span>}).Error; err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
tx.Rollback()
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
}
<span class="token keyword">if</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>Animal<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Lion&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span>Error<span class="token operator">;</span> err <span class="token operator">!=</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rollback<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> err
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := tx.Create(&amp;Animal{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Lion&quot;</span>}).Error; err != <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
tx.Rollback()
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
}
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
tx.Commit()
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="raw-sql">Raw SQL</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Exec<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;DROP TABLE users;&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Exec<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;UPDATE orders SET shipped_at=? WHERE id IN (?)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> time<span class="token operator">.</span>Now<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">int64</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token number">11</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token number">22</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token number">33</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Exec(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;DROP TABLE users;&quot;</span>)
db.Exec(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;UPDATE orders SET shipped_at=? WHERE id IN (?)&quot;</span>, time.Now, []<span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>{<span class="hljs-number">11</span>,<span class="hljs-number">22</span>,<span class="hljs-number">33</span>})
</code></pre>
<h2 id="row--rows">Row &amp; Rows</h2>
<p>It is even possible to get query result as <code>*sql.Row</code> or <code>*sql.Rows</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">row <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Row<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// (*sql.Row)</span>
row<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>name<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>age<span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">row := db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span>).Row() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Row)</span>
row.Scan(&amp;name, &amp;age)
rows<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, age, email&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
<span class="token keyword">defer</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Close<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Next<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>name<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>age<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>email<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
rows, err := db.Model(&amp;User{}).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name, age, email&quot;</span>).Rows() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
...
rows.Scan(&amp;name, &amp;age, &amp;email)
...
}
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Raw SQL</span>
rows<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Raw<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;select name, age, email from users where name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
<span class="token keyword">defer</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Close<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Next<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>name<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>age<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>email<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Raw SQL</span>
rows, err := db.Raw(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;select name, age, email from users where name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Rows() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
...
rows.Scan(&amp;name, &amp;age, &amp;email)
...
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="scan-rows">Scan Rows</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, age, email&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
<span class="token keyword">defer</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Close<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows, err := db.Model(&amp;User{}).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name, age, email&quot;</span>).Rows() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()
<span class="token keyword">for</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Next<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">var</span> user User
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">ScanRows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>rows<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// do something</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> user User
db.ScanRows(rows, &amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">// do something</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="composite-primary-key">Composite Primary Key</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> Product <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
ID <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span>
LanguageCode <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Product <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
ID <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span>
LanguageCode <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="logger">Logger</h2>
<p>Gorm has built-in logger support</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Enable Logger</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">LogMode<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Enable Logger</span>
db.LogMode(<span class="hljs-constant">true</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Diable Logger</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">LogMode<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Diable Logger</span>
db.LogMode(<span class="hljs-constant">false</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Debug a single operation</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Debug<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Debug a single operation</span>
db.Debug().Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).First(&amp;User{})
</code></pre>
<p><img src="https:/raw.github.com/jinzhu/gorm/master/doc/logger.png" alt="logger"></p>
<h3 id="customize-logger">Customize Logger</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Refer gorm&apos;s default logger for how to: https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/logger.go#files</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetLogger<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Logger<span class="token operator">{</span>revel<span class="token operator">.</span>TRACE<span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetLogger<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>log<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">New<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>os<span class="token operator">.</span>Stdout<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;\r\n&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Refer gorm&apos;s default logger for how to: https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/logger.go#files</span>
db.SetLogger(gorm.Logger{revel.TRACE})
db.SetLogger(log.New(os.Stdout, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;\r\n&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>))
</code></pre>
@ -773,7 +773,7 @@ db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetLogger<sp
<script>
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
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gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","size":2,"family":"sans"},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"anker-enable":{},"highlight":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
});
</script>

180
associations.html
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
data-chapter-title="Associations"
data-filepath="associations.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -592,130 +592,130 @@
</ul>
<!-- toc stop -->
<h2 id="belongs-to">Belongs To</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// User belongs to a profile, ProfileID is the foreign key</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// User belongs to a profile, ProfileID is the foreign key</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Profile Profile
ProfileID <span class="token builtin">int</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
ProfileID <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Profile <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Profile <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Related<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>profile<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM profiles WHERE id = 111; // 111 is user&apos;s foreign key ProfileID</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Related(&amp;profile)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM profiles WHERE id = 111; // 111 is user&apos;s foreign key ProfileID</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="has-one">Has One</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// User has one CreditCard, UserID is the foreign key</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// User has one CreditCard, UserID is the foreign key</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
CreditCard CreditCard
<span class="token operator">}</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> CreditCard <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
UserID <span class="token builtin">uint</span>
Number <span class="token builtin">string</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> CreditCard <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
UserID <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span>
Number <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">var</span> card CreditCard
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Related<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>card<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;CreditCard&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM credit_cards WHERE user_id = 123; // 123 is user&apos;s primary key</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// CreditCard is user&apos;s field name, it means get user&apos;s CreditCard relations and fill it into variable card</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// If the field name is same as the variable&apos;s type name, like above example, it could be omitted, like:</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Related<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>card<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> card CreditCard
db.Model(&amp;user).Related(&amp;card, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;CreditCard&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM credit_cards WHERE user_id = 123; // 123 is user&apos;s primary key</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// CreditCard is user&apos;s field name, it means get user&apos;s CreditCard relations and fill it into variable card</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// If the field name is same as the variable&apos;s type name, like above example, it could be omitted, like:</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Related(&amp;card)
</code></pre>
<h2 id="has-many">Has Many</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// User has many emails, UserID is the foreign key</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Emails <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Email
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// User has many emails, UserID is the foreign key</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Emails []Email
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Email <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Email <span class="token builtin">string</span>
UserID <span class="token builtin">uint</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Email <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Email <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
UserID <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span>
}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Related<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>emails<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM emails WHERE user_id = 111; // 111 is user&apos;s primary key</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Related(&amp;emails)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM emails WHERE user_id = 111; // 111 is user&apos;s primary key</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="many-to-many">Many To Many</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// User has and belongs to many languages, use `user_languages` as join table</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Languages <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Language <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;many2many:user_languages;&quot;`</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// User has and belongs to many languages, use `user_languages` as join table</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Languages []Language <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;many2many:user_languages;&quot;`</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Language <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Language <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Related<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>languages<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM &quot;languages&quot; INNER JOIN &quot;user_languages&quot; ON &quot;user_languages&quot;.&quot;language_id&quot; = &quot;languages&quot;.&quot;id&quot; WHERE &quot;user_languages&quot;.&quot;user_id&quot; = 111</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Related(&amp;languages)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM &quot;languages&quot; INNER JOIN &quot;user_languages&quot; ON &quot;user_languages&quot;.&quot;language_id&quot; = &quot;languages&quot;.&quot;id&quot; WHERE &quot;user_languages&quot;.&quot;user_id&quot; = 111</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="polymorphism">Polymorphism</h2>
<p>Supports polymorphic has-many and has-one associations.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"> <span class="token keyword">type</span> Cat <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
Id <span class="token builtin">int</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
Toy Toy <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;polymorphic:Owner;&quot;`</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"> <span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Cat <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
Id <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
Toy Toy <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;polymorphic:Owner;&quot;`</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Dog <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
Id <span class="token builtin">int</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
Toy Toy <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;polymorphic:Owner;&quot;`</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Dog <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
Id <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
Toy Toy <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;polymorphic:Owner;&quot;`</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Toy <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
Id <span class="token builtin">int</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
OwnerId <span class="token builtin">int</span>
OwnerType <span class="token builtin">string</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Toy <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
Id <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
OwnerId <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
OwnerType <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
}
</code></pre>
<p>Note: polymorphic belongs-to and many-to-many are explicitly NOT supported, and will throw errors.</p>
<h2 id="association-mode">Association Mode</h2>
<p>Association Mode contains some helper methods to handle relationship things easily.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Start Association Mode</span>
<span class="token keyword">var</span> user User
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// `user` is the source, it need to be a valid record (contains primary key)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// `Languages` is source&apos;s field name for a relationship.</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// If those conditions not matched, will return an error, check it with:</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// db.Model(&amp;user).Association(&quot;Languages&quot;).Error</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Start Association Mode</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> user User
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">// `user` is the source, it need to be a valid record (contains primary key)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// `Languages` is source&apos;s field name for a relationship.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// If those conditions not matched, will return an error, check it with:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// db.Model(&amp;user).Association(&quot;Languages&quot;).Error</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Query - Find out all related associations</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>languages<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Query - Find out all related associations</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;languages)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Append - Append new associations for many2many, has_many, will replace current association for has_one, belongs_to</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Append<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Language<span class="token operator">{</span>languageZH<span class="token operator">,</span> languageEN<span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Append<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>Language<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;DE&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Append - Append new associations for many2many, has_many, will replace current association for has_one, belongs_to</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Append([]Language{languageZH, languageEN})
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Append(Language{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;DE&quot;</span>})
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Delete - Remove relationship between source &amp; passed arguments, won&apos;t delete those arguments</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Language<span class="token operator">{</span>languageZH<span class="token operator">,</span> languageEN<span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>languageZH<span class="token operator">,</span> languageEN<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Delete - Remove relationship between source &amp; passed arguments, won&apos;t delete those arguments</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Delete([]Language{languageZH, languageEN})
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Delete(languageZH, languageEN)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Replace - Replace current associations with new one</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Replace<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Language<span class="token operator">{</span>languageZH<span class="token operator">,</span> languageEN<span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Replace<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>Language<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;DE&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span> languageEN<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Replace - Replace current associations with new one</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Replace([]Language{languageZH, languageEN})
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Replace(Language{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;DE&quot;</span>}, languageEN)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Count - Return the count of current associations</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Count<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Count - Return the count of current associations</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Count()
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Clear - Remove relationship between source &amp; current associations, won&apos;t delete those associations</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Association<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Clear<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Clear - Remove relationship between source &amp; current associations, won&apos;t delete those associations</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Association(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Languages&quot;</span>).Clear()
</code></pre>
@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span c
<script>
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","family":"sans","size":4},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"prism":{},"anker-enable":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","size":2,"family":"sans"},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"anker-enable":{},"highlight":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
});
</script>

56
callbacks.html
View File

@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ If any callback returns an error, gorm will stop future operations and rollback
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ If any callback returns an error, gorm will stop future operations and rollback
data-chapter-title="Callbacks"
data-filepath="callbacks.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -598,54 +598,54 @@ If any callback returns an error, gorm will stop future operations and rollback
<h3 id="creating-an-object">Creating An Object</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">BeforeSave
BeforeCreate
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// save before associations</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// save self</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// save after associations</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// save before associations</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// save self</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// save after associations</span>
AfterCreate
AfterSave
</code></pre>
<h3 id="updating-an-object">Updating An Object</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">BeforeSave
BeforeUpdate
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// save before associations</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// save self</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// save after associations</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// save before associations</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// save self</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// save after associations</span>
AfterUpdate
AfterSave
</code></pre>
<h3 id="destroying-an-object">Destroying An Object</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">BeforeDelete
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// delete self</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// delete self</span>
AfterDelete
</code></pre>
<h3 id="after-find">After Find</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// load data from database</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// load data from database</span>
AfterFind
</code></pre>
<h3 id="example">Example</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>u <span class="token operator">*</span>User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">BeforeUpdate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>err <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> u<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">readonly<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
err <span class="token operator">=</span> errors<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">New<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;read only user&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (u *User) BeforeUpdate() (err error) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> u.readonly() {
err = errors.New(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;read only user&quot;</span>)
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>
}
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Rollback the insertion if user&apos;s id greater than 1000</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>u <span class="token operator">*</span>User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">AfterCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>err <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>u<span class="token operator">.</span>Id <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
err <span class="token operator">=</span> errors<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">New<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;user id is already greater than 1000&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Rollback the insertion if user&apos;s id greater than 1000</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (u *User) AfterCreate() (err error) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (u.Id &gt; <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>) {
err = errors.New(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;user id is already greater than 1000&quot;</span>)
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>
}
</code></pre>
<p>Save/delete operations in gorm are running in a transaction.
Changes made in that transaction are not visible unless it is commited.
So if you want to use those changes in your callbacks, you need to run your SQL in the same transaction.
For this Gorm supports passing transactions to callbacks like this:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>u <span class="token operator">*</span>User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">AfterCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>tx <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>err <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
tx<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>u<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;role&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;admin&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (u *User) AfterCreate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
tx.Model(u).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;role&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;admin&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>
}
</code></pre>
@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ For this Gorm supports passing transactions to callbacks like this:</p>
<script>
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","family":"sans","size":4},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"prism":{},"anker-enable":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","size":2,"family":"sans"},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"anker-enable":{},"highlight":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
});
</script>

694
curd.html
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
data-chapter-title="CRUD: Reading and Writing Data"
data-filepath="curd.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -642,531 +642,531 @@
<!-- toc stop -->
<h2 id="create">Create</h2>
<h3 id="create-record">Create Record</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">user <span class="token operator">:=</span> User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Birthday<span class="token operator">:</span> time<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Now<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">user := User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>, Birthday: time.Now()}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">NewRecord<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>user<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// =&gt; returns `true` as primary key is blank</span>
db.NewRecord(user) <span class="hljs-comment">// =&gt; returns `true` as primary key is blank</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
db.Create(&amp;user)
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">NewRecord<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>user<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// =&gt; return `false` after `user` created</span>
db.NewRecord(user) <span class="hljs-comment">// =&gt; return `false` after `user` created</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Associations will be inserted automatically when save the record</span>
user <span class="token operator">:=</span> User<span class="token operator">{</span>
Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span>
BillingAddress<span class="token operator">:</span> Address<span class="token operator">{</span>Address1<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Billing Address - Address 1&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span>
ShippingAddress<span class="token operator">:</span> Address<span class="token operator">{</span>Address1<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Shipping Address - Address 1&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span>
Emails<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Email<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">{</span>Email<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu@example.com&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>Email<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu-2@example@example.com&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span>
Languages<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>Language<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;ZH&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;EN&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Associations will be inserted automatically when save the record</span>
user := User{
Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>,
BillingAddress: Address{Address1: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Billing Address - Address 1&quot;</span>},
ShippingAddress: Address{Address1: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Shipping Address - Address 1&quot;</span>},
Emails: []Email{{Email: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu@example.com&quot;</span>}, {Email: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu-2@example@example.com&quot;</span>}},
Languages: []Language{{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ZH&quot;</span>}, {Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;EN&quot;</span>}},
}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// BEGIN TRANSACTION;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;addresses&quot; (address1) VALUES (&quot;Billing Address - Address 1&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;addresses&quot; (address1) VALUES (&quot;Shipping Address - Address 1&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name,billing_address_id,shipping_address_id) VALUES (&quot;jinzhu&quot;, 1, 2);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;emails&quot; (user_id,email) VALUES (111, &quot;jinzhu@example.com&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;emails&quot; (user_id,email) VALUES (111, &quot;jinzhu-2@example.com&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;languages&quot; (&quot;name&quot;) VALUES (&apos;ZH&apos;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO user_languages (&quot;user_id&quot;,&quot;language_id&quot;) VALUES (111, 1);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;languages&quot; (&quot;name&quot;) VALUES (&apos;EN&apos;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO user_languages (&quot;user_id&quot;,&quot;language_id&quot;) VALUES (111, 2);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// COMMIT;</span>
db.Create(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// BEGIN TRANSACTION;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;addresses&quot; (address1) VALUES (&quot;Billing Address - Address 1&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;addresses&quot; (address1) VALUES (&quot;Shipping Address - Address 1&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name,billing_address_id,shipping_address_id) VALUES (&quot;jinzhu&quot;, 1, 2);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;emails&quot; (user_id,email) VALUES (111, &quot;jinzhu@example.com&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;emails&quot; (user_id,email) VALUES (111, &quot;jinzhu-2@example.com&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;languages&quot; (&quot;name&quot;) VALUES (&apos;ZH&apos;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO user_languages (&quot;user_id&quot;,&quot;language_id&quot;) VALUES (111, 1);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;languages&quot; (&quot;name&quot;) VALUES (&apos;EN&apos;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO user_languages (&quot;user_id&quot;,&quot;language_id&quot;) VALUES (111, 2);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// COMMIT;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="create-with-associations">Create With Associations</h3>
<p>Refer Associations for more details</p>
<h3 id="default-values">Default Values</h3>
<p>You could defined default value in the <code>sql</code> tag, then the generated creating SQL will ignore these fields that including default value and its value is blank, and after inserted the record into databae, gorm will load those fields&apos;s value from database.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> Animal <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
ID <span class="token builtin">int64</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token string">`sql:&quot;default:&apos;galeone&apos;&quot;`</span>
Age <span class="token builtin">int64</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Animal <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
ID <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`sql:&quot;default:&apos;galeone&apos;&quot;`</span>
Age <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">var</span> animal <span class="token operator">=</span> Animal<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">99</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>animal<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// INSERT INTO animals(&quot;age&quot;) values(&apos;99&apos;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// SELECT name from animals WHERE ID=111; // the returning primary key is 111</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// animal.Name =&gt; &apos;galeone&apos;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> animal = Animal{Age: <span class="hljs-number">99</span>, Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;</span>}
db.Create(&amp;animal)
<span class="hljs-comment">// INSERT INTO animals(&quot;age&quot;) values(&apos;99&apos;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// SELECT name from animals WHERE ID=111; // the returning primary key is 111</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// animal.Name =&gt; &apos;galeone&apos;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="setting-primary-key-in-callbacks">Setting Primary Key In Callbacks</h3>
<p>If you want to set primary key in <code>BeforeCreate</code> callback, you could use <code>scope.SetColumn</code>, for example:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>user <span class="token operator">*</span>User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">BeforeCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>scope <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Scope<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token builtin">error</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
scope<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;ID&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> uuid<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">New<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (user *User) BeforeCreate(scope *gorm.Scope) error {
scope.SetColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;ID&quot;</span>, uuid.New())
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="extra-creating-option">Extra Creating option</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add extra SQL option for inserting SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Set<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;gorm:insert_option&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;ON CONFLICT&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// INSERT INTO products (name, code) VALUES (&quot;name&quot;, &quot;code&quot;) ON CONFLICT;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Add extra SQL option for inserting SQL</span>
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;gorm:insert_option&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ON CONFLICT&quot;</span>).Create(&amp;product)
<span class="hljs-comment">// INSERT INTO products (name, code) VALUES (&quot;name&quot;, &quot;code&quot;) ON CONFLICT;</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="query">Query</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get the first record</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Get the first record</span>
db.First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id LIMIT 1;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get the last record</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Last<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Get the last record</span>
db.Last(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get all records</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Get all records</span>
db.Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get record with primary key</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Get record with primary key</span>
db.First(&amp;user, <span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="query-with-where-plain-sql">Query With Where (Plain SQL)</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get the first matched record</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; limit 1;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Get the first matched record</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; limit 1;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get all matched records</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Get all matched records</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name &lt;&gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name &lt;&gt; ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// IN</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name in (?)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// IN</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name in (?)&quot;</span>, []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// LIKE</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name LIKE ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;%jin%&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// LIKE</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name LIKE ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;%jin%&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// AND</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ? and age &gt;= ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;22&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// AND</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ? and age &gt;= ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;22&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Time</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;updated_at &gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> lastWeek<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Time</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;updated_at &gt; ?&quot;</span>, lastWeek).Find(&amp;users)
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> lastWeek<span class="token operator">,</span> today<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;created_at BETWEEN ? AND ?&quot;</span>, lastWeek, today).Find(&amp;users)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="query-with-where-struct--map">Query With Where (Struct &amp; Map)</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Struct</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &quot;jinzhu&quot; AND age = 20 LIMIT 1;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Struct</span>
db.Where(&amp;User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &quot;jinzhu&quot; AND age = 20 LIMIT 1;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Map</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &quot;jinzhu&quot; AND age = 20;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Map</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &quot;jinzhu&quot; AND age = 20;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Slice of primary keys</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">int64</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">21</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">22</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Slice of primary keys</span>
db.Where([]<span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>{<span class="hljs-number">20</span>, <span class="hljs-number">21</span>, <span class="hljs-number">22</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id IN (20, 21, 22);</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="query-with-not">Query With Not</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &quot;jinzhu&quot; LIMIT 1;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Not(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &quot;jinzhu&quot; LIMIT 1;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Not In</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN (&quot;jinzhu&quot;, &quot;jinzhu 2&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Not In</span>
db.Not(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN (&quot;jinzhu&quot;, &quot;jinzhu 2&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Not In slice of primary keys</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">int64</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Not In slice of primary keys</span>
db.Not([]<span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number">3</span>}).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id NOT IN (1,2,3);</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">int64</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users;</span>
db.Not([]<span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>{}).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Plain SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT(name = &quot;jinzhu&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Plain SQL</span>
db.Not(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT(name = &quot;jinzhu&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Struct</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &quot;jinzhu&quot;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Struct</span>
db.Not(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>}).First(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &quot;jinzhu&quot;;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="query-with-inline-condition">Query With Inline Condition</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get by primary key</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">23</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 23 LIMIT 1;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Get by primary key</span>
db.First(&amp;user, <span class="hljs-number">23</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 23 LIMIT 1;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Plain SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &quot;jinzhu&quot;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Plain SQL</span>
db.Find(&amp;user, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &quot;jinzhu&quot;;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;name &lt;&gt; ? AND age &gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &quot;jinzhu&quot; AND age &gt; 20;</span>
db.Find(&amp;users, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name &lt;&gt; ? AND age &gt; ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &quot;jinzhu&quot; AND age &gt; 20;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Struct</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">,</span> User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Struct</span>
db.Find(&amp;users, User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Map</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Map</span>
db.Find(&amp;users, <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="query-with-or">Query With Or</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;admin&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Or<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;super_admin&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = &apos;admin&apos; OR role = &apos;super_admin&apos;;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;admin&quot;</span>).Or(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;super_admin&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE role = &apos;admin&apos; OR role = &apos;super_admin&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Struct</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Or<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; OR name = &apos;jinzhu 2&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Struct</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;&quot;</span>).Or(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; OR name = &apos;jinzhu 2&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Map</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Or<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Map</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;&quot;</span>).Or(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="query-chains">Query Chains</h3>
<p>Gorm has a chainable API, you could use it like this</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name &lt;&gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age &gt;= ? and role &lt;&gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">,</span><span class="token string">&quot;admin&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &apos;jinzhu&apos; AND age &gt;= 20 AND role &lt;&gt; &apos;admin&apos;;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name &lt;&gt; ?&quot;</span>,<span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age &gt;= ? and role &lt;&gt; ?&quot;</span>,<span class="hljs-number">20</span>,<span class="hljs-string">&quot;admin&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name &lt;&gt; &apos;jinzhu&apos; AND age &gt;= 20 AND role &lt;&gt; &apos;admin&apos;;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;admin&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Or<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;super_admin&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Not<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;admin&quot;</span>).Or(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;role = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;super_admin&quot;</span>).Not(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="extra-querying-option">Extra Querying option</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add extra SQL option for selecting SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Set<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;gorm:query_option&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;FOR UPDATE&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 FOR UPDATE;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Add extra SQL option for selecting SQL</span>
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;gorm:query_option&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;FOR UPDATE&quot;</span>).First(&amp;user, <span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 10 FOR UPDATE;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="firstorinit">FirstOrInit</h3>
<p>Get the first matched record, or initialize a record with search conditions.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Unfound</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unfound</span>
db.FirstOrInit(&amp;user, User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Found</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span>}).FirstOrInit(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
db.FirstOrInit(&amp;user, <span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
</code></pre>
<h4 id="attrs">Attrs</h4>
<p>Ignore some values when searching, but use them to initialize the struct if record is not found.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Unfound</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Attrs<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unfound</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span>}).Attrs(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}).FirstOrInit(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;noexisting_user&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Attrs<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;noexisting_user&quot;</span>}).Attrs(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>).FirstOrInit(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Found</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Attrs<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span>}).Attrs(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">30</span>}).FirstOrInit(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
</code></pre>
<h4 id="assign">Assign</h4>
<p>Ignore some values when searching, but assign it to the result regardless it is found or not.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Unfound</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Assign<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unfound</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span>}).Assign(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}).FirstOrInit(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Found</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Assign<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrInit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 30}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span>}).Assign(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">30</span>}).FirstOrInit(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM USERS WHERE name = jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;, Age: 30}</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="firstorcreate">FirstOrCreate</h3>
<p>Get the first matched record, or create with search conditions.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Unfound</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">,</span> User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name) VALUES (&quot;non_existing&quot;);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 112, Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unfound</span>
db.FirstOrCreate(&amp;user, User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name) VALUES (&quot;non_existing&quot;);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 112, Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Found</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;Jinzhu&quot;</span>}).FirstOrCreate(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;Jinzhu&quot;}</span>
</code></pre>
<h4 id="attrs">Attrs</h4>
<p>Ignore some values when searching, but use them to create the struct if record is not found. like <code>FirstOrInit</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Unfound</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Attrs<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name, age) VALUES (&quot;non_existing&quot;, 20);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 112, Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unfound</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span>}).Attrs(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}).FirstOrCreate(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name, age) VALUES (&quot;non_existing&quot;, 20);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 112, Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Found</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Attrs<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>}).Attrs(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">30</span>}).FirstOrCreate(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;jinzhu&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
</code></pre>
<h4 id="assign">Assign</h4>
<p>Ignore some values when searching, but assign it to the record regardless it is found or not, then save back to database. like <code>FirstOrInit</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Unfound</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Assign<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name, age) VALUES (&quot;non_existing&quot;, 20);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 112, Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Unfound</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;non_existing&quot;</span>}).Assign(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">20</span>}).FirstOrCreate(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;non_existing&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// INSERT INTO &quot;users&quot; (name, age) VALUES (&quot;non_existing&quot;, 20);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 112, Name: &quot;non_existing&quot;, Age: 20}</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Found</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Assign<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">30</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">FirstOrCreate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET age=30 WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;jinzhu&quot;, Age: 30}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found</span>
db.Where(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>}).Assign(User{Age: <span class="hljs-number">30</span>}).FirstOrCreate(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET age=30 WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// user -&gt; User{Id: 111, Name: &quot;jinzhu&quot;, Age: 30}</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="select">Select</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT name, age FROM users;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT name, age FROM users;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT name, age FROM users;</span>
db.Select([]<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>}).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT name, age FROM users;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;COALESCE(age,?)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">42</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT COALESCE(age,&apos;42&apos;) FROM users;</span>
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;COALESCE(age,?)&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">42</span>).Rows()
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT COALESCE(age,&apos;42&apos;) FROM users;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="order">Order</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Order<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age desc, name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Order(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age desc, name&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Multiple orders</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Order<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age desc&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Order<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Multiple orders</span>
db.Order(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age desc&quot;</span>).Order(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc, name;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// ReOrder</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Order<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age desc&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users1<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Order<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users2<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc; (users1)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age; (users2)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// ReOrder</span>
db.Order(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age desc&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users1).Order(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>).Find(&amp;users2)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age desc; (users1)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY age; (users2)</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="limit">Limit</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Limit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Limit(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 3;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Cancel limit condition with -1</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Limit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users1<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Limit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users2<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Cancel limit condition with -1</span>
db.Limit(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>).Find(&amp;users1).Limit(-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>).Find(&amp;users2)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10; (users1)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="offset">Offset</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Offset<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Offset(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 3;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Cancel offset condition with -1</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Offset<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users1<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Offset<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users2<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Cancel offset condition with -1</span>
db.Offset(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>).Find(&amp;users1).Offset(-<span class="hljs-number">1</span>).Find(&amp;users2)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users OFFSET 10; (users1)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users; (users2)</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="count">Count</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Or<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Count<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>count<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * from USERS WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; OR name = &apos;jinzhu 2&apos;; (users)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; OR name = &apos;jinzhu 2&apos;; (count)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Or(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users).Count(&amp;count)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * from USERS WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; OR name = &apos;jinzhu 2&apos;; (users)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos; OR name = &apos;jinzhu 2&apos;; (count)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Count<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>count<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;; (count)</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Count(&amp;count)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;; (count)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Count<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>count<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT count(*) FROM deleted_users;</span>
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span>).Count(&amp;count)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT count(*) FROM deleted_users;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="group--having">Group &amp; Having</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;orders&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Group<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;date(created_at)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Next<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows, err := db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;orders&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total&quot;</span>).Group(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;date(created_at)&quot;</span>).Rows()
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
...
}
rows<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;orders&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Group<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;date(created_at)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Having<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;sum(amount) &gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Next<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
rows, err := db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;orders&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total&quot;</span>).Group(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;date(created_at)&quot;</span>).Having(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;sum(amount) &gt; ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100</span>).Rows()
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
...
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Result <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
Date time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time
Total <span class="token builtin">int64</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;orders&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Group<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;date(created_at)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Having<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;sum(amount) &gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>results<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Result <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
Date time.Time
Total <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>
}
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;orders&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;date(created_at) as date, sum(amount) as total&quot;</span>).Group(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;date(created_at)&quot;</span>).Having(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;sum(amount) &gt; ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100</span>).Scan(&amp;results)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="joins">Joins</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users.name, emails.email&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Joins<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Rows<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> rows<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Next<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token operator">...</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows, err := db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users.name, emails.email&quot;</span>).Joins(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id&quot;</span>).Rows()
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
...
}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users.name, emails.email&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Joins<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>results<span class="token operator">)</span>
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users.name, emails.email&quot;</span>).Joins(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id&quot;</span>).Scan(&amp;results)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// multiple joins with parameter</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Joins<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu@example.org&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Joins<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;JOIN credit_cards ON credit_cards.user_id = users.id&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;credit_cards.number = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;411111111111&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// multiple joins with parameter</span>
db.Joins(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu@example.org&quot;</span>).Joins(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;JOIN credit_cards ON credit_cards.user_id = users.id&quot;</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;credit_cards.number = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;411111111111&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;user)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="pluck">Pluck</h3>
<p>Get selected attributes as map</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">var</span> ages <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">int64</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Pluck<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>ages<span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> ages []<span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>
db.Find(&amp;users).Pluck(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>, &amp;ages)
<span class="token keyword">var</span> names <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Pluck<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>names<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> names []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).Pluck(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, &amp;names)
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Pluck<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>names<span class="token operator">)</span>
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span>).Pluck(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, &amp;names)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Requesting more than one column? Do it like this:</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Requesting more than one column? Do it like this:</span>
db.Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="scan">Scan</h3>
<p>Scan results into another struct.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> Result <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
Age <span class="token builtin">int</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Result <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
Age <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">var</span> result Result
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>result<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> result Result
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name, age&quot;</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>).Scan(&amp;result)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Raw SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Raw<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">3</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scan<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>result<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Raw SQL</span>
db.Raw(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>).Scan(&amp;result)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="scopes">Scopes</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">AmountGreaterThan1000<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;amount &gt; ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> AmountGreaterThan1000(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;amount &gt; ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>)
}
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">PaidWithCreditCard<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;pay_mode_sign = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> PaidWithCreditCard(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;pay_mode_sign = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;C&quot;</span>)
}
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">PaidWithCod<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;pay_mode_sign = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;C&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> PaidWithCod(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;pay_mode_sign = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;C&quot;</span>)
}
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">OrderStatus<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>status <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scopes<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>AmountGreaterThan1000<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;status in (?)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> status<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> OrderStatus(status []<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;status in (?)&quot;</span>, status)
}
}
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scopes<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>AmountGreaterThan1000<span class="token operator">,</span> PaidWithCreditCard<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>orders<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Find all credit card orders and amount greater than 1000</span>
db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCreditCard).Find(&amp;orders)
<span class="hljs-comment">// Find all credit card orders and amount greater than 1000</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scopes<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>AmountGreaterThan1000<span class="token operator">,</span> PaidWithCod<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>orders<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Find all COD orders and amount greater than 1000</span>
db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, PaidWithCod).Find(&amp;orders)
<span class="hljs-comment">// Find all COD orders and amount greater than 1000</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Scopes<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token function">OrderStatus<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;paid&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;shipped&quot;</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>orders<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Find all paid, shipped orders</span>
db.Scopes(OrderStatus([]<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;paid&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;shipped&quot;</span>})).Find(&amp;orders)
<span class="hljs-comment">// Find all paid, shipped orders</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="specifying-the-table-name">Specifying The Table Name</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Create `deleted_users` table with struct User&apos;s definition</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">CreateTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Create `deleted_users` table with struct User&apos;s definition</span>
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span>).CreateTable(&amp;User{})
<span class="token keyword">var</span> deleted_users <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span>User
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>deleted_users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM deleted_users;</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> deleted_users []User
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;deleted_users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM deleted_users;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// DELETE FROM deleted_users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;deleted_users&quot;</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>).Delete()
<span class="hljs-comment">//// DELETE FROM deleted_users WHERE name = &apos;jinzhu&apos;;</span>
</code></pre>
<h2 id="update">Update</h2>
<h3 id="update-all-fields">Update All Fields</h3>
<p><code>Save</code> will include all fields when perform the Updating SQL, even it is not changed</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.First(&amp;user)
user<span class="token operator">.</span>Name <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>
user<span class="token operator">.</span>Age <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token number">100</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Save<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
user.Name = <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu 2&quot;</span>
user.Age = <span class="hljs-number">100</span>
db.Save(&amp;user)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;jinzhu 2&apos;, age=100, birthday=&apos;2016-01-01&apos;, updated_at = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;jinzhu 2&apos;, age=100, birthday=&apos;2016-01-01&apos;, updated_at = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="update-changed-fields">Update Changed Fields</h3>
<p>If you only want to update changed Fields, you could use <code>Update</code>, <code>Updates</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update single attribute if it is changed</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Update single attribute if it is changed</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update single attribute with combined conditions</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;active = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111 AND active=true;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Update single attribute with combined conditions</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;active = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-constant">true</span>).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111 AND active=true;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update multiple attributes with `map`, will only update those changed fields</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;actived&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18, actived=false, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Update multiple attributes with `map`, will only update those changed fields</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Updates(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;actived&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-constant">false</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18, actived=false, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update multiple attributes with `struct`, will only update those changed &amp; non blank fields</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18, updated_at = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Update multiple attributes with `struct`, will only update those changed &amp; non blank fields</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Updates(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18, updated_at = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// WARNING when update with struct, GORM will only update those fields that with non blank value</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// For below Update, nothing will be updated as &quot;&quot;, 0, false are blank values of their types</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Actived<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// WARNING when update with struct, GORM will only update those fields that with non blank value</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// For below Update, nothing will be updated as &quot;&quot;, 0, false are blank values of their types</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Updates(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, Actived: <span class="hljs-constant">false</span>})
</code></pre>
<h3 id="update-selected-fields">Update Selected Fields</h3>
<p>If you only want to update or ignore some fields when updating, you could use <code>Select</code>, <code>Omit</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Select<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;actived&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Model(&amp;user).Select(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>).Updates(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;actived&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-constant">false</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Omit<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;actived&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token boolean">false</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET age=18, actived=false, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Omit(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>).Updates(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;actived&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-constant">false</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET age=18, actived=false, updated_at=&apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="update-changed-fields-without-callbacks">Update Changed Fields Without Callbacks</h3>
<p>Updating operations above will invoke <code>BeforeUpdate</code>, <code>AfterUpdate</code>, Update UpdatedAt timestamp, Save Associations callbacks, if you don&apos;t call them, you could use <code>UpdateColumn</code>, <code>UpdateColumns</code></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update single attribute, similar with `Update`</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">UpdateColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos; WHERE id = 111;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Update single attribute, similar with `Update`</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).UpdateColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos; WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update multiple attributes, similar with `Updates`</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">UpdateColumns<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18 WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Update multiple attributes, similar with `Updates`</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).UpdateColumns(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18 WHERE id = 111;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="batch-updates">Batch Updates</h3>
<p>Callbacks won&apos;t run when do batch updates</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Table<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;id IN (?)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">11</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18 WHERE id IN (10, 11);</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;id IN (?)&quot;</span>, []<span class="hljs-typename">int</span>{<span class="hljs-number">10</span>, <span class="hljs-number">11</span>}).Updates(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18 WHERE id IN (10, 11);</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Update with struct only works with none zero values, or use map[string]interface{}</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Update with struct only works with none zero values, or use map[string]interface{}</span>
db.Model(User{}).Updates(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, age=18;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get updated records count with `RowsAffected`</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>User<span class="token operator">{</span>Name<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Age<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">18</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span>RowsAffected
<span class="hljs-comment">// Get updated records count with `RowsAffected`</span>
db.Model(User{}).Updates(User{Name: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;hello&quot;</span>, Age: <span class="hljs-number">18</span>}).RowsAffected
</code></pre>
<h3 id="update-with-sql-expression">Update with SQL Expression</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">DB<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;price&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Expr<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;price * ? + ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;price&quot; = price * &apos;2&apos; + &apos;100&apos;, &quot;updated_at&quot; = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos;;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">DB.Model(&amp;product).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;price&quot;</span>, gorm.Expr(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;price * ? + ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100</span>))
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;price&quot; = price * &apos;2&apos; + &apos;100&apos;, &quot;updated_at&quot; = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos;;</span>
DB<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Updates<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token keyword">map</span><span class="token operator">[</span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token operator">]</span><span class="token keyword">interface</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token string">&quot;price&quot;</span><span class="token operator">:</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Expr<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;price * ? + ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">2</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;price&quot; = price * &apos;2&apos; + &apos;100&apos;, &quot;updated_at&quot; = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos;;</span>
DB.Model(&amp;product).Updates(<span class="hljs-keyword">map</span>[<span class="hljs-typename">string</span>]<span class="hljs-keyword">interface</span>{}{<span class="hljs-string">&quot;price&quot;</span>: gorm.Expr(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;price * ? + ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100</span>)})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;price&quot; = price * &apos;2&apos; + &apos;100&apos;, &quot;updated_at&quot; = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos;;</span>
DB<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">UpdateColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;quantity&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Expr<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;quantity - ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;quantity&quot; = quantity - 1 WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos;;</span>
DB.Model(&amp;product).UpdateColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;quantity&quot;</span>, gorm.Expr(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;quantity - ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>))
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;quantity&quot; = quantity - 1 WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos;;</span>
DB<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;quantity &gt; 1&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">UpdateColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;quantity&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Expr<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;quantity - ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;quantity&quot; = quantity - 1 WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos; AND quantity &gt; 1;</span>
DB.Model(&amp;product).Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;quantity &gt; 1&quot;</span>).UpdateColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;quantity&quot;</span>, gorm.Expr(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;quantity - ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>))
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE &quot;products&quot; SET &quot;quantity&quot; = quantity - 1 WHERE &quot;id&quot; = &apos;2&apos; AND quantity &gt; 1;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="change-updating-values-in-callbacks">Change Updating Values In Callbacks</h3>
<p>If you want to change updating values in callbacks using <code>BeforeUpdate</code>, <code>BeforeSave</code>, you could use <code>scope.SetColumn</code>, for example:</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>user <span class="token operator">*</span>User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">BeforeSave<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>scope <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Scope<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>err <span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> pw<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> bcrypt<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">GenerateFromPassword<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>user<span class="token operator">.</span>Password<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">;</span> err <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token boolean">nil</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
scope<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;EncryptedPassword&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> pw<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (user *User) BeforeSave(scope *gorm.Scope) (err error) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> pw, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword(user.Password, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); err == <span class="hljs-constant">nil</span> {
scope.SetColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;EncryptedPassword&quot;</span>, pw)
}
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="extra-updating-option">Extra Updating option</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add extra SQL option for updating SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Set<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;gorm:update_option&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name, &quot;</span>hello&quot;<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111 OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN);</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">// Add extra SQL option for updating SQL
db.Model(&amp;user).Set(&quot;gorm:update_option&quot;, &quot;OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN)&quot;).Update(&quot;name, &quot;hello&quot;)
//// UPDATE users SET name=&apos;hello&apos;, updated_at = &apos;2013-11-17 21:34:10&apos; WHERE id=111 OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN);
</code></pre>
<h2 id="delete">Delete</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Delete an existing record</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>email<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// DELETE from emails where id=10;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Delete an existing record</span>
db.Delete(&amp;email)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// DELETE from emails where id=10;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add extra SQL option for deleting SQL</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Set<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;gorm:delete_option&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>email<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// DELETE from emails where id=10 OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN);</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add extra SQL option for deleting SQL</span>
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;gorm:delete_option&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN)&quot;</span>).Delete(&amp;email)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// DELETE from emails where id=10 OPTION (OPTIMIZE FOR UNKNOWN);</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="batch-delete">Batch Delete</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;email LIKE ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;%jinzhu%&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span>Email<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// DELETE from emails where email LIKE &quot;%jinhu%&quot;;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;email LIKE ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;%jinzhu%&quot;</span>).Delete(Email{})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// DELETE from emails where email LIKE &quot;%jinhu%&quot;;</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="soft-delete">Soft Delete</h3>
<p>If struct has <code>DeletedAt</code> field, it will get soft delete ability automatically!
Then it won&apos;t be deleted from database permanently when call <code>Delete</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET deleted_at=&quot;2013-10-29 10:23&quot; WHERE id = 111;</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Delete(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET deleted_at=&quot;2013-10-29 10:23&quot; WHERE id = 111;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Batch Delete</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">20</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// UPDATE users SET deleted_at=&quot;2013-10-29 10:23&quot; WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Batch Delete</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>).Delete(&amp;User{})
<span class="hljs-comment">//// UPDATE users SET deleted_at=&quot;2013-10-29 10:23&quot; WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Soft deleted records will be ignored when query them</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age = 20&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20 AND deleted_at IS NULL;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Soft deleted records will be ignored when query them</span>
db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age = 20&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;user)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20 AND deleted_at IS NULL;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Find soft deleted records with Unscoped</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Unscoped<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Where<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;age = 20&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Find<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>users<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Find soft deleted records with Unscoped</span>
db.Unscoped().Where(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;age = 20&quot;</span>).Find(&amp;users)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// SELECT * FROM users WHERE age = 20;</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Delete record permanently with Unscoped</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Unscoped<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>order<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">//// DELETE FROM orders WHERE id=10;</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Delete record permanently with Unscoped</span>
db.Unscoped().Delete(&amp;order)
<span class="hljs-comment">//// DELETE FROM orders WHERE id=10;</span>
</code></pre>
@ -1225,7 +1225,7 @@ db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Unscoped<spa
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124
database.html
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
data-chapter-title="Database"
data-filepath="database.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -607,46 +607,46 @@
<h2 id="connecting-to-a-database">Connecting to a database</h2>
<h4 id="mysql">MySQL</h4>
<p><strong>NOTE</strong> don&apos;t forgot params <code>parseTime</code> to handle data type <code>time.Time</code>, <a href="https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#parameters" target="_blank">more support parameters</a></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;</span>
<span class="token boolean">_</span> <span class="token string">&quot;github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql&quot;</span>
<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
db<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Open<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;mysql&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;user:password@/dbname?charset=utf8&amp;parseTime=True&amp;loc=Local&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;</span>
_ <span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql&quot;</span>
)
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;mysql&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;user:password@/dbname?charset=utf8&amp;parseTime=True&amp;loc=Local&quot;</span>)
}
</code></pre>
<h4 id="postgresql">PostgreSQL</h4>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;</span>
<span class="token boolean">_</span> <span class="token string">&quot;github.com/lib/pq&quot;</span>
<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
db<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Open<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;postgres&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;user=gorm dbname=gorm sslmode=disable&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;</span>
_ <span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/lib/pq&quot;</span>
)
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;postgres&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;user=gorm dbname=gorm sslmode=disable&quot;</span>)
}
</code></pre>
<h4 id="sqlite3">Sqlite3</h4>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">import</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>
<span class="token string">&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;</span>
<span class="token boolean">_</span> <span class="token string">&quot;github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3&quot;</span>
<span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
db<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">:=</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Open<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;sqlite3&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;/tmp/gorm.db&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
<span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/jinzhu/gorm&quot;</span>
_ <span class="hljs-string">&quot;github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3&quot;</span>
)
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;sqlite3&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;/tmp/gorm.db&quot;</span>)
}
</code></pre>
<h4 id="write-dialect-for-unsupported-databases">Write Dialect for unsupported databases</h4>
<p>GORM officially support above databases, for unsupported databaes, you could write a dialect for that.</p>
<p>Refer: <a href="https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/dialect.go" target="_blank">https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/dialect.go</a></p>
<h2 id="generic-database-object-sqldb">Generic database object *sql.DB</h2>
<p><a href="http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/#DB" target="_blank">*sql.DB</a></p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Get generic database object *sql.DB to use its functions</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DB<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Get generic database object *sql.DB to use its functions</span>
db.DB()
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Connection Pool</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DB<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetMaxIdleConns<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DB<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SetMaxOpenConns<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token number">100</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Connection Pool</span>
db.DB().SetMaxIdleConns(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
db.DB().SetMaxOpenConns(<span class="hljs-number">100</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Ping</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DB<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Ping<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Ping</span>
db.DB().Ping()
</code></pre>
<h2 id="migration">Migration</h2>
<!-- toc -->
@ -654,60 +654,60 @@ db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DB<span clas
<p>Automatically migrate your schema, to keep your schema update to date</p>
<p><strong>WARNING</strong> AutoMigrate will ONLY create tables, columns and indexes if doesn&apos;t exist,
WON&apos;T change existing column&apos;s type or delete unused columns to protect your data</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AutoMigrate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.AutoMigrate(&amp;User{})
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AutoMigrate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>Product<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>Order<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
db.AutoMigrate(&amp;User{}, &amp;Product{}, &amp;Order{})
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add table suffix when create tables</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Set<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;gorm:table_options&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;ENGINE=InnoDB&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AutoMigrate<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add table suffix when create tables</span>
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;gorm:table_options&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ENGINE=InnoDB&quot;</span>).AutoMigrate(&amp;User{})
</code></pre>
<h3 id="has-table">Has Table</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Check if model `User`&apos;s table has been created or not</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">HasTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Check if model `User`&apos;s table has been created or not</span>
db.HasTable(&amp;User{})
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Check table `users` exists or not</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">HasTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Check table `users` exists or not</span>
db.HasTable(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="create-table">Create Table</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">CreateTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.CreateTable(&amp;User{})
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Set<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;gorm:table_options&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;ENGINE=InnoDB&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">CreateTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// will append &quot;ENGINE=InnoDB&quot; to the SQL statement when creating table `users`</span>
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;gorm:table_options&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;ENGINE=InnoDB&quot;</span>).CreateTable(&amp;User{})
<span class="hljs-comment">// will append &quot;ENGINE=InnoDB&quot; to the SQL statement when creating table `users`</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="drop-table">Drop table</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DropTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.DropTable(&amp;User{})
</code></pre>
<h3 id="modifycolumn">ModifyColumn</h3>
<p>Change column&apos;s type</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// change column description&apos;s data type to `text` for model `User`&apos;s table</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">ModifyColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;description&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// change column description&apos;s data type to `text` for model `User`&apos;s table</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).ModifyColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;description&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;text&quot;</span>)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="dropcolumn">DropColumn</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">DropColumn<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;description&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Model(&amp;User{}).DropColumn(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;description&quot;</span>)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="add-foreign-key">Add Foreign Key</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add foreign key</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 1st param : foreignkey field</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 2nd param : destination table(id)</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 3rd param : ONDELETE</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 4th param : ONUPDATE</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AddForeignKey<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;city_id&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;cities(id)&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;RESTRICT&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;RESTRICT&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Add foreign key</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 1st param : foreignkey field</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 2nd param : destination table(id)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 3rd param : ONDELETE</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 4th param : ONUPDATE</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).AddForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;city_id&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;cities(id)&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;RESTRICT&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;RESTRICT&quot;</span>)
</code></pre>
<h3 id="indexes">Indexes</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add index</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AddIndex<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;idx_user_name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Add index</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).AddIndex(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;idx_user_name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Multiple column index</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AddIndex<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;idx_user_name_age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Multiple column index</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).AddIndex(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;idx_user_name_age&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Add unique index</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AddUniqueIndex<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;idx_user_name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add unique index</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).AddUniqueIndex(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;idx_user_name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Multiple column unique index</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">AddUniqueIndex<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;idx_user_name_age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;age&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Multiple column unique index</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).AddUniqueIndex(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;idx_user_name_age&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;age&quot;</span>)
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Remove index</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>User<span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">RemoveIndex<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;idx_user_name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Remove index</span>
db.Model(&amp;User{}).RemoveIndex(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;idx_user_name&quot;</span>)
</code></pre>
@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span c
<script>
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","family":"sans","size":4},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"prism":{},"anker-enable":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","size":2,"family":"sans"},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"anker-enable":{},"highlight":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
});
</script>

6
development.html
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
data-chapter-title="Development"
data-filepath="development.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -694,7 +694,7 @@ db.Callback().Create().Before(&quot;gorm:create&quot;).After(&quot;gorm:before_c
<script>
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","family":"sans","size":4},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"prism":{},"anker-enable":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","size":2,"family":"sans"},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"anker-enable":{},"highlight":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
});
</script>

5
documents/book.json
View File

@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
{
"title": "GORM Guide",
"plugins": [
"-highlight", "prism", "toc", "github", "edit-link", "anker-enable"
"toc", "github", "edit-link", "anker-enable"
],
"pluginsConfig": {
"fontsettings": {
"theme": "night",
"family": "sans",
"size": 4
"size": 2
},
"toc": {
"addClass": true,

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@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
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/* Solarized Cyan */
/* Solarized Blue */
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/* Tomorrow Night Bright Theme */
/* Original theme - https://github.com/chriskempson/tomorrow-theme */
/* http://jmblog.github.com/color-themes-for-google-code-highlightjs */
/* Tomorrow Comment */
/* Tomorrow Red */
/* Tomorrow Orange */
/* Tomorrow Yellow */
/* Tomorrow Green */
/* Tomorrow Aqua */
/* Tomorrow Blue */
/* Tomorrow Purple */
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.book.color-theme-2 .book-body .page-wrapper .page-inner section.normal code .hljs {
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color: #eaeaea;
padding: 0.5em;
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11
gitbook/gitbook-plugin-livereload/plugin.js Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
(function() {
var newEl = document.createElement('script'),
firstScriptTag = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
if (firstScriptTag) {
newEl.async = 1;
newEl.src = '//' + window.location.hostname + ':35729/livereload.js';
firstScriptTag.parentNode.insertBefore(newEl, firstScriptTag);
}
})();

42
index.html
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
data-chapter-title="Getting Started with GORM"
data-filepath="README.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -602,30 +602,30 @@
<h2 id="install">Install</h2>
<pre><code>go get -u github.com/jinzhu/gorm
</code></pre><h2 id="basic-usage">Basic Usage</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> Product <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Code <span class="token builtin">string</span>
Price <span class="token builtin">uint</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Product <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Code <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
Price <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">var</span> db <span class="token operator">*</span>gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>DB
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> db *gorm.DB
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">init<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">var</span> err <span class="token builtin">error</span>
db<span class="token operator">,</span> err <span class="token operator">=</span> gorm<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Open<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;sqlite&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;test.db&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> init() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> err error
db, err = gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;sqlite&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;test.db&quot;</span>)
}
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token function">main<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>Product<span class="token operator">{</span>Code<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token string">&quot;L1212&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> Price<span class="token operator">:</span> <span class="token number">1000</span><span class="token operator">}</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
db.Create(&amp;Product{Code: <span class="hljs-string">&quot;L1212&quot;</span>, Price: <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>})
<span class="token keyword">var</span> product Product
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// find product with id 1</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">First<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;code = ?&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;L1212&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// find product with code l1212</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> product Product
db.First(&amp;product, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// find product with id 1</span>
db.First(&amp;product, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;code = ?&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;L1212&quot;</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// find product with code l1212</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;Price&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token number">2000</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// update product&apos;s price to 2000</span>
db.Model(&amp;product).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;Price&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2000</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// update product&apos;s price to 2000</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>product<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// delete product</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
db.Delete(&amp;product) <span class="hljs-comment">// delete product</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h1 id="author">Author</h1>
<p><strong>jinzhu</strong></p>
@ -691,7 +691,7 @@
<script>
require(["gitbook"], function(gitbook) {
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","family":"sans","size":4},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"prism":{},"anker-enable":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
gitbook.start({"fontsettings":{"theme":"night","size":2,"family":"sans"},"toc":{"addClass":true,"className":"toc"},"github":{"url":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm"},"edit-link":{"base":"https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/edit/gh-pages","label":"Edit This Page"},"anker-enable":{},"highlight":{},"search":{"maxIndexSize":1000000},"sharing":{"all":["facebook","google","instapaper","twitter","weibo"],"facebook":true,"google":false,"instapaper":false,"twitter":true,"vk":false,"weibo":false},"theme-default":{"styles":{"ebook":"styles/ebook.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","print":"styles/print.css","website":"styles/website.css"}}});
});
</script>

116
models.html
View File

@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-prism/prism.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="gitbook/gitbook-plugin-highlight/website.css">
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
data-chapter-title="Models"
data-filepath="models.md"
data-basepath=""
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:35:06 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-revision="Mon Feb 29 2016 21:51:55 GMT+0800 (CST)"
data-innerlanguage="">
@ -597,83 +597,83 @@
</ul>
<!-- toc stop -->
<h2 id="model-defination">Model Defination</h2>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
gorm<span class="token operator">.</span>Model
Birthday time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time
Age <span class="token builtin">int</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token string">`sql:&quot;size:255&quot;`</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Default size for string is 255, you could reset it with this tag</span>
Num <span class="token builtin">int</span> <span class="token string">`sql:&quot;AUTO_INCREMENT&quot;`</span>
IgnoreMe <span class="token builtin">int</span> <span class="token string">`sql:&quot;-&quot;`</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Ignore this field</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
gorm.Model
Birthday time.Time
Age <span class="hljs-typename">int</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`sql:&quot;size:255&quot;`</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// Default size for string is 255, you could reset it with this tag</span>
Num <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> <span class="hljs-string">`sql:&quot;AUTO_INCREMENT&quot;`</span>
IgnoreMe <span class="hljs-typename">int</span> <span class="hljs-string">`sql:&quot;-&quot;`</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// Ignore this field</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h2 id="conventions--overriding-conventions">Conventions &amp; Overriding Conventions</h2>
<h3 id="gormmodel-struct"><code>gorm.Model</code> struct</h3>
<p>Gorm has defined struct <code>gorm.Model</code>, which could be embeded in your models, it will add fields <code>ID</code>, <code>CreatedAt</code>, <code>UpdatedAt</code>, <code>DeletedAt</code> to your model</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Model&apos;s definition</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Model <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
ID <span class="token builtin">uint</span> <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span>
CreatedAt time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time
UpdatedAt time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time
DeletedAt <span class="token operator">*</span>time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Model&apos;s definition</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Model <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
ID <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span>
CreatedAt time.Time
UpdatedAt time.Time
DeletedAt *time.Time
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="table-name-is-the-pluralized-version-of-struct-name">Table name is the pluralized version of struct name</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span><span class="token operator">}</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// default table name is `users`</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {} <span class="hljs-comment">// default table name is `users`</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// set User&apos;s table name to be `profiles</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">TableName<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">&quot;profiles&quot;</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// set User&apos;s table name to be `profiles</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> (User) TableName() <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;profiles&quot;</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">func</span> <span class="token operator">(</span>u User<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token function">TableName<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">if</span> u<span class="token operator">.</span>Role <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">&quot;admin&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">&quot;admin_users&quot;</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span> <span class="token keyword">else</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">&quot;users&quot;</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> (u User) TableName() <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> u.Role == <span class="hljs-string">&quot;admin&quot;</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;admin_users&quot;</span>
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-string">&quot;users&quot;</span>
}
}
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// Disable table name&apos;s pluralization globally</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">SingularTable<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token boolean">true</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// if set this to true, `User`&apos;s default table name will be `user`, table name setted with `TableName` won&apos;t be affected</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Disable table name&apos;s pluralization globally</span>
db.SingularTable(<span class="hljs-constant">true</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// if set this to true, `User`&apos;s default table name will be `user`, table name setted with `TableName` won&apos;t be affected</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="column-name-is-the-snake-case-of-fields-name">Column name is the snake case of field&apos;s name</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
ID <span class="token builtin">uint</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// column name will be `id`</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// column name will be `name`</span>
Birthday time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// column name will be `birthday`</span>
CreatedAt time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// column name will be `created_at`</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
ID <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// column name will be `id`</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// column name will be `name`</span>
Birthday time.Time <span class="hljs-comment">// column name will be `birthday`</span>
CreatedAt time.Time <span class="hljs-comment">// column name will be `created_at`</span>
}
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Animal <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
AnimalId <span class="token builtin">int64</span> <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;column:beast_id&quot;`</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// set column name to `beast_id`</span>
Birthday time<span class="token operator">.</span>Time <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;column:day_of_the_beast&quot;`</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// set column name to `day_of_the_beast`</span>
Age <span class="token builtin">int64</span> <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;column:age_of_the_beast&quot;`</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// set column name to `age_of_the_beast`</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Animal <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
AnimalId <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;column:beast_id&quot;`</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// set column name to `beast_id`</span>
Birthday time.Time <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;column:day_of_the_beast&quot;`</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// set column name to `day_of_the_beast`</span>
Age <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;column:age_of_the_beast&quot;`</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// set column name to `age_of_the_beast`</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="field-id-as-primary-key">Field <code>ID</code> as primary key</h3>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="token keyword">type</span> User <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
ID <span class="token builtin">uint</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// field named `ID` is the default primary key for `User`</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> User <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
ID <span class="hljs-typename">uint</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// field named `ID` is the default primary key for `User`</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
}
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// your could also use tag `primary_key` to set other field as primary key</span>
<span class="token keyword">type</span> Animal <span class="token keyword">struct</span> <span class="token operator">{</span>
AnimalId <span class="token builtin">int64</span> <span class="token string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// set AnimalId to be primary key</span>
Name <span class="token builtin">string</span>
Age <span class="token builtin">int64</span>
<span class="token operator">}</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// your could also use tag `primary_key` to set other field as primary key</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Animal <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
AnimalId <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:&quot;primary_key&quot;`</span> <span class="hljs-comment">// set AnimalId to be primary key</span>
Name <span class="hljs-typename">string</span>
Age <span class="hljs-typename">int64</span>
}
</code></pre>
<h3 id="field-createdat-used-to-store-records-created-time">Field <code>CreatedAt</code> used to store record&apos;s created time</h3>
<p>Create records having <code>CreatedAt</code> field will set it to current time.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Create<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// will set `CreatedAt` to current time</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Create(&amp;user) <span class="hljs-comment">// will set `CreatedAt` to current time</span>
<span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// To change its value, you could use `Update`</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;CreatedAt&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> time<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Now<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">)</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// To change its value, you could use `Update`</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;CreatedAt&quot;</span>, time.Now())
</code></pre>
<h3 id="use-updatedat-used-to-store-records-updated-time">Use <code>UpdatedAt</code> used to store record&apos;s updated time</h3>
<p>Save records having <code>UpdatedAt</code> field will set it to current time.</p>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Save<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// will set `UpdatedAt` to current time</span>
db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token operator">&amp;</span>user<span class="token operator">)</span><span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Update<span class="token punctuation">(</span></span><span class="token string">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="token operator">,</span> <span class="token string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span><span class="token operator">)</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// will set `UpdatedAt` to current time</span>
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Save(&amp;user) <span class="hljs-comment">// will set `UpdatedAt` to current time</span>
db.Model(&amp;user).Update(<span class="hljs-string">&quot;name&quot;</span>, <span class="hljs-string">&quot;jinzhu&quot;</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">// will set `UpdatedAt` to current time</span>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="use-deletedat-to-store-records-deleted-time-if-field-exists">Use <code>DeletedAt</code> to store record&apos;s deleted time if field exists</h3>
<p>Delete records having <code>DeletedAt</code> field, it won&apos;t delete the record from database, but will set field <code>DeletedAt</code>&apos;s value to current time.</p>
@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ db<span class="token operator">.</span><span class="token function">Model<span c
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