Merge branch 'go-gorm:master' into master

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: gomod
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+  - package-ecosystem: gomod
+    directory: /tests
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly

.github/workflows/invalid_question.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v3.0.7
+      uses: actions/stale@v4
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: "This issue has been marked as invalid question, please give more information by following the `Question` template, if you believe there is a bug of GORM, please create a pull request that could reproduce the issue on [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground), the issue will be closed in 2 days if no further activity occurs. most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"

.github/workflows/missing_playground.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v3.0.7
+      uses: actions/stale@v4
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: "The issue has been automatically marked as stale as it missing playground pull request link, which is important to help others understand your issue effectively and make sure the issue hasn't been fixed on latest master, checkout [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground) for details. it will be closed in 2 days if no further activity occurs. if you are asking question, please use the `Question` template, most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"

.github/workflows/reviewdog.yml

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
         uses: actions/checkout@v1
       - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: reviewdog/action-golangci-lint@v1
+        uses: reviewdog/action-golangci-lint@v2

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v3.0.7
+      uses: actions/stale@v4
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: "This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has been open 60 days with no activity. Remove stale label or comment or this will be closed in 30 days"

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
   sqlite:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.16', '1.15']
+        go: ['1.17', '1.16', '1.15']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in windows OS
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['mysql:latest', 'mysql:5.7', 'mariadb:latest']
-        go: ['1.16', '1.15']
+        go: ['1.17', '1.16', '1.15']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['postgres:latest', 'postgres:12', 'postgres:11', 'postgres:10']
-        go: ['1.16', '1.15']
+        go: ['1.17', '1.16', '1.15']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in macOS and Windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ jobs:
   sqlserver:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.16', '1.15']
+        go: ['1.17', '1.16', '1.15']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run test in macOS and windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 

callbacks.go

@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ func (p *processor) Execute(db *DB) *DB {
 
 	// parse model values
 	if stmt.Model != nil {
-		if err := stmt.Parse(stmt.Model); err != nil && (!errors.Is(err, schema.ErrUnsupportedDataType) || (stmt.Table == "" && stmt.SQL.Len() == 0)) {
+		if err := stmt.Parse(stmt.Model); err != nil && (!errors.Is(err, schema.ErrUnsupportedDataType) || (stmt.Table == "" && stmt.TableExpr == nil && stmt.SQL.Len() == 0)) {
-			if errors.Is(err, schema.ErrUnsupportedDataType) && stmt.Table == "" {
+			if errors.Is(err, schema.ErrUnsupportedDataType) && stmt.Table == "" && stmt.TableExpr == nil {
 				db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("%w: Table not set, please set it like: db.Model(&user) or db.Table(\"users\")", err))
 			} else {
 				db.AddError(err)

callbacks/associations.go

@@ -310,33 +310,22 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 	}
 }
 
-func onConflictOption(stmt *gorm.Statement, s *schema.Schema, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) clause.OnConflict {
+func onConflictOption(stmt *gorm.Statement, s *schema.Schema, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) (onConflict clause.OnConflict) {
-	if stmt.DB.FullSaveAssociations {
+	if len(defaultUpdatingColumns) > 0 || stmt.DB.FullSaveAssociations {
-		defaultUpdatingColumns = make([]string, 0, len(s.DBNames))
+		onConflict.Columns = make([]clause.Column, 0, len(s.PrimaryFieldDBNames))
-		for _, dbName := range s.DBNames {
-			if v, ok := selectColumns[dbName]; (ok && !v) || (!ok && restricted) {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if !s.LookUpField(dbName).PrimaryKey {
-				defaultUpdatingColumns = append(defaultUpdatingColumns, dbName)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	if len(defaultUpdatingColumns) > 0 {
-		columns := make([]clause.Column, 0, len(s.PrimaryFieldDBNames))
 		for _, dbName := range s.PrimaryFieldDBNames {
-			columns = append(columns, clause.Column{Name: dbName})
+			onConflict.Columns = append(onConflict.Columns, clause.Column{Name: dbName})
 		}
 
-		return clause.OnConflict{
+		onConflict.UpdateAll = stmt.DB.FullSaveAssociations
-			Columns:   columns,
+		if !onConflict.UpdateAll {
-			DoUpdates: clause.AssignmentColumns(defaultUpdatingColumns),
+			onConflict.DoUpdates = clause.AssignmentColumns(defaultUpdatingColumns)
 		}
+	} else {
+		onConflict.DoNothing = true
 	}
 
-	return clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}
+	return
 }
 
 func saveAssociations(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, values interface{}, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) error {

callbacks/create.go

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 	return func(db *gorm.DB) {
 		if db.Error != nil {
-			// maybe record logger TODO
 			return
 		}
 
@@ -64,11 +63,9 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			}
 
 			db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
-			if !(db.RowsAffected > 0) {
-				return
-			}
 
-			if db.Statement.Schema != nil && db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField != nil && db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.HasDefaultValue {
+			if db.RowsAffected != 0 && db.Statement.Schema != nil &&
+				db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField != nil && db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.HasDefaultValue {
 				if insertID, err := result.LastInsertId(); err == nil && insertID > 0 {
 					switch db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() {
 					case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
@@ -107,7 +104,6 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					db.AddError(err)
 				}
 			}
-
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -348,15 +344,19 @@ func ConvertToCreateValues(stmt *gorm.Statement) (values clause.Values) {
 
 	if c, ok := stmt.Clauses["ON CONFLICT"]; ok {
 		if onConflict, _ := c.Expression.(clause.OnConflict); onConflict.UpdateAll {
-			if stmt.Schema != nil && len(values.Columns) > 1 {
+			if stmt.Schema != nil && len(values.Columns) >= 1 {
+				selectColumns, restricted := stmt.SelectAndOmitColumns(true, true)
+
 				columns := make([]string, 0, len(values.Columns)-1)
 				for _, column := range values.Columns {
 					if field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(column.Name); field != nil {
+						if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
 							if !field.PrimaryKey && (!field.HasDefaultValue || field.DefaultValueInterface != nil) && field.AutoCreateTime == 0 {
 								columns = append(columns, column.Name)
 							}
 						}
 					}
+				}
 
 				onConflict.DoUpdates = clause.AssignmentColumns(columns)
 

callbacks/helper.go

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func ConvertSliceOfMapToValuesForCreate(stmt *gorm.Statement, mapValues []map[st
 		columns = make([]string, 0, len(mapValues))
 	)
 
-	// when the length of mapValues,return directly here
+	// when the length of mapValues is zero,return directly here
 	// no need to call stmt.SelectAndOmitColumns method
 	if len(mapValues) == 0 {
 		stmt.AddError(gorm.ErrEmptySlice)

callbacks/preload.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package callbacks
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 	reflectResults := rel.FieldSchema.MakeSlice().Elem()
 	column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(clause.CurrentTable, relForeignKeys, foreignValues)
 
+	if len(values) != 0 {
 		for _, cond := range conds {
 			if fc, ok := cond.(func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB); ok {
 				tx = fc(tx)
@@ -113,6 +115,7 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 		}
 
 		db.AddError(tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).Find(reflectResults.Addr().Interface(), inlineConds...).Error)
+	}
 
 	fieldValues := make([]interface{}, len(relForeignFields))
 
@@ -142,7 +145,8 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			fieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(elem)
 		}
 
-		for _, data := range identityMap[utils.ToStringKey(fieldValues...)] {
+		if datas, ok := identityMap[utils.ToStringKey(fieldValues...)]; ok {
+			for _, data := range datas {
 				reflectFieldValue := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(data)
 				if reflectFieldValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && reflectFieldValue.IsNil() {
 					reflectFieldValue.Set(reflect.New(rel.Field.FieldType.Elem()))
@@ -160,5 +164,8 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 					}
 				}
 			}
+		} else {
+			db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("failed to assign association %#v, make sure foreign fields exists", elem.Interface()))
+		}
 	}
 }

callbacks/query.go

@@ -147,6 +147,21 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 						}
 					}
 
+					if join.On != nil {
+						onStmt := gorm.Statement{Table: tableAliasName, DB: db}
+						join.On.Build(&onStmt)
+						onSQL := onStmt.SQL.String()
+						vars := onStmt.Vars
+						for idx, v := range onStmt.Vars {
+							bindvar := strings.Builder{}
+							onStmt.Vars = vars[0 : idx+1]
+							db.Dialector.BindVarTo(&bindvar, &onStmt, v)
+							onSQL = strings.Replace(onSQL, bindvar.String(), "?", 1)
+						}
+
+						exprs = append(exprs, clause.Expr{SQL: onSQL, Vars: vars})
+					}
+
 					joins = append(joins, clause.Join{
 						Type:  clause.LeftJoin,
 						Table: clause.Table{Name: relation.FieldSchema.Table, Alias: tableAliasName},
@@ -209,7 +224,7 @@ func Preload(db *gorm.DB) {
 			if rel := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[name]; rel != nil {
 				preload(db, rel, db.Statement.Preloads[name], preloadMap[name])
 			} else {
-				db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("%v: %w for schema %v", name, gorm.ErrUnsupportedRelation, db.Statement.Schema.Name))
+				db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("%s: %w for schema %s", name, gorm.ErrUnsupportedRelation, db.Statement.Schema.Name))
 			}
 		}
 	}

callbacks/update.go

@@ -51,7 +51,10 @@ func BeforeUpdate(db *gorm.DB) {
 }
 
 func Update(db *gorm.DB) {
-	if db.Error == nil {
+	if db.Error != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
 	if db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.Unscoped {
 		for _, c := range db.Statement.Schema.UpdateClauses {
 			db.Statement.AddClause(c)
@@ -84,7 +87,6 @@ func Update(db *gorm.DB) {
 		}
 	}
 }
-}
 
 func AfterUpdate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && (db.Statement.Schema.AfterSave || db.Statement.Schema.AfterUpdate) {
@@ -220,12 +222,21 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 			}
 		}
 	default:
+		var updatingSchema = stmt.Schema
+		if !updatingValue.CanAddr() || stmt.Dest != stmt.Model {
+			// different schema
+			updatingStmt := &gorm.Statement{DB: stmt.DB}
+			if err := updatingStmt.Parse(stmt.Dest); err == nil {
+				updatingSchema = updatingStmt.Schema
+			}
+		}
+
 		switch updatingValue.Kind() {
 		case reflect.Struct:
 			set = make([]clause.Assignment, 0, len(stmt.Schema.FieldsByDBName))
 			for _, dbName := range stmt.Schema.DBNames {
-				field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(dbName)
+				if field := updatingSchema.LookUpField(dbName); field != nil && field.Updatable {
-				if !field.PrimaryKey || (!updatingValue.CanAddr() || stmt.Dest != stmt.Model) {
+					if !field.PrimaryKey || !updatingValue.CanAddr() || stmt.Dest != stmt.Model {
 						if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && (!restricted || (!stmt.SkipHooks && field.AutoUpdateTime > 0))) {
 							value, isZero := field.ValueOf(updatingValue)
 							if !stmt.SkipHooks && field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 {
@@ -252,6 +263,7 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 						}
 					}
 				}
+			}
 		default:
 			stmt.AddError(gorm.ErrInvalidData)
 		}

chainable_api.go

@@ -50,15 +50,14 @@ func (db *DB) Table(name string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 		tx.Statement.TableExpr = &clause.Expr{SQL: name, Vars: args}
 		if results := tableRegexp.FindStringSubmatch(name); len(results) == 2 {
 			tx.Statement.Table = results[1]
-			return
 		}
 	} else if tables := strings.Split(name, "."); len(tables) == 2 {
 		tx.Statement.TableExpr = &clause.Expr{SQL: tx.Statement.Quote(name)}
 		tx.Statement.Table = tables[1]
-		return
+	} else {
-	}
+		tx.Statement.TableExpr = &clause.Expr{SQL: tx.Statement.Quote(name)}
-
 		tx.Statement.Table = name
+	}
 	return
 }
 
@@ -172,8 +171,19 @@ func (db *DB) Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 // Joins specify Joins conditions
 //     db.Joins("Account").Find(&user)
 //     db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "jinzhu@example.org").Find(&user)
+//     db.Joins("Account", DB.Select("id").Where("user_id = users.id AND name = ?", "someName").Model(&Account{}))
 func (db *DB) Joins(query string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
+
+	if len(args) > 0 {
+		if db, ok := args[0].(*DB); ok {
+			if where, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"].Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
+				tx.Statement.Joins = append(tx.Statement.Joins, join{Name: query, Conds: args[1:], On: &where})
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
 	tx.Statement.Joins = append(tx.Statement.Joins, join{Name: query, Conds: args})
 	return
 }
@@ -209,13 +219,15 @@ func (db *DB) Order(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 		tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.OrderBy{
 			Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{v},
 		})
-	default:
+	case string:
+		if v != "" {
 			tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.OrderBy{
 				Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{{
-				Column: clause.Column{Name: fmt.Sprint(value), Raw: true},
+					Column: clause.Column{Name: v, Raw: true},
 				}},
 			})
 		}
+	}
 	return
 }
 

clause/expression.go

@@ -173,7 +173,12 @@ func (expr NamedExpr) Build(builder Builder) {
 	}
 
 	if inName {
-		builder.AddVar(builder, namedMap[string(name)])
+		if nv, ok := namedMap[string(name)]; ok {
+			builder.AddVar(builder, nv)
+		} else {
+			builder.WriteByte('@')
+			builder.WriteString(string(name))
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -205,11 +210,12 @@ func (in IN) Build(builder Builder) {
 }
 
 func (in IN) NegationBuild(builder Builder) {
+	builder.WriteQuoted(in.Column)
 	switch len(in.Values) {
 	case 0:
+		builder.WriteString(" IS NOT NULL")
 	case 1:
 		if _, ok := in.Values[0].([]interface{}); !ok {
-			builder.WriteQuoted(in.Column)
 			builder.WriteString(" <> ")
 			builder.AddVar(builder, in.Values[0])
 			break
@@ -217,7 +223,6 @@ func (in IN) NegationBuild(builder Builder) {
 
 		fallthrough
 	default:
-		builder.WriteQuoted(in.Column)
 		builder.WriteString(" NOT IN (")
 		builder.AddVar(builder, in.Values...)
 		builder.WriteByte(')')

clause/expression_test.go

@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@ func TestNamedExpr(t *testing.T) {
 		Vars:         []interface{}{sql.Named("name", "jinzhu")},
 		Result:       "name1 = ? AND name2 = ?",
 		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"jinzhu", "jinzhu"},
+	}, {
+		SQL:          "name1 = @name AND name2 = @@name",
+		Vars:         []interface{}{map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu"}},
+		Result:       "name1 = ? AND name2 = @@name",
+		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"jinzhu"},
 	}, {
 		SQL:          "name1 = @name1 AND name2 = @name2 AND name3 = @name1",
 		Vars:         []interface{}{sql.Named("name1", "jinzhu"), sql.Named("name2", "jinzhu2")},
@@ -73,13 +78,13 @@ func TestNamedExpr(t *testing.T) {
 	}, {
 		SQL:          "@@test AND name1 = @name1 AND name2 = @name2 AND name3 = @name1 @notexist",
 		Vars:         []interface{}{sql.Named("name1", "jinzhu"), sql.Named("name2", "jinzhu2")},
-		Result:       "@@test AND name1 = ? AND name2 = ? AND name3 = ? ?",
+		Result:       "@@test AND name1 = ? AND name2 = ? AND name3 = ? @notexist",
-		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"jinzhu", "jinzhu2", "jinzhu", nil},
+		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"jinzhu", "jinzhu2", "jinzhu"},
 	}, {
-		SQL:          "@@test AND name1 = @Name1 AND name2 = @Name2 AND name3 = @Name1 @Notexist",
+		SQL:          "@@test AND name1 = @Name1 AND name2 = @Name2 AND name3 = @Name1 @notexist",
 		Vars:         []interface{}{NamedArgument{Name1: "jinzhu", Base: Base{Name2: "jinzhu2"}}},
-		Result:       "@@test AND name1 = ? AND name2 = ? AND name3 = ? ?",
+		Result:       "@@test AND name1 = ? AND name2 = ? AND name3 = ? @notexist",
-		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"jinzhu", "jinzhu2", "jinzhu", nil},
+		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"jinzhu", "jinzhu2", "jinzhu"},
 	}, {
 		SQL:    "create table ? (? ?, ? ?)",
 		Vars:   []interface{}{},
@@ -151,6 +156,18 @@ func TestExpression(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{"a", "b"},
 		Result:       "`column-name` NOT IN (?,?)",
+	}, {
+		Expressions: []clause.Expression{
+			clause.Eq{Column: clause.Expr{SQL: "SUM(?)", Vars: []interface{}{clause.Column{Name: "id"}}}, Value: 100},
+		},
+		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{100},
+		Result:       "SUM(`id`) = ?",
+	}, {
+		Expressions: []clause.Expression{
+			clause.Gte{Column: clause.Expr{SQL: "SUM(?)", Vars: []interface{}{clause.Column{Table: "users", Name: "id"}}}, Value: 100},
+		},
+		ExpectedVars: []interface{}{100},
+		Result:       "SUM(`users`.`id`) >= ?",
 	}}
 
 	for idx, result := range results {

clause/select.go

@@ -43,3 +43,17 @@ func (s Select) MergeClause(clause *Clause) {
 		clause.Expression = s
 	}
 }
+
+// CommaExpression represents a group of expressions separated by commas.
+type CommaExpression struct {
+	Exprs []Expression
+}
+
+func (comma CommaExpression) Build(builder Builder) {
+	for idx, expr := range comma.Exprs {
+		if idx > 0 {
+			_, _ = builder.WriteString(", ")
+		}
+		expr.Build(builder)
+	}
+}

clause/select_test.go

@@ -31,6 +31,18 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 			}, clause.From{}},
 			"SELECT `name` FROM `users`", nil,
 		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{
+				Expression: clause.CommaExpression{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{
+						clause.NamedExpr{"?", []interface{}{clause.Column{Name: "id"}}},
+						clause.NamedExpr{"?", []interface{}{clause.Column{Name: "name"}}},
+						clause.NamedExpr{"LENGTH(?)", []interface{}{clause.Column{Name: "mobile"}}},
+					},
+				},
+			}, clause.From{}},
+			"SELECT `id`, `name`, LENGTH(`mobile`) FROM `users`", nil,
+		},
 	}
 
 	for idx, result := range results {

finisher_api.go

@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ func (db *DB) Count(count *int64) (tx *DB) {
 
 	if selectClause, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"]; ok {
 		defer func() {
-			db.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"] = selectClause
+			tx.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"] = selectClause
 		}()
 	} else {
 		defer delete(tx.Statement.Clauses, "SELECT")
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ func (db *DB) Count(count *int64) (tx *DB) {
 		if len(tx.Statement.Selects) == 1 {
 			dbName := tx.Statement.Selects[0]
 			fields := strings.FieldsFunc(dbName, utils.IsValidDBNameChar)
-			if len(fields) == 1 || (len(fields) == 3 && strings.ToUpper(fields[1]) == "AS") {
+			if len(fields) == 1 || (len(fields) == 3 && (strings.ToUpper(fields[1]) == "AS" || fields[1] == ".")) {
 				if tx.Statement.Parse(tx.Statement.Model) == nil {
 					if f := tx.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(dbName); f != nil {
 						dbName = f.DBName
@@ -410,9 +410,9 @@ func (db *DB) Count(count *int64) (tx *DB) {
 
 	if orderByClause, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["ORDER BY"]; ok {
 		if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["GROUP BY"]; !ok {
-			delete(db.Statement.Clauses, "ORDER BY")
+			delete(tx.Statement.Clauses, "ORDER BY")
 			defer func() {
-				db.Statement.Clauses["ORDER BY"] = orderByClause
+				tx.Statement.Clauses["ORDER BY"] = orderByClause
 			}()
 		}
 	}

logger/logger.go

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ var (
 	Default = New(log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", log.LstdFlags), Config{
 		SlowThreshold:             200 * time.Millisecond,
 		LogLevel:                  Warn,
+		IgnoreRecordNotFoundError: false,
 		Colorful:                  true,
 	})
 	Recorder = traceRecorder{Interface: Default, BeginAt: time.Now()}

migrator/migrator.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package migrator
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
@@ -166,11 +167,13 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateTable(values ...interface{}) error {
 
 			for _, dbName := range stmt.Schema.DBNames {
 				field := stmt.Schema.FieldsByDBName[dbName]
+				if !field.IgnoreMigration {
 					createTableSQL += "? ?"
 					hasPrimaryKeyInDataType = hasPrimaryKeyInDataType || strings.Contains(strings.ToUpper(string(field.DataType)), "PRIMARY KEY")
 					values = append(values, clause.Column{Name: dbName}, m.DB.Migrator().FullDataTypeOf(field))
 					createTableSQL += ","
 				}
+			}
 
 			if !hasPrimaryKeyInDataType && len(stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields) > 0 {
 				createTableSQL += "PRIMARY KEY ?,"
@@ -195,6 +198,10 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateTable(values ...interface{}) error {
 					}
 					createTableSQL += "INDEX ? ?"
 
+					if idx.Comment != "" {
+						createTableSQL += fmt.Sprintf(" COMMENT '%s'", idx.Comment)
+					}
+
 					if idx.Option != "" {
 						createTableSQL += " " + idx.Option
 					}
@@ -382,11 +389,11 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 			alterColumn = true
 		} else {
 			// has size in data type and not equal
-
 			// Since the following code is frequently called in the for loop, reg optimization is needed here
 			matches := regRealDataType.FindAllStringSubmatch(realDataType, -1)
 			matches2 := regFullDataType.FindAllStringSubmatch(fullDataType, -1)
-			if (len(matches) == 1 && matches[0][1] != fmt.Sprint(field.Size) || !field.PrimaryKey) && (len(matches2) == 1 && matches2[0][1] != fmt.Sprint(length)) {
+			if (len(matches) == 1 && matches[0][1] != fmt.Sprint(field.Size) || !field.PrimaryKey) &&
+				(len(matches2) == 1 && matches2[0][1] != fmt.Sprint(length)) {
 				alterColumn = true
 			}
 		}
@@ -414,22 +421,31 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (m Migrator) ColumnTypes(value interface{}) (columnTypes []gorm.ColumnType, err error) {
+// ColumnTypes return columnTypes []gorm.ColumnType and execErr error
-	columnTypes = make([]gorm.ColumnType, 0)
+func (m Migrator) ColumnTypes(value interface{}) ([]gorm.ColumnType, error) {
-	err = m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
+	columnTypes := make([]gorm.ColumnType, 0)
+	execErr := m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		rows, err := m.DB.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Table(stmt.Table).Limit(1).Rows()
-		if err == nil {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		defer rows.Close()
-			rawColumnTypes, err := rows.ColumnTypes()
+
-			if err == nil {
+		var rawColumnTypes []*sql.ColumnType
+		rawColumnTypes, err = rows.ColumnTypes()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
 		for _, c := range rawColumnTypes {
 			columnTypes = append(columnTypes, c)
 		}
-			}
+
-		}
+		return nil
-		return err
 	})
-	return
+
+	return columnTypes, execErr
 }
 
 func (m Migrator) CreateView(name string, option gorm.ViewOption) error {
@@ -489,9 +505,10 @@ func (m Migrator) GuessConstraintAndTable(stmt *gorm.Statement, name string) (_
 	}
 
 	if field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(name); field != nil {
-		for _, cc := range checkConstraints {
+		for k := range checkConstraints {
-			if cc.Field == field {
+			if checkConstraints[k].Field == field {
-				return nil, &cc, stmt.Table
+				v := checkConstraints[k]
+				return nil, &v, stmt.Table
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -601,6 +618,10 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateIndex(value interface{}, name string) error {
 				createIndexSQL += " USING " + idx.Type
 			}
 
+			if idx.Comment != "" {
+				createIndexSQL += fmt.Sprintf(" COMMENT '%s'", idx.Comment)
+			}
+
 			if idx.Option != "" {
 				createIndexSQL += " " + idx.Option
 			}
@@ -608,7 +629,7 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateIndex(value interface{}, name string) error {
 			return m.DB.Exec(createIndexSQL, values...).Error
 		}
 
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create index with name %v", name)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create index with name %s", name)
 	})
 }
 

prepare_stmt.go

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) Close() {
 	for _, query := range db.PreparedSQL {
 		if stmt, ok := db.Stmts[query]; ok {
 			delete(db.Stmts, query)
-			stmt.Close()
+			go stmt.Close()
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) prepare(ctx context.Context, conn ConnPool, isTransact
 		db.Mux.Unlock()
 		return stmt, nil
 	} else if ok {
-		stmt.Close()
+		go stmt.Close()
 	}
 
 	stmt, err := conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ..
 		result, err = stmt.ExecContext(ctx, args...)
 		if err != nil {
 			db.Mux.Lock()
-			stmt.Close()
+			go stmt.Close()
 			delete(db.Stmts, query)
 			db.Mux.Unlock()
 		}
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args .
 		rows, err = stmt.QueryContext(ctx, args...)
 		if err != nil {
 			db.Mux.Lock()
-			stmt.Close()
+			go stmt.Close()
 			delete(db.Stmts, query)
 			db.Mux.Unlock()
 		}
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ func (tx *PreparedStmtTX) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ..
 		result, err = tx.Tx.StmtContext(ctx, stmt.Stmt).ExecContext(ctx, args...)
 		if err != nil {
 			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Lock()
-			stmt.Close()
+			go stmt.Close()
 			delete(tx.PreparedStmtDB.Stmts, query)
 			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Unlock()
 		}
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func (tx *PreparedStmtTX) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args .
 		rows, err = tx.Tx.Stmt(stmt.Stmt).QueryContext(ctx, args...)
 		if err != nil {
 			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Lock()
-			stmt.Close()
+			go stmt.Close()
 			delete(tx.PreparedStmtDB.Stmts, query)
 			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Unlock()
 		}

scan.go

@@ -208,6 +208,8 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, initialized bool) {
 							}
 						}
 						values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
+					} else if len(columns) == 1 {
+						values[idx] = dest
 					} else {
 						values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
 					}
@@ -238,6 +240,8 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, initialized bool) {
 					}
 				}
 			}
+		default:
+			db.AddError(rows.Scan(dest))
 		}
 	}
 

schema/field.go

@@ -490,21 +490,22 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 				return
 			} else if field.FieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 				fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(value)
+				fieldType := field.FieldType.Elem()
 
-				if reflectValType.AssignableTo(field.FieldType.Elem()) {
+				if reflectValType.AssignableTo(fieldType) {
 					if !fieldValue.IsValid() {
-						fieldValue = reflect.New(field.FieldType.Elem())
+						fieldValue = reflect.New(fieldType)
 					} else if fieldValue.IsNil() {
-						fieldValue.Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType.Elem()))
+						fieldValue.Set(reflect.New(fieldType))
 					}
 					fieldValue.Elem().Set(reflectV)
 					return
-				} else if reflectValType.ConvertibleTo(field.FieldType.Elem()) {
+				} else if reflectValType.ConvertibleTo(fieldType) {
 					if fieldValue.IsNil() {
-						fieldValue.Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType.Elem()))
+						fieldValue.Set(reflect.New(fieldType))
 					}
 
-					fieldValue.Elem().Set(reflectV.Convert(field.FieldType.Elem()))
+					fieldValue.Elem().Set(reflectV.Convert(fieldType))
 					return
 				}
 			}
@@ -520,7 +521,7 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 					err = setter(value, v)
 				}
 			} else {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to set value %+v to field %v", v, field.Name)
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to set value %+v to field %s", v, field.Name)
 			}
 		}
 

schema/naming.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha1"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"fmt"
+	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 // Namer namer interface
 type Namer interface {
 	TableName(table string) string
+	SchemaName(table string) string
 	ColumnName(table, column string) string
 	JoinTableName(joinTable string) string
 	RelationshipFKName(Relationship) string
@@ -41,6 +43,16 @@ func (ns NamingStrategy) TableName(str string) string {
 	return ns.TablePrefix + inflection.Plural(ns.toDBName(str))
 }
 
+// SchemaName generate schema name from table name, don't guarantee it is the reverse value of TableName
+func (ns NamingStrategy) SchemaName(table string) string {
+	table = strings.TrimPrefix(table, ns.TablePrefix)
+
+	if ns.SingularTable {
+		return ns.toSchemaName(table)
+	}
+	return ns.toSchemaName(inflection.Singular(table))
+}
+
 // ColumnName convert string to column name
 func (ns NamingStrategy) ColumnName(table, column string) string {
 	return ns.toDBName(column)
@@ -154,3 +166,11 @@ func (ns NamingStrategy) toDBName(name string) string {
 	ret := buf.String()
 	return ret
 }
+
+func (ns NamingStrategy) toSchemaName(name string) string {
+	result := strings.Replace(strings.Title(strings.Replace(name, "_", " ", -1)), " ", "", -1)
+	for _, initialism := range commonInitialisms {
+		result = regexp.MustCompile(strings.Title(strings.ToLower(initialism))+"([A-Z]|$|_)").ReplaceAllString(result, initialism+"$1")
+	}
+	return result
+}

schema/naming_test.go

@@ -33,6 +33,26 @@ func TestToDBName(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Errorf("%v toName should equal %v, but got %v", key, value, ns.toDBName(key))
 		}
 	}
+
+	maps = map[string]string{
+		"x":                              "X",
+		"user_restrictions":              "UserRestriction",
+		"this_is_a_test":                 "ThisIsATest",
+		"abc_and_jkl":                    "AbcAndJkl",
+		"employee_id":                    "EmployeeID",
+		"field_x":                        "FieldX",
+		"http_and_smtp":                  "HTTPAndSMTP",
+		"http_server_handler_for_url_id": "HTTPServerHandlerForURLID",
+		"uuid":                           "UUID",
+		"http_url":                       "HTTPURL",
+		"sha256_hash":                    "Sha256Hash",
+		"this_is_actually_a_test_so_we_may_be_able_to_use_this_code_in_gorm_package_also_id_can_be_used_at_the_end_as_id": "ThisIsActuallyATestSoWeMayBeAbleToUseThisCodeInGormPackageAlsoIDCanBeUsedAtTheEndAsID",
+	}
+	for key, value := range maps {
+		if ns.SchemaName(key) != value {
+			t.Errorf("%v schema name should equal %v, but got %v", key, value, ns.SchemaName(key))
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func TestNamingStrategy(t *testing.T) {

schema/relationship.go

@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 	}
 
 	for idx, relField := range refForeignFields {
-		joinFieldName := relation.FieldSchema.Name + relField.Name
+		joinFieldName := strings.Title(relation.FieldSchema.Name) + relField.Name
 		if len(joinReferences) > idx {
 			joinFieldName = strings.Title(joinReferences[idx])
 		}

schema/schema.go

@@ -119,20 +119,13 @@ func Parse(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Namer) (*Schema, error)
 	// When the schema initialization is completed, the channel will be closed
 	defer close(schema.initialized)
 
-	if v, loaded := cacheStore.LoadOrStore(modelType, schema); loaded {
+	if v, loaded := cacheStore.Load(modelType); loaded {
 		s := v.(*Schema)
 		// Wait for the initialization of other goroutines to complete
 		<-s.initialized
 		return s, s.err
 	}
 
-	defer func() {
-		if schema.err != nil {
-			logger.Default.Error(context.Background(), schema.err.Error())
-			cacheStore.Delete(modelType)
-		}
-	}()
-
 	for i := 0; i < modelType.NumField(); i++ {
 		if fieldStruct := modelType.Field(i); ast.IsExported(fieldStruct.Name) {
 			if field := schema.ParseField(fieldStruct); field.EmbeddedSchema != nil {
@@ -228,11 +221,25 @@ func Parse(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Namer) (*Schema, error)
 			case "func(*gorm.DB) error": // TODO hack
 				reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(schema)).FieldByName(name).SetBool(true)
 			default:
-				logger.Default.Warn(context.Background(), "Model %v don't match %vInterface, should be %v(*gorm.DB)", schema, name, name)
+				logger.Default.Warn(context.Background(), "Model %v don't match %vInterface, should be `%v(*gorm.DB) error`. Please see https://gorm.io/docs/hooks.html", schema, name, name)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
+	if v, loaded := cacheStore.LoadOrStore(modelType, schema); loaded {
+		s := v.(*Schema)
+		// Wait for the initialization of other goroutines to complete
+		<-s.initialized
+		return s, s.err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if schema.err != nil {
+			logger.Default.Error(context.Background(), schema.err.Error())
+			cacheStore.Delete(modelType)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	if _, embedded := schema.cacheStore.Load(embeddedCacheKey); !embedded {
 		for _, field := range schema.Fields {
 			if field.DataType == "" && (field.Creatable || field.Updatable || field.Readable) {
@@ -244,19 +251,20 @@ func Parse(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Namer) (*Schema, error)
 			}
 
 			fieldValue := reflect.New(field.IndirectFieldType)
-			if fc, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(CreateClausesInterface); ok {
+			fieldInterface := fieldValue.Interface()
+			if fc, ok := fieldInterface.(CreateClausesInterface); ok {
 				field.Schema.CreateClauses = append(field.Schema.CreateClauses, fc.CreateClauses(field)...)
 			}
 
-			if fc, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(QueryClausesInterface); ok {
+			if fc, ok := fieldInterface.(QueryClausesInterface); ok {
 				field.Schema.QueryClauses = append(field.Schema.QueryClauses, fc.QueryClauses(field)...)
 			}
 
-			if fc, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(UpdateClausesInterface); ok {
+			if fc, ok := fieldInterface.(UpdateClausesInterface); ok {
 				field.Schema.UpdateClauses = append(field.Schema.UpdateClauses, fc.UpdateClauses(field)...)
 			}
 
-			if fc, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(DeleteClausesInterface); ok {
+			if fc, ok := fieldInterface.(DeleteClausesInterface); ok {
 				field.Schema.DeleteClauses = append(field.Schema.DeleteClauses, fc.DeleteClauses(field)...)
 			}
 		}

statement.go

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ type Statement struct {
 type join struct {
 	Name  string
 	Conds []interface{}
+	On    *clause.Where
 }
 
 // StatementModifier statement modifier interface
@@ -129,6 +130,8 @@ func (stmt *Statement) QuoteTo(writer clause.Writer, field interface{}) {
 			stmt.QuoteTo(writer, d)
 		}
 		writer.WriteByte(')')
+	case clause.Expr:
+		v.Build(stmt)
 	case string:
 		stmt.DB.Dialector.QuoteTo(writer, v)
 	case []string:

tests/delete_test.go

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if err := DB.Delete(&users[1]).Error; err != nil {
+	if res := DB.Delete(&users[1]); res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("errors happened when delete: %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("errors happened when delete: %v, affected: %v", res.Error, res.RowsAffected)
 	}
 
 	var result User

tests/go.mod

@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@ module gorm.io/gorm/tests
 go 1.14
 
 require (
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.2.0
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.2
-	github.com/lib/pq v1.6.0
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.3
-	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.0.5
+	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.1.2
 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.1.0
 	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.1.4
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.0.7
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.0.9
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.21.9
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.21.14
 )
 
 replace gorm.io/gorm => ../

tests/joins_test.go

@@ -104,6 +104,27 @@ func TestJoinConds(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestJoinOn(t *testing.T) {
+	var user = *GetUser("joins-on", Config{Pets: 2})
+	DB.Save(&user)
+
+	var user1 User
+	onQuery := DB.Where(&Pet{Name: "joins-on_pet_1"})
+
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet", onQuery).Where("users.name = ?", user.Name).First(&user1).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins on, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, user1.NamedPet.Name, "joins-on_pet_1")
+
+	onQuery2 := DB.Where(&Pet{Name: "joins-on_pet_2"})
+	var user2 User
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet", onQuery2).Where("users.name = ?", user.Name).First(&user2).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins on, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	AssertEqual(t, user2.NamedPet.Name, "joins-on_pet_2")
+}
+
 func TestJoinsWithSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	type result struct {
 		ID    uint

tests/migrate_test.go

@@ -142,17 +142,36 @@ func TestSmartMigrateColumn(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestMigrateWithComment(t *testing.T) {
+func TestMigrateWithColumnComment(t *testing.T) {
-	type UserWithComment struct {
+	type UserWithColumnComment struct {
 		gorm.Model
-		Name string `gorm:"size:111;index:,comment:这是一个index;comment:this is a 字段"`
+		Name string `gorm:"size:111;comment:this is a 字段"`
 	}
 
-	if err := DB.Migrator().DropTable(&UserWithComment{}); err != nil {
+	if err := DB.Migrator().DropTable(&UserWithColumnComment{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to drop table, got error %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&UserWithComment{}); err != nil {
+	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&UserWithColumnComment{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to auto migrate, but got error %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMigrateWithIndexComment(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	type UserWithIndexComment struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		Name string `gorm:"size:111;index:,comment:这是一个index"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Migrator().DropTable(&UserWithIndexComment{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to drop table, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&UserWithIndexComment{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to auto migrate, but got error %v", err)
 	}
 }

tests/query_test.go

@@ -436,6 +436,11 @@ func TestNot(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Build NOT condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
 
+	result = dryDB.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{}}).Find(&User{})
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* WHERE .*name.* IS NOT NULL").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Fatalf("Build NOT condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+	
 	result = dryDB.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": []string{"jinzhu", "jinzhu 2"}}).Find(&User{})
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* WHERE .*name.* NOT IN \\(.+,.+\\)").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Fatalf("Build NOT condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
@@ -842,7 +847,17 @@ func TestSearchWithEmptyChain(t *testing.T) {
 func TestOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	dryDB := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true})
 
-	result := dryDB.Order("age desc, name").Find(&User{})
+	result := dryDB.Order("").Find(&User{})
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* IS NULL$").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Fatalf("Build Order condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
+	result = dryDB.Order(nil).Find(&User{})
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* IS NULL$").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Fatalf("Build Order condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
+	result = dryDB.Order("age desc, name").Find(&User{})
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* ORDER BY age desc, name").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Fatalf("Build Order condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}

tests/scan_test.go

@@ -63,6 +63,13 @@ func TestScan(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(results) != 2 || results[0].Name != user2.Name || results[1].Name != user3.Name {
 		t.Errorf("Scan into struct map, got %#v", results)
 	}
+
+	type ID uint64
+	var id ID
+	DB.Raw("select id from users where id = ?", user2.ID).Scan(&id)
+	if uint(id) != user2.ID {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to scan to customized data type")
+	}
 }
 
 func TestScanRows(t *testing.T) {

tests/table_test.go

@@ -30,6 +30,26 @@ func TestTable(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
 
+	r = dryDB.Table("`people`").Table("`user`").Find(&User{}).Statement
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM `user`").MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
+	r = dryDB.Table("people as p").Table("user as u").Find(&User{}).Statement
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM user as u WHERE .u.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL").MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
+	r = dryDB.Table("people as p").Table("user").Find(&User{}).Statement
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .user. WHERE .user.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL").MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
+	r = dryDB.Table("gorm.people").Table("user").Find(&User{}).Statement
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .user. WHERE .user.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL").MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
 	r = dryDB.Table("gorm.user").Select("name").Find(&User{}).Statement
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT .name. FROM .gorm.\\..user. WHERE .user.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL").MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())

tests/update_has_one_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package tests_test
 
 import (
+	"database/sql"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -85,4 +86,48 @@ func TestUpdateHasOne(t *testing.T) {
 		DB.Preload("Toy").Find(&pet4, "id = ?", pet.ID)
 		CheckPet(t, pet4, pet)
 	})
+
+	t.Run("Restriction", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type CustomizeAccount struct {
+			gorm.Model
+			UserID sql.NullInt64
+			Number string `gorm:"<-:create"`
+		}
+
+		type CustomizeUser struct {
+			gorm.Model
+			Name    string
+			Account CustomizeAccount `gorm:"foreignkey:UserID"`
+		}
+
+		DB.Migrator().DropTable(&CustomizeUser{})
+		DB.Migrator().DropTable(&CustomizeAccount{})
+
+		if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&CustomizeUser{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to migrate, got error: %v", err)
+		}
+		if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&CustomizeAccount{}); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to migrate, got error: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		number := "number-has-one-associations"
+		cusUser := CustomizeUser{
+			Name: "update-has-one-associations",
+			Account: CustomizeAccount{
+				Number: number,
+			},
+		}
+
+		if err := DB.Create(&cusUser).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
+		}
+		cusUser.Account.Number += "-update"
+		if err := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{FullSaveAssociations: true}).Updates(&cusUser).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
+		}
+
+		var account2 CustomizeAccount
+		DB.Find(&account2, "user_id = ?", cusUser.ID)
+		AssertEqual(t, account2.Number, number)
+	})
 }

tests/update_test.go

@@ -69,8 +69,10 @@ func TestUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	values := map[string]interface{}{"Active": true, "age": 5}
-	if err := DB.Model(user).Updates(values).Error; err != nil {
+	if res := DB.Model(user).Updates(values); res.Error != nil {
-		t.Errorf("errors happened when update: %v", err)
+		t.Errorf("errors happened when update: %v", res.Error)
+	} else if res.RowsAffected != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("rows affected should be 1, but got : %v", res.RowsAffected)
 	} else if user.Age != 5 {
 		t.Errorf("Age should equals to 5, but got %v", user.Age)
 	} else if user.Active != true {
@@ -131,7 +133,10 @@ func TestUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 	lastUpdatedAt := users[0].UpdatedAt
 
 	// update with map
-	DB.Model(users[0]).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "updates_01_newname", "age": 100})
+	if res := DB.Model(users[0]).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"name": "updates_01_newname", "age": 100}); res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to update users")
+	}
+
 	if users[0].Name != "updates_01_newname" || users[0].Age != 100 {
 		t.Errorf("Record should be updated also with map")
 	}
@@ -642,6 +647,40 @@ func TestSave(t *testing.T) {
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("WHERE .id. = [^ ]+$").MatchString(stmt.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid updating SQL, got %v", stmt.SQL.String())
 	}
+
+	user3 := *GetUser("save3", Config{})
+	DB.Create(&user3)
+
+	if err := DB.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "save3").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find created user")
+	}
+
+	user3.Name = "save3_"
+	if err := DB.Model(User{Model: user3.Model}).Save(&user3).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to save user, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result2 User
+	if err := DB.First(&result2, "name = ?", "save3_").Error; err != nil || result2.ID != user3.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find updated user, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Model(User{Model: user3.Model}).Save(&struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		Placeholder string
+		Name        string
+	}{
+		Model:       user3.Model,
+		Placeholder: "placeholder",
+		Name:        "save3__",
+	}).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to update user, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result3 User
+	if err := DB.First(&result3, "name = ?", "save3__").Error; err != nil || result3.ID != user3.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find updated user")
+	}
 }
 
 func TestSaveWithPrimaryValue(t *testing.T) {

tests/upsert_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package tests_test
 
 import (
+	"regexp"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 )
@@ -51,6 +53,19 @@ func TestUpsert(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := DB.Find(&result, "code = ?", lang.Code).Error; err != nil || result.Name != lang.Name {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to upsert, got name %v", result.Name)
 	}
+
+	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name != "sqlserver" {
+		type RestrictedLanguage struct {
+			Code string `gorm:"primarykey"`
+			Name string
+			Lang string `gorm:"<-:create"`
+		}
+
+		r := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true}).Clauses(clause.OnConflict{UpdateAll: true}).Create(&RestrictedLanguage{Code: "upsert_code", Name: "upsert_name", Lang: "upsert_lang"})
+		if !regexp.MustCompile(`INTO .restricted_languages. .*\(.code.,.name.,.lang.\) .* (SET|UPDATE) .name.=.*.name.[^\w]*$`).MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+			t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func TestUpsertSlice(t *testing.T) {

utils/tests/models.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 // He works in a Company (belongs to), he has a Manager (belongs to - single-table), and also managed a Team (has many - single-table)
 // He speaks many languages (many to many) and has many friends (many to many - single-table)
 // His pet also has one Toy (has one - polymorphic)
+// NamedPet is a reference to a Named `Pets` (has many)
 type User struct {
 	gorm.Model
 	Name      string
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ type User struct {
 	Birthday  *time.Time
 	Account   Account
 	Pets      []*Pet
+	NamedPet  *Pet
 	Toys      []Toy `gorm:"polymorphic:Owner"`
 	CompanyID *int
 	Company   Company