Merge branch 'master' into feat_join

.github/workflows/invalid_question.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v5
+      uses: actions/stale@v6
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: "This issue has been marked as invalid question, please give more information by following the `Question` template, if you believe there is a bug of GORM, please create a pull request that could reproduce the issue on [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground), the issue will be closed in 30 days if no further activity occurs. most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"

.github/workflows/missing_playground.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v5
+      uses: actions/stale@v6
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: "The issue has been automatically marked as stale as it missing playground pull request link, which is important to help others understand your issue effectively and make sure the issue hasn't been fixed on latest master, checkout [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground) for details. it will be closed in 30 days if no further activity occurs. if you are asking question, please use the `Question` template, most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v5
+      uses: actions/stale@v6
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: "This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has been open 360 days with no activity. Remove stale label or comment or this will be closed in 180 days"

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
   sqlite:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.19', '1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in windows OS
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['mysql:latest', 'mysql:5.7', 'mariadb:latest']
-        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.19', '1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['postgres:latest', 'postgres:13', 'postgres:12', 'postgres:11', 'postgres:10']
-        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.19', '1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in macOS and Windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ jobs:
   sqlserver:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.19', '1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run test in macOS and windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 

.golangci.yml

@@ -9,3 +9,12 @@ linters:
     - prealloc
     - unconvert
     - unparam
+    - goimports
+    - whitespace
+
+linters-settings:
+  whitespace:
+    multi-func: true
+  goimports:
+    local-prefixes: gorm.io/gorm
+

README.md

@@ -30,12 +30,18 @@ The fantastic ORM library for Golang, aims to be developer friendly.
 ## Getting Started
 
 * GORM Guides [https://gorm.io](https://gorm.io)
-* GORM Gen    [gorm/gen](https://github.com/go-gorm/gen#gormgen)
+* Gen Guides [https://gorm.io/gen/index.html](https://gorm.io/gen/index.html)
 
 ## Contributing
 
 [You can help to deliver a better GORM, check out things you can do](https://gorm.io/contribute.html)
 
+## Contributors
+
+Thank you for contributing to the GORM framework!
+
+[![Contributors](https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=go-gorm/gorm)](https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/graphs/contributors)
+
 ## License
 
 © Jinzhu, 2013~time.Now

callbacks/associations.go

@@ -208,7 +208,10 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 							cacheKey := utils.ToStringKey(relPrimaryValues...)
 							if len(relPrimaryValues) != len(rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields) || !identityMap[cacheKey] {
-								identityMap[cacheKey] = true
+								if cacheKey != "" { // has primary fields
+									identityMap[cacheKey] = true
+								}
+
 								if isPtr {
 									elems = reflect.Append(elems, elem)
 								} else {
@@ -294,7 +297,10 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 							cacheKey := utils.ToStringKey(relPrimaryValues...)
 							if len(relPrimaryValues) != len(rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields) || !identityMap[cacheKey] {
-								identityMap[cacheKey] = true
+								if cacheKey != "" { // has primary fields
+									identityMap[cacheKey] = true
+								}
+
 								distinctElems = reflect.Append(distinctElems, elem)
 							}
 

callbacks/query.go

@@ -117,12 +117,20 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 				} else if relation, ok := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[join.Name]; ok {
 					tableAliasName := relation.Name
 
+					columnStmt := gorm.Statement{
+						Table: tableAliasName, DB: db, Schema: relation.FieldSchema,
+						Selects: join.Selects, Omits: join.Omits,
+					}
+
+					selectColumns, restricted := columnStmt.SelectAndOmitColumns(false, false)
 					for _, s := range relation.FieldSchema.DBNames {
-						clauseSelect.Columns = append(clauseSelect.Columns, clause.Column{
+						if v, ok := selectColumns[s]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
-							Table: tableAliasName,
+							clauseSelect.Columns = append(clauseSelect.Columns, clause.Column{
-							Name:  s,
+								Table: tableAliasName,
-							Alias: tableAliasName + "__" + s,
+								Name:  s,
-						})
+								Alias: tableAliasName + "__" + s,
+							})
+						}
 					}
 
 					exprs := make([]clause.Expression, len(relation.References))

callbacks/update.go

@@ -70,10 +70,12 @@ func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 		if db.Statement.SQL.Len() == 0 {
 			db.Statement.SQL.Grow(180)
 			db.Statement.AddClauseIfNotExists(clause.Update{})
-			if set := ConvertToAssignments(db.Statement); len(set) != 0 {
+			if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["SET"]; !ok {
-				db.Statement.AddClause(set)
+				if set := ConvertToAssignments(db.Statement); len(set) != 0 {
-			} else if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["SET"]; !ok {
+					db.Statement.AddClause(set)
-				return
+				} else {
+					return
+				}
 			}
 
 			db.Statement.Build(db.Statement.BuildClauses...)

chainable_api.go

@@ -10,10 +10,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 // Model specify the model you would like to run db operations
-//    // update all users's name to `hello`
+//
-//    db.Model(&User{}).Update("name", "hello")
+//	// update all users's name to `hello`
-//    // if user's primary key is non-blank, will use it as condition, then will only update the user's name to `hello`
+//	db.Model(&User{}).Update("name", "hello")
-//    db.Model(&user).Update("name", "hello")
+//	// if user's primary key is non-blank, will use it as condition, then will only update that user's name to `hello`
+//	db.Model(&user).Update("name", "hello")
 func (db *DB) Model(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.Model = value
@@ -21,6 +22,19 @@ func (db *DB) Model(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Clauses Add clauses
+//
+// This supports both standard clauses (clause.OrderBy, clause.Limit, clause.Where) and more
+// advanced techniques like specifying lock strength and optimizer hints. See the
+// [docs] for more depth.
+//
+//	// add a simple limit clause
+//	db.Clauses(clause.Limit{Limit: 1}).Find(&User{})
+//	// tell the optimizer to use the `idx_user_name` index
+//	db.Clauses(hints.UseIndex("idx_user_name")).Find(&User{})
+//	// specify the lock strength to UPDATE
+//	db.Clauses(clause.Locking{Strength: "UPDATE"}).Find(&users)
+//
+// [docs]: https://gorm.io/docs/sql_builder.html#Clauses
 func (db *DB) Clauses(conds ...clause.Expression) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	var whereConds []interface{}
@@ -44,6 +58,9 @@ func (db *DB) Clauses(conds ...clause.Expression) (tx *DB) {
 var tableRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`(?i).+? AS (\w+)\s*(?:$|,)`)
 
 // Table specify the table you would like to run db operations
+//
+//	// Get a user
+//	db.Table("users").take(&result)
 func (db *DB) Table(name string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if strings.Contains(name, " ") || strings.Contains(name, "`") || len(args) > 0 {
@@ -65,6 +82,11 @@ func (db *DB) Table(name string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Distinct specify distinct fields that you want querying
+//
+//	// Select distinct names of users
+//	db.Distinct("name").Find(&results)
+//	// Select distinct name/age pairs from users
+//	db.Distinct("name", "age").Find(&results)
 func (db *DB) Distinct(args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.Distinct = true
@@ -75,6 +97,14 @@ func (db *DB) Distinct(args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Select specify fields that you want when querying, creating, updating
+//
+// Use Select when you only want a subset of the fields. By default, GORM will select all fields.
+// Select accepts both string arguments and arrays.
+//
+//	// Select name and age of user using multiple arguments
+//	db.Select("name", "age").Find(&users)
+//	// Select name and age of user using an array
+//	db.Select([]string{"name", "age"}).Find(&users)
 func (db *DB) Select(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 
@@ -152,6 +182,17 @@ func (db *DB) Omit(columns ...string) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Where add conditions
+//
+// See the [docs] for details on the various formats that where clauses can take. By default, where clauses chain with AND.
+//
+//	// Find the first user with name jinzhu
+//	db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
+//	// Find the first user with name jinzhu and age 20
+//	db.Where(&User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}).First(&user)
+//	// Find the first user with name jinzhu and age not equal to 20
+//	db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Where("age <> ?", "20").First(&user)
+//
+// [docs]: https://gorm.io/docs/query.html#Conditions
 func (db *DB) Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if conds := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(query, args...); len(conds) > 0 {
@@ -161,6 +202,11 @@ func (db *DB) Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Not add NOT conditions
+//
+// Not works similarly to where, and has the same syntax.
+//
+//	// Find the first user with name not equal to jinzhu
+//	db.Not("name = ?", "jinzhu").First(&user)
 func (db *DB) Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if conds := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(query, args...); len(conds) > 0 {
@@ -170,6 +216,11 @@ func (db *DB) Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Or add OR conditions
+//
+// Or is used to chain together queries with an OR.
+//
+//	// Find the first user with name equal to jinzhu or john
+//	db.Where("name = ?", "jinzhu").Or("name = ?", "john").First(&user)
 func (db *DB) Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if conds := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(query, args...); len(conds) > 0 {
@@ -179,9 +230,10 @@ func (db *DB) Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Joins specify Joins conditions
-//     db.Joins("Account").Find(&user)
+//
-//     db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "jinzhu@example.org").Find(&user)
+//	db.Joins("Account").Find(&user)
-//     db.Joins("Account", DB.Select("id").Where("user_id = users.id AND name = ?", "someName").Model(&Account{}))
+//	db.Joins("JOIN emails ON emails.user_id = users.id AND emails.email = ?", "jinzhu@example.org").Find(&user)
+//	db.Joins("Account", DB.Select("id").Where("user_id = users.id AND name = ?", "someName").Model(&Account{}))
 func (db *DB) Joins(query string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return joins(db, clause.LeftJoin, query, args...)
 }
@@ -197,10 +249,12 @@ func joins(db *DB, joinType clause.JoinType, query string, args ...interface{})
 
 	if len(args) == 1 {
 		if db, ok := args[0].(*DB); ok {
+			j := join{Name: query, Conds: args, Selects: db.Statement.Selects, Omits: db.Statement.Omits}
 			if where, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"].Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
-				tx.Statement.Joins = append(tx.Statement.Joins, join{Name: query, Conds: args, On: &where, JoinType: joinType})
+				j.On = &where
-				return
 			}
+			tx.Statement.Joins = append(tx.Statement.Joins, j)
+			return
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -209,6 +263,9 @@ func joins(db *DB, joinType clause.JoinType, query string, args ...interface{})
 }
 
 // Group specify the group method on the find
+//
+//	// Select the sum age of users with given names
+//	db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Find(&results)
 func (db *DB) Group(name string) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 
@@ -220,6 +277,9 @@ func (db *DB) Group(name string) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Having specify HAVING conditions for GROUP BY
+//
+//	// Select the sum age of users with name jinzhu
+//	db.Model(&User{}).Select("name, sum(age) as total").Group("name").Having("name = ?", "jinzhu").Find(&result)
 func (db *DB) Having(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.GroupBy{
@@ -228,9 +288,10 @@ func (db *DB) Having(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Order specify order when retrieve records from database
+// Order specify order when retrieving records from database
-//     db.Order("name DESC")
+//
-//     db.Order(clause.OrderByColumn{Column: clause.Column{Name: "name"}, Desc: true})
+//	db.Order("name DESC")
+//	db.Order(clause.OrderByColumn{Column: clause.Column{Name: "name"}, Desc: true})
 func (db *DB) Order(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 
@@ -252,13 +313,27 @@ func (db *DB) Order(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Limit specify the number of records to be retrieved
+//
+// Limit conditions can be cancelled by using `Limit(-1)`.
+//
+//	// retrieve 3 users
+//	db.Limit(3).Find(&users)
+//	// retrieve 3 users into users1, and all users into users2
+//	db.Limit(3).Find(&users1).Limit(-1).Find(&users2)
 func (db *DB) Limit(limit int) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
-	tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.Limit{Limit: limit})
+	tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.Limit{Limit: &limit})
 	return
 }
 
 // Offset specify the number of records to skip before starting to return the records
+//
+// Offset conditions can be cancelled by using `Offset(-1)`.
+//
+//	// select the third user
+//	db.Offset(2).First(&user)
+//	// select the first user by cancelling an earlier chained offset
+//	db.Offset(5).Offset(-1).First(&user)
 func (db *DB) Offset(offset int) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.Limit{Offset: offset})
@@ -266,17 +341,18 @@ func (db *DB) Offset(offset int) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Scopes pass current database connection to arguments `func(DB) DB`, which could be used to add conditions dynamically
-//     func AmountGreaterThan1000(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
-//         return db.Where("amount > ?", 1000)
-//     }
 //
-//     func OrderStatus(status []string) func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+//	func AmountGreaterThan1000(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
-//         return func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+//	    return db.Where("amount > ?", 1000)
-//             return db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000).Where("status in (?)", status)
+//	}
-//         }
-//     }
 //
-//     db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, OrderStatus([]string{"paid", "shipped"})).Find(&orders)
+//	func OrderStatus(status []string) func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+//	    return func (db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+//	        return db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000).Where("status in (?)", status)
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	db.Scopes(AmountGreaterThan1000, OrderStatus([]string{"paid", "shipped"})).Find(&orders)
 func (db *DB) Scopes(funcs ...func(*DB) *DB) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.scopes = append(tx.Statement.scopes, funcs...)
@@ -284,7 +360,9 @@ func (db *DB) Scopes(funcs ...func(*DB) *DB) (tx *DB) {
 }
 
 // Preload preload associations with given conditions
-//    db.Preload("Orders", "state NOT IN (?)", "cancelled").Find(&users)
+//
+//	// get all users, and preload all non-cancelled orders
+//	db.Preload("Orders", "state NOT IN (?)", "cancelled").Find(&users)
 func (db *DB) Preload(query string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if tx.Statement.Preloads == nil {
@@ -294,12 +372,41 @@ func (db *DB) Preload(query string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
+// Attrs provide attributes used in [FirstOrCreate] or [FirstOrInit]
+//
+// Attrs only adds attributes if the record is not found.
+//
+//	// assign an email if the record is not found
+//	db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Email: "fake@fake.org"}
+//
+//	// assign an email if the record is not found, otherwise ignore provided email
+//	db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Attrs(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20}
+//
+// [FirstOrCreate]: https://gorm.io/docs/advanced_query.html#FirstOrCreate
+// [FirstOrInit]: https://gorm.io/docs/advanced_query.html#FirstOrInit
 func (db *DB) Attrs(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.attrs = attrs
 	return
 }
 
+// Assign provide attributes used in [FirstOrCreate] or [FirstOrInit]
+//
+// Assign adds attributes even if the record is found. If using FirstOrCreate, this means that
+// records will be updated even if they are found.
+//
+//	// assign an email regardless of if the record is not found
+//	db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Assign(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Email: "fake@fake.org"}
+//
+//	// assign email regardless of if record is found
+//	db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20, Email: "fake@fake.org"}
+//
+// [FirstOrCreate]: https://gorm.io/docs/advanced_query.html#FirstOrCreate
+// [FirstOrInit]: https://gorm.io/docs/advanced_query.html#FirstOrInit
 func (db *DB) Assign(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.assigns = attrs

clause/benchmarks_test.go

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ func BenchmarkSelect(b *testing.B) {
 func BenchmarkComplexSelect(b *testing.B) {
 	user, _ := schema.Parse(&tests.User{}, &sync.Map{}, db.NamingStrategy)
 
+	limit10 := 10
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		stmt := gorm.Statement{DB: db, Table: user.Table, Schema: user, Clauses: map[string]clause.Clause{}}
 		clauses := []clause.Interface{
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@ func BenchmarkComplexSelect(b *testing.B) {
 				clause.Or(clause.Gt{Column: "score", Value: 100}, clause.Like{Column: "name", Value: "%linus%"}),
 			}},
 			clause.GroupBy{Columns: []clause.Column{{Name: "role"}}, Having: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{"role", "admin"}}},
-			clause.Limit{Limit: 10, Offset: 20},
+			clause.Limit{Limit: &limit10, Offset: 20},
 			clause.OrderBy{Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Desc: true}}},
 		}
 

clause/joins.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ const (
 	RightJoin JoinType = "RIGHT"
 )
 
-// Join join clause for from
+// Join clause for from
 type Join struct {
 	Type       JoinType
 	Table      Table

clause/joins_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+package clause_test
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
+)
+
+func TestJoin(t *testing.T) {
+	results := []struct {
+		name string
+		join clause.Join
+		sql  string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "LEFT JOIN",
+			join: clause.Join{
+				Type:  clause.LeftJoin,
+				Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+				ON: clause.Where{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{clause.Column{Table: "user_info", Name: "user_id"}, clause.PrimaryColumn}},
+				},
+			},
+			sql: "LEFT JOIN `user` ON `user_info`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "RIGHT JOIN",
+			join: clause.Join{
+				Type:  clause.RightJoin,
+				Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+				ON: clause.Where{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{clause.Column{Table: "user_info", Name: "user_id"}, clause.PrimaryColumn}},
+				},
+			},
+			sql: "RIGHT JOIN `user` ON `user_info`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "INNER JOIN",
+			join: clause.Join{
+				Type:  clause.InnerJoin,
+				Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+				ON: clause.Where{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{clause.Column{Table: "user_info", Name: "user_id"}, clause.PrimaryColumn}},
+				},
+			},
+			sql: "INNER JOIN `user` ON `user_info`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "CROSS JOIN",
+			join: clause.Join{
+				Type:  clause.CrossJoin,
+				Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+				ON: clause.Where{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{clause.Column{Table: "user_info", Name: "user_id"}, clause.PrimaryColumn}},
+				},
+			},
+			sql: "CROSS JOIN `user` ON `user_info`.`user_id` = `users`.`id`",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "USING",
+			join: clause.Join{
+				Type:  clause.InnerJoin,
+				Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+				Using: []string{"id"},
+			},
+			sql: "INNER JOIN `user` USING (`id`)",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Expression",
+			join: clause.Join{
+				// Invalid
+				Type:  clause.LeftJoin,
+				Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+				ON: clause.Where{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{clause.Column{Table: "user_info", Name: "user_id"}, clause.PrimaryColumn}},
+				},
+				// Valid
+				Expression: clause.Join{
+					Type:  clause.InnerJoin,
+					Table: clause.Table{Name: "user"},
+					Using: []string{"id"},
+				},
+			},
+			sql: "INNER JOIN `user` USING (`id`)",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, result := range results {
+		t.Run(result.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			user, _ := schema.Parse(&tests.User{}, &sync.Map{}, db.NamingStrategy)
+			stmt := &gorm.Statement{DB: db, Table: user.Table, Schema: user, Clauses: map[string]clause.Clause{}}
+			result.join.Build(stmt)
+			if result.sql != stmt.SQL.String() {
+				t.Errorf("want: %s, got: %s", result.sql, stmt.SQL.String())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

clause/limit.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import "strconv"
 
 // Limit limit clause
 type Limit struct {
-	Limit  int
+	Limit  *int
 	Offset int
 }
 
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ func (limit Limit) Name() string {
 
 // Build build where clause
 func (limit Limit) Build(builder Builder) {
-	if limit.Limit > 0 {
+	if limit.Limit != nil && *limit.Limit >= 0 {
 		builder.WriteString("LIMIT ")
-		builder.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(limit.Limit))
+		builder.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(*limit.Limit))
 	}
 	if limit.Offset > 0 {
-		if limit.Limit > 0 {
+		if limit.Limit != nil && *limit.Limit >= 0 {
 			builder.WriteByte(' ')
 		}
 		builder.WriteString("OFFSET ")
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func (limit Limit) MergeClause(clause *Clause) {
 	clause.Name = ""
 
 	if v, ok := clause.Expression.(Limit); ok {
-		if limit.Limit == 0 && v.Limit != 0 {
+		if (limit.Limit == nil || *limit.Limit == 0) && (v.Limit != nil && *v.Limit != 0) {
 			limit.Limit = v.Limit
 		}
 

clause/limit_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	limit0 := 0
+	limit10 := 10
+	limit50 := 50
+	limitNeg10 := -10
 	results := []struct {
 		Clauses []clause.Interface
 		Result  string
@@ -15,11 +19,15 @@ func TestLimit(t *testing.T) {
 	}{
 		{
 			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{
-				Limit:  10,
+				Limit:  &limit10,
 				Offset: 20,
 			}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20", nil,
 		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit0}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 0", nil,
+		},
 		{
 			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Offset: 20}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` OFFSET 20", nil,
@@ -29,23 +37,23 @@ func TestLimit(t *testing.T) {
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` OFFSET 30", nil,
 		},
 		{
-			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Limit: 10}},
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit10}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20", nil,
 		},
 		{
-			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: 10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}},
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 10 OFFSET 30", nil,
 		},
 		{
-			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: 10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}, clause.Limit{Offset: -10}},
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}, clause.Limit{Offset: -10}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 10", nil,
 		},
 		{
-			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: 10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}, clause.Limit{Limit: -10}},
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limitNeg10}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` OFFSET 30", nil,
 		},
 		{
-			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: 10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}, clause.Limit{Limit: 50}},
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit10, Offset: 20}, clause.Limit{Offset: 30}, clause.Limit{Limit: &limit50}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` LIMIT 50 OFFSET 30", nil,
 		},
 	}

clause/on_conflict.go

@@ -16,27 +16,27 @@ func (OnConflict) Name() string {
 
 // Build build onConflict clause
 func (onConflict OnConflict) Build(builder Builder) {
-	if len(onConflict.Columns) > 0 {
-		builder.WriteByte('(')
-		for idx, column := range onConflict.Columns {
-			if idx > 0 {
-				builder.WriteByte(',')
-			}
-			builder.WriteQuoted(column)
-		}
-		builder.WriteString(`) `)
-	}
-
-	if len(onConflict.TargetWhere.Exprs) > 0 {
-		builder.WriteString(" WHERE ")
-		onConflict.TargetWhere.Build(builder)
-		builder.WriteByte(' ')
-	}
-
 	if onConflict.OnConstraint != "" {
 		builder.WriteString("ON CONSTRAINT ")
 		builder.WriteString(onConflict.OnConstraint)
 		builder.WriteByte(' ')
+	} else {
+		if len(onConflict.Columns) > 0 {
+			builder.WriteByte('(')
+			for idx, column := range onConflict.Columns {
+				if idx > 0 {
+					builder.WriteByte(',')
+				}
+				builder.WriteQuoted(column)
+			}
+			builder.WriteString(`) `)
+		}
+
+		if len(onConflict.TargetWhere.Exprs) > 0 {
+			builder.WriteString(" WHERE ")
+			onConflict.TargetWhere.Build(builder)
+			builder.WriteByte(' ')
+		}
 	}
 
 	if onConflict.DoNothing {

finisher_api.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
 )
 
-// Create insert the value into database
+// Create inserts value, returning the inserted data's primary key in value's id
 func (db *DB) Create(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	if db.CreateBatchSize > 0 {
 		return db.CreateInBatches(value, db.CreateBatchSize)
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ func (db *DB) Create(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return tx.callbacks.Create().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// CreateInBatches insert the value in batches into database
+// CreateInBatches inserts value in batches of batchSize
 func (db *DB) CreateInBatches(value interface{}, batchSize int) (tx *DB) {
 	reflectValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(value))
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ func (db *DB) CreateInBatches(value interface{}, batchSize int) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Save update value in database, if the value doesn't have primary key, will insert it
+// Save updates value in database. If value doesn't contain a matching primary key, value is inserted.
 func (db *DB) Save(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.Dest = value
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ func (db *DB) Save(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-// First find first record that match given conditions, order by primary key
+// First finds the first record ordered by primary key, matching given conditions conds
 func (db *DB) First(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
 		Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey},
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ func (db *DB) First(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return tx.callbacks.Query().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// Take return a record that match given conditions, the order will depend on the database implementation
+// Take finds the first record returned by the database in no specified order, matching given conditions conds
 func (db *DB) Take(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.Limit(1)
 	if len(conds) > 0 {
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func (db *DB) Take(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return tx.callbacks.Query().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// Last find last record that match given conditions, order by primary key
+// Last finds the last record ordered by primary key, matching given conditions conds
 func (db *DB) Last(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
 		Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey},
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (db *DB) Last(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return tx.callbacks.Query().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// Find find records that match given conditions
+// Find finds all records matching given conditions conds
 func (db *DB) Find(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if len(conds) > 0 {
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ func (db *DB) Find(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return tx.callbacks.Query().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// FindInBatches find records in batches
+// FindInBatches finds all records in batches of batchSize
 func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, batch int) error) *DB {
 	var (
 		tx = db.Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
@@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, bat
 	var totalSize int
 	if c, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["LIMIT"]; ok {
 		if limit, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Limit); ok {
-			totalSize = limit.Limit
+			if limit.Limit != nil {
+				totalSize = *limit.Limit
+			}
 
 			if totalSize > 0 && batchSize > totalSize {
 				batchSize = totalSize
@@ -229,7 +231,11 @@ func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, bat
 			break
 		}
 
-		primaryValue, _ := result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, resultsValue.Index(resultsValue.Len()-1))
+		primaryValue, zero := result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, resultsValue.Index(resultsValue.Len()-1))
+		if zero {
+			tx.AddError(ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
+			break
+		}
 		queryDB = tx.Clauses(clause.Gt{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey}, Value: primaryValue})
 	}
 
@@ -286,7 +292,18 @@ func (db *DB) assignInterfacesToValue(values ...interface{}) {
 	}
 }
 
-// FirstOrInit gets the first matched record or initialize a new instance with given conditions (only works with struct or map conditions)
+// FirstOrInit finds the first matching record, otherwise if not found initializes a new instance with given conds.
+// Each conds must be a struct or map.
+//
+// FirstOrInit never modifies the database. It is often used with Assign and Attrs.
+//
+//	// assign an email if the record is not found
+//	db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Email: "fake@fake.org"}
+//
+//	// assign email regardless of if record is found
+//	db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrInit(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20, Email: "fake@fake.org"}
 func (db *DB) FirstOrInit(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	queryTx := db.Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
 		Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey},
@@ -312,62 +329,78 @@ func (db *DB) FirstOrInit(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-// FirstOrCreate gets the first matched record or create a new one with given conditions (only works with struct, map conditions)
+// FirstOrCreate finds the first matching record, otherwise if not found creates a new instance with given conds.
+// Each conds must be a struct or map.
+//
+// Using FirstOrCreate in conjunction with Assign will result in an update to the database even if the record exists.
+//
+//	// assign an email if the record is not found
+//	result := db.Where(User{Name: "non_existing"}).Attrs(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "non_existing", Email: "fake@fake.org"}
+//	// result.RowsAffected -> 1
+//
+//	// assign email regardless of if record is found
+//	result := db.Where(User{Name: "jinzhu"}).Assign(User{Email: "fake@fake.org"}).FirstOrCreate(&user)
+//	// user -> User{Name: "jinzhu", Age: 20, Email: "fake@fake.org"}
+//	// result.RowsAffected -> 1
 func (db *DB) FirstOrCreate(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	queryTx := db.Session(&Session{}).Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
 		Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey},
 	})
-	if result := queryTx.Find(dest, conds...); result.Error == nil {
-		if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
-			if c, ok := result.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
-				if where, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
-					result.assignInterfacesToValue(where.Exprs)
-				}
-			}
 
-			// initialize with attrs, conds
+	result := queryTx.Find(dest, conds...)
-			if len(db.Statement.attrs) > 0 {
+	if result.Error != nil {
-				result.assignInterfacesToValue(db.Statement.attrs...)
-			}
-
-			// initialize with attrs, conds
-			if len(db.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
-				result.assignInterfacesToValue(db.Statement.assigns...)
-			}
-
-			return tx.Create(dest)
-		} else if len(db.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
-			exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(db.Statement.assigns[0], db.Statement.assigns[1:]...)
-			assigns := map[string]interface{}{}
-			for _, expr := range exprs {
-				if eq, ok := expr.(clause.Eq); ok {
-					switch column := eq.Column.(type) {
-					case string:
-						assigns[column] = eq.Value
-					case clause.Column:
-						assigns[column.Name] = eq.Value
-					default:
-					}
-				}
-			}
-
-			return tx.Model(dest).Updates(assigns)
-		}
-	} else {
 		tx.Error = result.Error
+		return tx
 	}
+
+	if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
+		if c, ok := result.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
+			if where, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
+				result.assignInterfacesToValue(where.Exprs)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// initialize with attrs, conds
+		if len(db.Statement.attrs) > 0 {
+			result.assignInterfacesToValue(db.Statement.attrs...)
+		}
+
+		// initialize with attrs, conds
+		if len(db.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
+			result.assignInterfacesToValue(db.Statement.assigns...)
+		}
+
+		return tx.Create(dest)
+	} else if len(db.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
+		exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(db.Statement.assigns[0], db.Statement.assigns[1:]...)
+		assigns := map[string]interface{}{}
+		for _, expr := range exprs {
+			if eq, ok := expr.(clause.Eq); ok {
+				switch column := eq.Column.(type) {
+				case string:
+					assigns[column] = eq.Value
+				case clause.Column:
+					assigns[column.Name] = eq.Value
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return tx.Model(dest).Updates(assigns)
+	}
+
 	return tx
 }
 
-// Update update attributes with callbacks, refer: https://gorm.io/docs/update.html#Update-Changed-Fields
+// Update updates column with value using callbacks. Reference: https://gorm.io/docs/update.html#Update-Changed-Fields
 func (db *DB) Update(column string, value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.Dest = map[string]interface{}{column: value}
 	return tx.callbacks.Update().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// Updates update attributes with callbacks, refer: https://gorm.io/docs/update.html#Update-Changed-Fields
+// Updates updates attributes using callbacks. values must be a struct or map. Reference: https://gorm.io/docs/update.html#Update-Changed-Fields
 func (db *DB) Updates(values interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.Dest = values
@@ -388,7 +421,9 @@ func (db *DB) UpdateColumns(values interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return tx.callbacks.Update().Execute(tx)
 }
 
-// Delete delete value match given conditions, if the value has primary key, then will including the primary key as condition
+// Delete deletes value matching given conditions. If value contains primary key it is included in the conditions. If
+// value includes a deleted_at field, then Delete performs a soft delete instead by setting deleted_at with the current
+// time if null.
 func (db *DB) Delete(value interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if len(conds) > 0 {
@@ -455,7 +490,7 @@ func (db *DB) Count(count *int64) (tx *DB) {
 	tx.Statement.Dest = count
 	tx = tx.callbacks.Query().Execute(tx)
 
-	if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["GROUP BY"]; ok || tx.RowsAffected != 1 {
+	if tx.RowsAffected != 1 {
 		*count = tx.RowsAffected
 	}
 
@@ -482,7 +517,7 @@ func (db *DB) Rows() (*sql.Rows, error) {
 	return rows, tx.Error
 }
 
-// Scan scan value to a struct
+// Scan scans selected value to the struct dest
 func (db *DB) Scan(dest interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	config := *db.Config
 	currentLogger, newLogger := config.Logger, logger.Recorder.New()
@@ -507,9 +542,10 @@ func (db *DB) Scan(dest interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
-// Pluck used to query single column from a model as a map
+// Pluck queries a single column from a model, returning in the slice dest. E.g.:
-//     var ages []int64
+//
-//     db.Model(&users).Pluck("age", &ages)
+//	var ages []int64
+//	db.Model(&users).Pluck("age", &ages)
 func (db *DB) Pluck(column string, dest interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	if tx.Statement.Model != nil {
@@ -550,7 +586,8 @@ func (db *DB) ScanRows(rows *sql.Rows, dest interface{}) error {
 	return tx.Error
 }
 
-// Connection  use a db conn to execute Multiple commands,this conn will put conn pool after it is executed.
+// Connection uses a db connection to execute an arbitrary number of commands in fc. When finished, the connection is
+// returned to the connection pool.
 func (db *DB) Connection(fc func(tx *DB) error) (err error) {
 	if db.Error != nil {
 		return db.Error
@@ -572,7 +609,9 @@ func (db *DB) Connection(fc func(tx *DB) error) (err error) {
 	return fc(tx)
 }
 
-// Transaction start a transaction as a block, return error will rollback, otherwise to commit.
+// Transaction start a transaction as a block, return error will rollback, otherwise to commit. Transaction executes an
+// arbitrary number of commands in fc within a transaction. On success the changes are committed; if an error occurs
+// they are rolled back.
 func (db *DB) Transaction(fc func(tx *DB) error, opts ...*sql.TxOptions) (err error) {
 	panicked := true
 
@@ -615,7 +654,7 @@ func (db *DB) Transaction(fc func(tx *DB) error, opts ...*sql.TxOptions) (err er
 	return
 }
 
-// Begin begins a transaction
+// Begin begins a transaction with any transaction options opts
 func (db *DB) Begin(opts ...*sql.TxOptions) *DB {
 	var (
 		// clone statement
@@ -644,7 +683,7 @@ func (db *DB) Begin(opts ...*sql.TxOptions) *DB {
 	return tx
 }
 
-// Commit commit a transaction
+// Commit commits the changes in a transaction
 func (db *DB) Commit() *DB {
 	if committer, ok := db.Statement.ConnPool.(TxCommitter); ok && committer != nil && !reflect.ValueOf(committer).IsNil() {
 		db.AddError(committer.Commit())
@@ -654,7 +693,7 @@ func (db *DB) Commit() *DB {
 	return db
 }
 
-// Rollback rollback a transaction
+// Rollback rollbacks the changes in a transaction
 func (db *DB) Rollback() *DB {
 	if committer, ok := db.Statement.ConnPool.(TxCommitter); ok && committer != nil {
 		if !reflect.ValueOf(committer).IsNil() {
@@ -684,7 +723,7 @@ func (db *DB) RollbackTo(name string) *DB {
 	return db
 }
 
-// Exec execute raw sql
+// Exec executes raw sql
 func (db *DB) Exec(sql string, values ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.SQL = strings.Builder{}

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module gorm.io/gorm
 
-go 1.14
+go 1.16
 
 require (
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0

gorm.go

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ func Open(dialector Dialector, opts ...Option) (db *DB, err error) {
 
 	preparedStmt := &PreparedStmtDB{
 		ConnPool:    db.ConnPool,
-		Stmts:       map[string]Stmt{},
+		Stmts:       make(map[string]*Stmt),
 		Mux:         &sync.RWMutex{},
 		PreparedSQL: make([]string, 0, 100),
 	}
@@ -248,10 +248,18 @@ func (db *DB) Session(config *Session) *DB {
 	if config.PrepareStmt {
 		if v, ok := db.cacheStore.Load(preparedStmtDBKey); ok {
 			preparedStmt := v.(*PreparedStmtDB)
-			tx.Statement.ConnPool = &PreparedStmtDB{
+			switch t := tx.Statement.ConnPool.(type) {
-				ConnPool: db.Config.ConnPool,
+			case Tx:
-				Mux:      preparedStmt.Mux,
+				tx.Statement.ConnPool = &PreparedStmtTX{
-				Stmts:    preparedStmt.Stmts,
+					Tx:             t,
+					PreparedStmtDB: preparedStmt,
+				}
+			default:
+				tx.Statement.ConnPool = &PreparedStmtDB{
+					ConnPool: db.Config.ConnPool,
+					Mux:      preparedStmt.Mux,
+					Stmts:    preparedStmt.Stmts,
+				}
 			}
 			txConfig.ConnPool = tx.Statement.ConnPool
 			txConfig.PrepareStmt = true
@@ -413,7 +421,7 @@ func (db *DB) SetupJoinTable(model interface{}, field string, joinTable interfac
 	relation, ok := modelSchema.Relationships.Relations[field]
 	isRelation := ok && relation.JoinTable != nil
 	if !isRelation {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to found relation: %s", field)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to find relation: %s", field)
 	}
 
 	for _, ref := range relation.References {

logger/logger.go

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"log"
 	"os"
 	"time"
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ type Interface interface {
 }
 
 var (
-	// Discard Discard logger will print any log to ioutil.Discard
+	// Discard Discard logger will print any log to io.Discard
-	Discard = New(log.New(ioutil.Discard, "", log.LstdFlags), Config{})
+	Discard = New(log.New(io.Discard, "", log.LstdFlags), Config{})
 	// Default Default logger
 	Default = New(log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", log.LstdFlags), Config{
 		SlowThreshold:             200 * time.Millisecond,

migrator.go

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ type Migrator interface {
 	// Database
 	CurrentDatabase() string
 	FullDataTypeOf(*schema.Field) clause.Expr
+	GetTypeAliases(databaseTypeName string) []string
 
 	// Tables
 	CreateTable(dst ...interface{}) error

migrator/migrator.go

@@ -8,14 +8,16 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 )
 
 var (
-	regFullDataType = regexp.MustCompile(`[^\d]*(\d+)[^\d]?`)
+	regFullDataType = regexp.MustCompile(`\D*(\d+)\D?`)
 )
 
 // Migrator m struct
@@ -30,6 +32,16 @@ type Config struct {
 	gorm.Dialector
 }
 
+type printSQLLogger struct {
+	logger.Interface
+}
+
+func (l *printSQLLogger) Trace(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error) {
+	sql, _ := fc()
+	fmt.Println(sql + ";")
+	l.Interface.Trace(ctx, begin, fc, err)
+}
+
 // GormDataTypeInterface gorm data type interface
 type GormDataTypeInterface interface {
 	GormDBDataType(*gorm.DB, *schema.Field) string
@@ -92,14 +104,19 @@ func (m Migrator) FullDataTypeOf(field *schema.Field) (expr clause.Expr) {
 // AutoMigrate auto migrate values
 func (m Migrator) AutoMigrate(values ...interface{}) error {
 	for _, value := range m.ReorderModels(values, true) {
-		tx := m.DB.Session(&gorm.Session{})
+		queryTx := m.DB.Session(&gorm.Session{})
-		if !tx.Migrator().HasTable(value) {
+		execTx := queryTx
-			if err := tx.Migrator().CreateTable(value); err != nil {
+		if m.DB.DryRun {
+			queryTx.DryRun = false
+			execTx = m.DB.Session(&gorm.Session{Logger: &printSQLLogger{Interface: m.DB.Logger}})
+		}
+		if !queryTx.Migrator().HasTable(value) {
+			if err := execTx.Migrator().CreateTable(value); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
 		} else {
 			if err := m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) (errr error) {
-				columnTypes, err := m.DB.Migrator().ColumnTypes(value)
+				columnTypes, err := queryTx.Migrator().ColumnTypes(value)
 				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
@@ -117,10 +134,10 @@ func (m Migrator) AutoMigrate(values ...interface{}) error {
 
 					if foundColumn == nil {
 						// not found, add column
-						if err := tx.Migrator().AddColumn(value, dbName); err != nil {
+						if err := execTx.Migrator().AddColumn(value, dbName); err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
-					} else if err := m.DB.Migrator().MigrateColumn(value, field, foundColumn); err != nil {
+					} else if err := execTx.Migrator().MigrateColumn(value, field, foundColumn); err != nil {
 						// found, smart migrate
 						return err
 					}
@@ -129,25 +146,25 @@ func (m Migrator) AutoMigrate(values ...interface{}) error {
 				for _, rel := range stmt.Schema.Relationships.Relations {
 					if !m.DB.Config.DisableForeignKeyConstraintWhenMigrating {
 						if constraint := rel.ParseConstraint(); constraint != nil &&
-							constraint.Schema == stmt.Schema && !tx.Migrator().HasConstraint(value, constraint.Name) {
+							constraint.Schema == stmt.Schema && !queryTx.Migrator().HasConstraint(value, constraint.Name) {
-							if err := tx.Migrator().CreateConstraint(value, constraint.Name); err != nil {
+							if err := execTx.Migrator().CreateConstraint(value, constraint.Name); err != nil {
-								return err
-							}
-						}
-					}
-
-					for _, chk := range stmt.Schema.ParseCheckConstraints() {
-						if !tx.Migrator().HasConstraint(value, chk.Name) {
-							if err := tx.Migrator().CreateConstraint(value, chk.Name); err != nil {
 								return err
 							}
 						}
 					}
 				}
 
+				for _, chk := range stmt.Schema.ParseCheckConstraints() {
+					if !queryTx.Migrator().HasConstraint(value, chk.Name) {
+						if err := execTx.Migrator().CreateConstraint(value, chk.Name); err != nil {
+							return err
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
 				for _, idx := range stmt.Schema.ParseIndexes() {
-					if !tx.Migrator().HasIndex(value, idx.Name) {
+					if !queryTx.Migrator().HasIndex(value, idx.Name) {
-						if err := tx.Migrator().CreateIndex(value, idx.Name); err != nil {
+						if err := execTx.Migrator().CreateIndex(value, idx.Name); err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
 					}
@@ -406,32 +423,49 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 	fullDataType := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(m.DB.Migrator().FullDataTypeOf(field).SQL))
 	realDataType := strings.ToLower(columnType.DatabaseTypeName())
 
-	alterColumn := false
+	var (
+		alterColumn, isSameType bool
+	)
 
-	// check type
+	if !field.PrimaryKey {
-	if !field.PrimaryKey && !strings.HasPrefix(fullDataType, realDataType) {
+		// check type
-		alterColumn = true
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(fullDataType, realDataType) {
-	}
+			// check type aliases
+			aliases := m.DB.Migrator().GetTypeAliases(realDataType)
+			for _, alias := range aliases {
+				if strings.HasPrefix(fullDataType, alias) {
+					isSameType = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
 
-	// check size
+			if !isSameType {
-	if length, ok := columnType.Length(); length != int64(field.Size) {
-		if length > 0 && field.Size > 0 {
-			alterColumn = true
-		} else {
-			// has size in data type and not equal
-			// Since the following code is frequently called in the for loop, reg optimization is needed here
-			matches2 := regFullDataType.FindAllStringSubmatch(fullDataType, -1)
-			if !field.PrimaryKey &&
-				(len(matches2) == 1 && matches2[0][1] != fmt.Sprint(length) && ok) {
 				alterColumn = true
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	// check precision
+	if !isSameType {
-	if precision, _, ok := columnType.DecimalSize(); ok && int64(field.Precision) != precision {
+		// check size
-		if regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf("[^0-9]%d[^0-9]", field.Precision)).MatchString(m.DataTypeOf(field)) {
+		if length, ok := columnType.Length(); length != int64(field.Size) {
-			alterColumn = true
+			if length > 0 && field.Size > 0 {
+				alterColumn = true
+			} else {
+				// has size in data type and not equal
+				// Since the following code is frequently called in the for loop, reg optimization is needed here
+				matches2 := regFullDataType.FindAllStringSubmatch(fullDataType, -1)
+				if !field.PrimaryKey &&
+					(len(matches2) == 1 && matches2[0][1] != fmt.Sprint(length) && ok) {
+					alterColumn = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// check precision
+		if precision, _, ok := columnType.DecimalSize(); ok && int64(field.Precision) != precision {
+			if regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf("[^0-9]%d[^0-9]", field.Precision)).MatchString(m.DataTypeOf(field)) {
+				alterColumn = true
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -453,17 +487,19 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 
 	// check default value
 	if !field.PrimaryKey {
+		currentDefaultNotNull := field.HasDefaultValue && !strings.EqualFold(field.DefaultValue, "NULL")
 		dv, dvNotNull := columnType.DefaultValue()
-		if dvNotNull && field.DefaultValueInterface == nil {
+		if dvNotNull && !currentDefaultNotNull {
 			// defalut value -> null
 			alterColumn = true
-		} else if !dvNotNull && field.DefaultValueInterface != nil {
+		} else if !dvNotNull && currentDefaultNotNull {
 			// null -> default value
 			alterColumn = true
-		} else if dv != field.DefaultValue {
+		} else if (field.GORMDataType != schema.Time && dv != field.DefaultValue) ||
+			(field.GORMDataType == schema.Time && !strings.EqualFold(strings.TrimSuffix(dv, "()"), strings.TrimSuffix(field.DefaultValue, "()"))) {
 			// default value not equal
 			// not both null
-			if !(field.DefaultValueInterface == nil && !dvNotNull) {
+			if currentDefaultNotNull || dvNotNull {
 				alterColumn = true
 			}
 		}
@@ -478,7 +514,7 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 	}
 
 	if alterColumn && !field.IgnoreMigration {
-		return m.DB.Migrator().AlterColumn(value, field.Name)
+		return m.DB.Migrator().AlterColumn(value, field.DBName)
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -863,3 +899,8 @@ func (m Migrator) CurrentTable(stmt *gorm.Statement) interface{} {
 func (m Migrator) GetIndexes(dst interface{}) ([]gorm.Index, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("not support")
 }
+
+// GetTypeAliases return database type aliases
+func (m Migrator) GetTypeAliases(databaseTypeName string) []string {
+	return nil
+}

prepare_stmt.go

@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ import (
 type Stmt struct {
 	*sql.Stmt
 	Transaction bool
+	prepared    chan struct{}
+	prepareErr  error
 }
 
 type PreparedStmtDB struct {
-	Stmts       map[string]Stmt
+	Stmts       map[string]*Stmt
 	PreparedSQL []string
 	Mux         *sync.RWMutex
 	ConnPool
@@ -42,31 +44,72 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) Close() {
 	}
 }
 
+func (db *PreparedStmtDB) Reset() {
+	db.Mux.Lock()
+	defer db.Mux.Unlock()
+
+	for _, stmt := range db.Stmts {
+		go stmt.Close()
+	}
+	db.PreparedSQL = make([]string, 0, 100)
+	db.Stmts = make(map[string]*Stmt)
+}
+
 func (db *PreparedStmtDB) prepare(ctx context.Context, conn ConnPool, isTransaction bool, query string) (Stmt, error) {
 	db.Mux.RLock()
 	if stmt, ok := db.Stmts[query]; ok && (!stmt.Transaction || isTransaction) {
 		db.Mux.RUnlock()
-		return stmt, nil
+		// wait for other goroutines prepared
+		<-stmt.prepared
+		if stmt.prepareErr != nil {
+			return Stmt{}, stmt.prepareErr
+		}
+
+		return *stmt, nil
 	}
 	db.Mux.RUnlock()
 
 	db.Mux.Lock()
-	defer db.Mux.Unlock()
-
 	// double check
 	if stmt, ok := db.Stmts[query]; ok && (!stmt.Transaction || isTransaction) {
-		return stmt, nil
+		db.Mux.Unlock()
-	} else if ok {
+		// wait for other goroutines prepared
-		go stmt.Close()
+		<-stmt.prepared
+		if stmt.prepareErr != nil {
+			return Stmt{}, stmt.prepareErr
+		}
+
+		return *stmt, nil
 	}
 
+	// cache preparing stmt first
+	cacheStmt := Stmt{Transaction: isTransaction, prepared: make(chan struct{})}
+	db.Stmts[query] = &cacheStmt
+	db.Mux.Unlock()
+
+	// prepare completed
+	defer close(cacheStmt.prepared)
+
+	// Reason why cannot lock conn.PrepareContext
+	// suppose the maxopen is 1, g1 is creating record and g2 is querying record.
+	// 1. g1 begin tx, g1 is requeue because of waiting for the system call, now `db.ConnPool` db.numOpen == 1.
+	// 2. g2 select lock `conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)`, now db.numOpen == db.maxOpen , wait for release.
+	// 3. g1 tx exec insert, wait for unlock `conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)` to finish tx and release.
 	stmt, err := conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
-	if err == nil {
+	if err != nil {
-		db.Stmts[query] = Stmt{Stmt: stmt, Transaction: isTransaction}
+		cacheStmt.prepareErr = err
-		db.PreparedSQL = append(db.PreparedSQL, query)
+		db.Mux.Lock()
+		delete(db.Stmts, query)
+		db.Mux.Unlock()
+		return Stmt{}, err
 	}
 
-	return db.Stmts[query], err
+	db.Mux.Lock()
+	cacheStmt.Stmt = stmt
+	db.PreparedSQL = append(db.PreparedSQL, query)
+	db.Mux.Unlock()
+
+	return cacheStmt, nil
 }
 
 func (db *PreparedStmtDB) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opt *sql.TxOptions) (ConnPool, error) {

scan.go

@@ -65,31 +65,32 @@ func (db *DB) scanIntoStruct(rows Rows, reflectValue reflect.Value, values []int
 
 	db.RowsAffected++
 	db.AddError(rows.Scan(values...))
-
+	joinedSchemaMap := make(map[*schema.Field]interface{})
-	joinedSchemaMap := make(map[*schema.Field]interface{}, 0)
 	for idx, field := range fields {
-		if field != nil {
+		if field == nil {
-			if len(joinFields) == 0 || joinFields[idx][0] == nil {
+			continue
-				db.AddError(field.Set(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue, values[idx]))
-			} else {
-				joinSchema := joinFields[idx][0]
-				relValue := joinSchema.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue)
-				if relValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-					if _, ok := joinedSchemaMap[joinSchema]; !ok {
-						if value := reflect.ValueOf(values[idx]).Elem(); value.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && value.IsNil() {
-							continue
-						}
-
-						relValue.Set(reflect.New(relValue.Type().Elem()))
-						joinedSchemaMap[joinSchema] = nil
-					}
-				}
-				db.AddError(joinFields[idx][1].Set(db.Statement.Context, relValue, values[idx]))
-			}
-
-			// release data to pool
-			field.NewValuePool.Put(values[idx])
 		}
+
+		if len(joinFields) == 0 || joinFields[idx][0] == nil {
+			db.AddError(field.Set(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue, values[idx]))
+		} else {
+			joinSchema := joinFields[idx][0]
+			relValue := joinSchema.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue)
+			if relValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+				if _, ok := joinedSchemaMap[joinSchema]; !ok {
+					if value := reflect.ValueOf(values[idx]).Elem(); value.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && value.IsNil() {
+						continue
+					}
+
+					relValue.Set(reflect.New(relValue.Type().Elem()))
+					joinedSchemaMap[joinSchema] = nil
+				}
+			}
+			db.AddError(joinFields[idx][1].Set(db.Statement.Context, relValue, values[idx]))
+		}
+
+		// release data to pool
+		field.NewValuePool.Put(values[idx])
 	}
 }
 
@@ -161,11 +162,10 @@ func Scan(rows Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 		}
 	default:
 		var (
-			fields             = make([]*schema.Field, len(columns))
+			fields       = make([]*schema.Field, len(columns))
-			selectedColumnsMap = make(map[string]int, len(columns))
+			joinFields   [][2]*schema.Field
-			joinFields         [][2]*schema.Field
+			sch          = db.Statement.Schema
-			sch                = db.Statement.Schema
+			reflectValue = db.Statement.ReflectValue
-			reflectValue       = db.Statement.ReflectValue
 		)
 
 		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
@@ -198,26 +198,24 @@ func Scan(rows Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 
 			// Not Pluck
 			if sch != nil {
-				schFieldsCount := len(sch.Fields)
+				matchedFieldCount := make(map[string]int, len(columns))
 				for idx, column := range columns {
 					if field := sch.LookUpField(column); field != nil && field.Readable {
-						if curIndex, ok := selectedColumnsMap[column]; ok {
+						fields[idx] = field
-							fields[idx] = field // handle duplicate fields
+						if count, ok := matchedFieldCount[column]; ok {
-							offset := curIndex + 1
+							// handle duplicate fields
-							// handle sch inconsistent with database
+							for _, selectField := range sch.Fields {
-							// like Raw(`...`).Scan
+								if selectField.DBName == column && selectField.Readable {
-							if schFieldsCount > offset {
+									if count == 0 {
-								for fieldIndex, selectField := range sch.Fields[offset:] {
+										matchedFieldCount[column]++
-									if selectField.DBName == column && selectField.Readable {
-										selectedColumnsMap[column] = curIndex + fieldIndex + 1
 										fields[idx] = selectField
 										break
 									}
+									count--
 								}
 							}
 						} else {
-							fields[idx] = field
+							matchedFieldCount[column] = 1
-							selectedColumnsMap[column] = idx
 						}
 					} else if names := strings.Split(column, "__"); len(names) > 1 {
 						if rel, ok := sch.Relationships.Relations[names[0]]; ok {
@@ -241,12 +239,20 @@ func Scan(rows Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 
 		switch reflectValue.Kind() {
 		case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
-			var elem reflect.Value
+			var (
-			recyclableStruct := reflect.New(reflectValueType)
+				elem        reflect.Value
+				isArrayKind = reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Array
+			)
 
 			if !update || reflectValue.Len() == 0 {
 				update = false
-				db.Statement.ReflectValue.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(reflectValue.Type(), 0, 20))
+				// if the slice cap is externally initialized, the externally initialized slice is directly used here
+				if reflectValue.Cap() == 0 {
+					db.Statement.ReflectValue.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(reflectValue.Type(), 0, 20))
+				} else if !isArrayKind {
+					reflectValue.SetLen(0)
+					db.Statement.ReflectValue.Set(reflectValue)
+				}
 			}
 
 			for initialized || rows.Next() {
@@ -267,20 +273,21 @@ func Scan(rows Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 						}
 					}
 				} else {
-					if isPtr && db.RowsAffected > 0 {
+					elem = reflect.New(reflectValueType)
-						elem = reflect.New(reflectValueType)
-					} else {
-						elem = recyclableStruct
-					}
 				}
 
 				db.scanIntoStruct(rows, elem, values, fields, joinFields)
 
 				if !update {
-					if isPtr {
+					if !isPtr {
-						reflectValue = reflect.Append(reflectValue, elem)
+						elem = elem.Elem()
+					}
+					if isArrayKind {
+						if reflectValue.Len() >= int(db.RowsAffected) {
+							reflectValue.Index(int(db.RowsAffected - 1)).Set(elem)
+						}
 					} else {
-						reflectValue = reflect.Append(reflectValue, elem.Elem())
+						reflectValue = reflect.Append(reflectValue, elem)
 					}
 				}
 			}

schema/relationship.go

@@ -191,7 +191,8 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 		err             error
 		joinTableFields []reflect.StructField
 		fieldsMap       = map[string]*Field{}
-		ownFieldsMap    = map[string]bool{} // fix self join many2many
+		ownFieldsMap    = map[string]*Field{} // fix self join many2many
+		referFieldsMap  = map[string]*Field{}
 		joinForeignKeys = toColumns(field.TagSettings["JOINFOREIGNKEY"])
 		joinReferences  = toColumns(field.TagSettings["JOINREFERENCES"])
 	)
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 			joinFieldName = strings.Title(joinForeignKeys[idx])
 		}
 
-		ownFieldsMap[joinFieldName] = true
+		ownFieldsMap[joinFieldName] = ownField
 		fieldsMap[joinFieldName] = ownField
 		joinTableFields = append(joinTableFields, reflect.StructField{
 			Name:    joinFieldName,
@@ -242,9 +243,6 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 
 	for idx, relField := range refForeignFields {
 		joinFieldName := strings.Title(relation.FieldSchema.Name) + relField.Name
-		if len(joinReferences) > idx {
-			joinFieldName = strings.Title(joinReferences[idx])
-		}
 
 		if _, ok := ownFieldsMap[joinFieldName]; ok {
 			if field.Name != relation.FieldSchema.Name {
@@ -254,14 +252,22 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 			}
 		}
 
-		fieldsMap[joinFieldName] = relField
+		if len(joinReferences) > idx {
-		joinTableFields = append(joinTableFields, reflect.StructField{
+			joinFieldName = strings.Title(joinReferences[idx])
-			Name:    joinFieldName,
+		}
-			PkgPath: relField.StructField.PkgPath,
+
-			Type:    relField.StructField.Type,
+		referFieldsMap[joinFieldName] = relField
-			Tag: removeSettingFromTag(appendSettingFromTag(relField.StructField.Tag, "primaryKey"),
+
-				"column", "autoincrement", "index", "unique", "uniqueindex"),
+		if _, ok := fieldsMap[joinFieldName]; !ok {
-		})
+			fieldsMap[joinFieldName] = relField
+			joinTableFields = append(joinTableFields, reflect.StructField{
+				Name:    joinFieldName,
+				PkgPath: relField.StructField.PkgPath,
+				Type:    relField.StructField.Type,
+				Tag: removeSettingFromTag(appendSettingFromTag(relField.StructField.Tag, "primaryKey"),
+					"column", "autoincrement", "index", "unique", "uniqueindex"),
+			})
+		}
 	}
 
 	joinTableFields = append(joinTableFields, reflect.StructField{
@@ -317,31 +323,37 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 				f.Size = fieldsMap[f.Name].Size
 			}
 			relation.JoinTable.PrimaryFields = append(relation.JoinTable.PrimaryFields, f)
-			ownPrimaryField := schema == fieldsMap[f.Name].Schema && ownFieldsMap[f.Name]
 
-			if ownPrimaryField {
+			if of, ok := ownFieldsMap[f.Name]; ok {
 				joinRel := relation.JoinTable.Relationships.Relations[relName]
 				joinRel.Field = relation.Field
 				joinRel.References = append(joinRel.References, &Reference{
-					PrimaryKey: fieldsMap[f.Name],
+					PrimaryKey: of,
 					ForeignKey: f,
 				})
-			} else {
+
+				relation.References = append(relation.References, &Reference{
+					PrimaryKey:    of,
+					ForeignKey:    f,
+					OwnPrimaryKey: true,
+				})
+			}
+
+			if rf, ok := referFieldsMap[f.Name]; ok {
 				joinRefRel := relation.JoinTable.Relationships.Relations[relRefName]
 				if joinRefRel.Field == nil {
 					joinRefRel.Field = relation.Field
 				}
 				joinRefRel.References = append(joinRefRel.References, &Reference{
-					PrimaryKey: fieldsMap[f.Name],
+					PrimaryKey: rf,
+					ForeignKey: f,
+				})
+
+				relation.References = append(relation.References, &Reference{
+					PrimaryKey: rf,
 					ForeignKey: f,
 				})
 			}
-
-			relation.References = append(relation.References, &Reference{
-				PrimaryKey:    fieldsMap[f.Name],
-				ForeignKey:    f,
-				OwnPrimaryKey: ownPrimaryField,
-			})
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -391,33 +403,30 @@ func (schema *Schema) guessRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Field, cgl gu
 	case guessBelongs:
 		primarySchema, foreignSchema = relation.FieldSchema, schema
 	case guessEmbeddedBelongs:
-		if field.OwnerSchema != nil {
+		if field.OwnerSchema == nil {
-			primarySchema, foreignSchema = relation.FieldSchema, field.OwnerSchema
-		} else {
 			reguessOrErr()
 			return
 		}
+		primarySchema, foreignSchema = relation.FieldSchema, field.OwnerSchema
 	case guessHas:
 	case guessEmbeddedHas:
-		if field.OwnerSchema != nil {
+		if field.OwnerSchema == nil {
-			primarySchema, foreignSchema = field.OwnerSchema, relation.FieldSchema
-		} else {
 			reguessOrErr()
 			return
 		}
+		primarySchema, foreignSchema = field.OwnerSchema, relation.FieldSchema
 	}
 
 	if len(relation.foreignKeys) > 0 {
 		for _, foreignKey := range relation.foreignKeys {
-			if f := foreignSchema.LookUpField(foreignKey); f != nil {
+			f := foreignSchema.LookUpField(foreignKey)
-				foreignFields = append(foreignFields, f)
+			if f == nil {
-			} else {
 				reguessOrErr()
 				return
 			}
+			foreignFields = append(foreignFields, f)
 		}
 	} else {
-		var primaryFields []*Field
 		var primarySchemaName = primarySchema.Name
 		if primarySchemaName == "" {
 			primarySchemaName = relation.FieldSchema.Name
@@ -454,10 +463,11 @@ func (schema *Schema) guessRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Field, cgl gu
 		}
 	}
 
-	if len(foreignFields) == 0 {
+	switch {
+	case len(foreignFields) == 0:
 		reguessOrErr()
 		return
-	} else if len(relation.primaryKeys) > 0 {
+	case len(relation.primaryKeys) > 0:
 		for idx, primaryKey := range relation.primaryKeys {
 			if f := primarySchema.LookUpField(primaryKey); f != nil {
 				if len(primaryFields) < idx+1 {
@@ -471,7 +481,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) guessRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Field, cgl gu
 				return
 			}
 		}
-	} else if len(primaryFields) == 0 {
+	case len(primaryFields) == 0:
 		if len(foreignFields) == 1 && primarySchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField != nil {
 			primaryFields = append(primaryFields, primarySchema.PrioritizedPrimaryField)
 		} else if len(primarySchema.PrimaryFields) == len(foreignFields) {

schema/relationship_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 
 func checkStructRelation(t *testing.T, data interface{}, relations ...Relation) {
 	if s, err := schema.Parse(data, &sync.Map{}, schema.NamingStrategy{}); err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("Failed to parse schema")
+		t.Errorf("Failed to parse schema, got error %v", err)
 	} else {
 		for _, rel := range relations {
 			checkSchemaRelation(t, s, rel)
@@ -305,6 +305,33 @@ func TestMany2ManyOverrideForeignKey(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestMany2ManySharedForeignKey(t *testing.T) {
+	type Profile struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		Name         string
+		Kind         string
+		ProfileRefer uint
+	}
+
+	type User struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		Profiles []Profile `gorm:"many2many:user_profiles;foreignKey:Refer,Kind;joinForeignKey:UserRefer,Kind;References:ProfileRefer,Kind;joinReferences:ProfileR,Kind"`
+		Kind     string
+		Refer    uint
+	}
+
+	checkStructRelation(t, &User{}, Relation{
+		Name: "Profiles", Type: schema.Many2Many, Schema: "User", FieldSchema: "Profile",
+		JoinTable: JoinTable{Name: "user_profiles", Table: "user_profiles"},
+		References: []Reference{
+			{"Refer", "User", "UserRefer", "user_profiles", "", true},
+			{"Kind", "User", "Kind", "user_profiles", "", true},
+			{"ProfileRefer", "Profile", "ProfileR", "user_profiles", "", false},
+			{"Kind", "Profile", "Kind", "user_profiles", "", false},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 func TestMany2ManyOverrideJoinForeignKey(t *testing.T) {
 	type Profile struct {
 		gorm.Model

schema/schema.go

@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ type Tabler interface {
 	TableName() string
 }
 
+type TablerWithNamer interface {
+	TableName(Namer) string
+}
+
 // Parse get data type from dialector
 func Parse(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Namer) (*Schema, error) {
 	return ParseWithSpecialTableName(dest, cacheStore, namer, "")
@@ -125,6 +129,9 @@ func ParseWithSpecialTableName(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Nam
 	if tabler, ok := modelValue.Interface().(Tabler); ok {
 		tableName = tabler.TableName()
 	}
+	if tabler, ok := modelValue.Interface().(TablerWithNamer); ok {
+		tableName = tabler.TableName(namer)
+	}
 	if en, ok := namer.(embeddedNamer); ok {
 		tableName = en.Table
 	}
@@ -223,7 +230,7 @@ func ParseWithSpecialTableName(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Nam
 	}
 
 	for _, field := range schema.Fields {
-		if field.HasDefaultValue && field.DefaultValueInterface == nil {
+		if field.DataType != "" && field.HasDefaultValue && field.DefaultValueInterface == nil {
 			schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue = append(schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue, field)
 		}
 	}
@@ -239,6 +246,14 @@ func ParseWithSpecialTableName(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Nam
 				field.HasDefaultValue = true
 				field.AutoIncrement = true
 			}
+		case String:
+			if _, ok := field.TagSettings["PRIMARYKEY"]; !ok {
+				if !field.HasDefaultValue || field.DefaultValueInterface != nil {
+					schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue = append(schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue, field)
+				}
+
+				field.HasDefaultValue = true
+			}
 		}
 	}
 

schema/serializer.go

@@ -100,6 +100,12 @@ func (JSONSerializer) Scan(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value,
 // Value implements serializer interface
 func (JSONSerializer) Value(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, fieldValue interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
 	result, err := json.Marshal(fieldValue)
+	if string(result) == "null" {
+		if field.TagSettings["NOT NULL"] != "" {
+			return "", nil
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	return string(result), err
 }
 

statement.go

@@ -49,10 +49,12 @@ type Statement struct {
 }
 
 type join struct {
-	Name     string
+	Name    string
-	Conds    []interface{}
+	Conds   []interface{}
-	On       *clause.Where
+	On      *clause.Where
-	JoinType clause.JoinType
+	Selects []string
+	Omits   []string
+  JoinType clause.JoinType
 }
 
 // StatementModifier statement modifier interface
@@ -180,6 +182,10 @@ func (stmt *Statement) AddVar(writer clause.Writer, vars ...interface{}) {
 			} else {
 				stmt.AddVar(writer, v.GormValue(stmt.Context, stmt.DB))
 			}
+		case clause.Interface:
+			c := clause.Clause{Name: v.Name()}
+			v.MergeClause(&c)
+			c.Build(stmt)
 		case clause.Expression:
 			v.Build(stmt)
 		case driver.Valuer:
@@ -541,8 +547,9 @@ func (stmt *Statement) clone() *Statement {
 }
 
 // SetColumn set column's value
-//   stmt.SetColumn("Name", "jinzhu") // Hooks Method
+//
-//   stmt.SetColumn("Name", "jinzhu", true) // Callbacks Method
+//	stmt.SetColumn("Name", "jinzhu") // Hooks Method
+//	stmt.SetColumn("Name", "jinzhu", true) // Callbacks Method
 func (stmt *Statement) SetColumn(name string, value interface{}, fromCallbacks ...bool) {
 	if v, ok := stmt.Dest.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
 		v[name] = value
@@ -651,7 +658,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) Changed(fields ...string) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
-var nameMatcher = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:[\W]?([A-Za-z_0-9]+?)[\W]?\.)?[\W]?([A-Za-z_0-9]+?)[\W]?$`)
+var nameMatcher = regexp.MustCompile(`^(?:\W?(\w+?)\W?\.)?\W?(\w+?)\W?$`)
 
 // SelectAndOmitColumns get select and omit columns, select -> true, omit -> false
 func (stmt *Statement) SelectAndOmitColumns(requireCreate, requireUpdate bool) (map[string]bool, bool) {

statement_test.go

@@ -37,18 +37,18 @@ func TestWhereCloneCorruption(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestNameMatcher(t *testing.T) {
 	for k, v := range map[string][]string{
-		"table.name":         []string{"table", "name"},
+		"table.name":         {"table", "name"},
-		"`table`.`name`":     []string{"table", "name"},
+		"`table`.`name`":     {"table", "name"},
-		"'table'.'name'":     []string{"table", "name"},
+		"'table'.'name'":     {"table", "name"},
-		"'table'.name":       []string{"table", "name"},
+		"'table'.name":       {"table", "name"},
-		"table1.name_23":     []string{"table1", "name_23"},
+		"table1.name_23":     {"table1", "name_23"},
-		"`table_1`.`name23`": []string{"table_1", "name23"},
+		"`table_1`.`name23`": {"table_1", "name23"},
-		"'table23'.'name_1'": []string{"table23", "name_1"},
+		"'table23'.'name_1'": {"table23", "name_1"},
-		"'table23'.name1":    []string{"table23", "name1"},
+		"'table23'.name1":    {"table23", "name1"},
-		"'name1'":            []string{"", "name1"},
+		"'name1'":            {"", "name1"},
-		"`name_1`":           []string{"", "name_1"},
+		"`name_1`":           {"", "name_1"},
-		"`Name_1`":           []string{"", "Name_1"},
+		"`Name_1`":           {"", "Name_1"},
-		"`Table`.`nAme`":     []string{"Table", "nAme"},
+		"`Table`.`nAme`":     {"Table", "nAme"},
 	} {
 		if matches := nameMatcher.FindStringSubmatch(k); len(matches) < 3 || matches[1] != v[0] || matches[2] != v[1] {
 			t.Errorf("failed to match value: %v, got %v, expect: %v", k, matches, v)

tests/associations_belongs_to_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package tests_test
 import (
 	"testing"
 
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 )
 
@@ -224,3 +225,28 @@ func TestBelongsToAssociationForSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	AssertAssociationCount(t, users[0], "Company", 0, "After Delete")
 	AssertAssociationCount(t, users[1], "Company", 1, "After other user Delete")
 }
+
+func TestBelongsToDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
+	type Org struct {
+		ID string
+	}
+	type BelongsToUser struct {
+		OrgID string
+		Org   Org `gorm:"default:NULL"`
+	}
+
+	tx := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{})
+	tx.Config.DisableForeignKeyConstraintWhenMigrating = true
+	AssertEqual(t, DB.Config.DisableForeignKeyConstraintWhenMigrating, false)
+
+	tx.Migrator().DropTable(&BelongsToUser{}, &Org{})
+	tx.AutoMigrate(&BelongsToUser{}, &Org{})
+
+	user := &BelongsToUser{
+		Org: Org{
+			ID: "BelongsToUser_Org_1",
+		},
+	}
+	err := DB.Create(&user).Error
+	AssertEqual(t, err, nil)
+}

tests/associations_test.go

@@ -348,3 +348,45 @@ func TestAssociationEmptyQueryClause(t *testing.T) {
 		AssertEqual(t, len(orgs), 0)
 	}
 }
+
+type AssociationEmptyUser struct {
+	ID   uint
+	Name string
+	Pets []AssociationEmptyPet
+}
+
+type AssociationEmptyPet struct {
+	AssociationEmptyUserID *uint  `gorm:"uniqueIndex:uniq_user_id_name"`
+	Name                   string `gorm:"uniqueIndex:uniq_user_id_name;size:256"`
+}
+
+func TestAssociationEmptyPrimaryKey(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&AssociationEmptyUser{}, &AssociationEmptyPet{})
+	DB.AutoMigrate(&AssociationEmptyUser{}, &AssociationEmptyPet{})
+
+	id := uint(100)
+	user := AssociationEmptyUser{
+		ID:   id,
+		Name: "jinzhu",
+		Pets: []AssociationEmptyPet{
+			{AssociationEmptyUserID: &id, Name: "bar"},
+			{AssociationEmptyUserID: &id, Name: "foo"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	err := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{FullSaveAssociations: true}).Create(&user).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result AssociationEmptyUser
+	err = DB.Preload("Pets").First(&result, &id).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to find, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, result, user)
+}

tests/callbacks_test.go

@@ -113,6 +113,9 @@ func TestCallbacks(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for idx, data := range datas {
 		db, err := gorm.Open(nil, nil)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
 		callbacks := db.Callback()
 
 		for _, c := range data.callbacks {

tests/connpool_test.go

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func TestConnPoolWrapper(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{Conn: conn}))
+	db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{Conn: conn, DisableWithReturning: true}))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Should open db success, but got %v", err)
 	}

tests/count_test.go

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ func TestCount(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	DB.Create(sameUsers)
 
-	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "count-4").Group("name").Count(&count11).Error; err != nil || count11 != 1 {
+	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "count-4").Group("name").Count(&count11).Error; err != nil || count11 != int64(len(sameUsers)) {
 		t.Fatalf("Count should be 3, but got count: %v err %v", count11, err)
 	}
 

tests/embedded_struct_test.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func TestEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T) {
 
 	type EngadgetPost struct {
 		BasePost BasePost `gorm:"Embedded"`
-		Author   Author   `gorm:"Embedded;EmbeddedPrefix:author_"` // Embedded struct
+		Author   *Author  `gorm:"Embedded;EmbeddedPrefix:author_"` // Embedded struct
 		ImageUrl string
 	}
 
@@ -74,13 +74,27 @@ func TestEmbeddedStruct(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("embedded struct's value should be scanned correctly")
 	}
 
-	DB.Save(&EngadgetPost{BasePost: BasePost{Title: "engadget_news"}})
+	DB.Save(&EngadgetPost{BasePost: BasePost{Title: "engadget_news"}, Author: &Author{Name: "Edward"}})
+	DB.Save(&EngadgetPost{BasePost: BasePost{Title: "engadget_article"}, Author: &Author{Name: "George"}})
 	var egNews EngadgetPost
 	if err := DB.First(&egNews, "title = ?", "engadget_news").Error; err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("no error should happen when query with embedded struct, but got %v", err)
 	} else if egNews.BasePost.Title != "engadget_news" {
 		t.Errorf("embedded struct's value should be scanned correctly")
 	}
+
+	var egPosts []EngadgetPost
+	if err := DB.Order("author_name asc").Find(&egPosts).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no error should happen when query with embedded struct, but got %v", err)
+	}
+	expectAuthors := []string{"Edward", "George"}
+	for i, post := range egPosts {
+		t.Log(i, post.Author)
+		if want := expectAuthors[i]; post.Author.Name != want {
+			t.Errorf("expected author %s got %s", want, post.Author.Name)
+		}
+	}
+
 }
 
 func TestEmbeddedPointerTypeStruct(t *testing.T) {

tests/go.mod

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
 module gorm.io/gorm/tests
 
-go 1.14
+go 1.16
 
 require (
-	github.com/golang-sql/civil v0.0.0-20220223132316-b832511892a9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
-	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.6
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.7
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.14 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.16 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220622213112-05595931fe9d // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.3.0 // indirect
-	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.3.5
+	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.4.4
-	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.3.8
+	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.4.5
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.3.6
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.4.3
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.3.2
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.4.1
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.23.8
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.24.2
 )
 
 replace gorm.io/gorm => ../

tests/joins_test.go

@@ -251,3 +251,77 @@ func TestInnerJoins(t *testing.T) {
 	AssertEqual(t, err, nil)
 	CheckUser(t, user3, user)
 }
+
+func TestJoinWithSameColumnName(t *testing.T) {
+	user := GetUser("TestJoinWithSameColumnName", Config{
+		Languages: 1,
+		Pets:      1,
+	})
+	DB.Create(user)
+	type UserSpeak struct {
+		UserID       uint
+		LanguageCode string
+	}
+	type Result struct {
+		User
+		UserSpeak
+		Language
+		Pet
+	}
+
+	results := make([]Result, 0, 1)
+	DB.Select("users.*, user_speaks.*,  languages.*, pets.*").Table("users").Joins("JOIN user_speaks ON user_speaks.user_id = users.id").
+		Joins("JOIN languages ON languages.code = user_speaks.language_code").
+		Joins("LEFT OUTER JOIN pets ON pets.user_id = users.id").Find(&results)
+
+	if len(results) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("no record find")
+	} else if results[0].Pet.UserID == nil || *(results[0].Pet.UserID) != user.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("wrong user id in pet")
+	} else if results[0].Pet.Name != user.Pets[0].Name {
+		t.Fatalf("wrong pet name")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestJoinArgsWithDB(t *testing.T) {
+	user := *GetUser("joins-args-db", Config{Pets: 2})
+	DB.Save(&user)
+
+	// test where
+	var user1 User
+	onQuery := DB.Where(&Pet{Name: "joins-args-db_pet_2"})
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet", onQuery).Where("users.name = ?", user.Name).First(&user1).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins on, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, user1.NamedPet.Name, "joins-args-db_pet_2")
+
+	// test where and omit
+	onQuery2 := DB.Where(&Pet{Name: "joins-args-db_pet_2"}).Omit("Name")
+	var user2 User
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet", onQuery2).Where("users.name = ?", user.Name).First(&user2).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins on, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	AssertEqual(t, user2.NamedPet.ID, user1.NamedPet.ID)
+	AssertEqual(t, user2.NamedPet.Name, "")
+
+	// test where and select
+	onQuery3 := DB.Where(&Pet{Name: "joins-args-db_pet_2"}).Select("Name")
+	var user3 User
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet", onQuery3).Where("users.name = ?", user.Name).First(&user3).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins on, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	AssertEqual(t, user3.NamedPet.ID, 0)
+	AssertEqual(t, user3.NamedPet.Name, "joins-args-db_pet_2")
+
+	// test select
+	onQuery4 := DB.Select("ID")
+	var user4 User
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet", onQuery4).Where("users.name = ?", user.Name).First(&user4).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins on, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if user4.NamedPet.ID == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("Pet ID can not be empty")
+	}
+	AssertEqual(t, user4.NamedPet.Name, "")
+}

tests/migrate_test.go

@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 package tests_test
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
+	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
+
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 )
@@ -72,6 +76,44 @@ func TestMigrate(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Fatalf("Failed to find index for many2many for %v %v", indexes[0], indexes[1])
 		}
 	}
+
+}
+
+func TestAutoMigrateInt8PG(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	type Smallint int8
+
+	type MigrateInt struct {
+		Int8 Smallint
+	}
+
+	tracer := Tracer{
+		Logger: DB.Config.Logger,
+		Test: func(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error) {
+			sql, _ := fc()
+			if strings.HasPrefix(sql, "ALTER TABLE \"migrate_ints\" ALTER COLUMN \"int8\" TYPE smallint") {
+				t.Fatalf("shouldn't execute ALTER COLUMN TYPE if such type is already existed in DB schema: sql: %s", sql)
+			}
+		},
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&MigrateInt{})
+
+	// The first AutoMigrate to make table with field with correct type
+	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&MigrateInt{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to auto migrate: error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// make new session to set custom logger tracer
+	session := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{Logger: tracer})
+
+	// The second AutoMigrate to catch an error
+	if err := session.AutoMigrate(&MigrateInt{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to auto migrate: error: %v", err)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestAutoMigrateSelfReferential(t *testing.T) {
@@ -400,7 +442,7 @@ func TestMigrateColumns(t *testing.T) {
 					t.Fatalf("column code unique should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
 				}
 				if v, ok := columnType.DefaultValue(); !sqlserver && (!ok || v != "hello") {
-					t.Fatalf("column code default value should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+					t.Fatalf("column code default value should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v, default value: %v", columnType.Name(), columnType, v)
 				}
 				if v, ok := columnType.Comment(); !sqlite && !sqlserver && (!ok || v != "my code2") {
 					t.Fatalf("column code comment should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
@@ -715,6 +757,32 @@ func TestPrimarykeyID(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCurrentTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" {
+		return
+	}
+	type CurrentTimestampTest struct {
+		ID     string     `gorm:"primary_key"`
+		TimeAt *time.Time `gorm:"type:datetime;not null;default:CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;unique"`
+	}
+	var err error
+	err = DB.Migrator().DropTable(&CurrentTimestampTest{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("DropTable err:%v", err)
+	}
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&CurrentTimestampTest{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&CurrentTimestampTest{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+	AssertEqual(t, true, DB.Migrator().HasIndex(&CurrentTimestampTest{}, "time_at"))
+	AssertEqual(t, false, DB.Migrator().HasIndex(&CurrentTimestampTest{}, "time_at_2"))
+}
+
 func TestUniqueColumn(t *testing.T) {
 	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" {
 		return
@@ -850,7 +918,7 @@ func findColumnType(dest interface{}, columnName string) (
 	return
 }
 
-func TestInvalidCachedPlan(t *testing.T) {
+func TestInvalidCachedPlanSimpleProtocol(t *testing.T) {
 	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
 		return
 	}
@@ -885,6 +953,101 @@ func TestInvalidCachedPlan(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestInvalidCachedPlanPrepareStmt(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(postgresDSN), &gorm.Config{PrepareStmt: true})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Open err:%v", err)
+	}
+	if debug := os.Getenv("DEBUG"); debug == "true" {
+		db.Logger = db.Logger.LogMode(logger.Info)
+	} else if debug == "false" {
+		db.Logger = db.Logger.LogMode(logger.Silent)
+	}
+
+	type Object1 struct {
+		ID uint
+	}
+	type Object2 struct {
+		ID     uint
+		Field1 int `gorm:"type:int8"`
+	}
+	type Object3 struct {
+		ID     uint
+		Field1 int `gorm:"type:int4"`
+	}
+	type Object4 struct {
+		ID     uint
+		Field2 int
+	}
+	db.Migrator().DropTable("objects")
+
+	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object1{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+	err = db.Table("objects").Create(&Object1{}).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("create err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// AddColumn
+	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object2{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object2{}).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// AlterColumn
+	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object3{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object3{}).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// AddColumn
+	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object4{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object4{}).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	db.Table("objects").Migrator().RenameColumn(&Object4{}, "field2", "field3")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("RenameColumn err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object4{}).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	db.Table("objects").Migrator().DropColumn(&Object4{}, "field3")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("RenameColumn err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object4{}).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDifferentTypeWithoutDeclaredLength(t *testing.T) {
 	type DiffType struct {
 		ID   uint
@@ -959,3 +1122,41 @@ func TestMigrateArrayTypeModel(t *testing.T) {
 	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
 	AssertEqual(t, "integer[]", ct.DatabaseTypeName())
 }
+
+func TestMigrateSameEmbeddedFieldName(t *testing.T) {
+	type UserStat struct {
+		GroundDestroyCount int
+	}
+
+	type GameUser struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		StatAb UserStat `gorm:"embedded;embeddedPrefix:stat_ab_"`
+	}
+
+	type UserStat1 struct {
+		GroundDestroyCount string
+	}
+
+	type GroundRate struct {
+		GroundDestroyCount int
+	}
+
+	type GameUser1 struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		StatAb       UserStat1  `gorm:"embedded;embeddedPrefix:stat_ab_"`
+		GroundRateRb GroundRate `gorm:"embedded;embeddedPrefix:rate_ground_rb_"`
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&GameUser{})
+	err := DB.AutoMigrate(&GameUser{})
+	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
+
+	err = DB.Table("game_users").AutoMigrate(&GameUser1{})
+	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
+
+	_, err = findColumnType(&GameUser{}, "stat_ab_ground_destory_count")
+	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
+
+	_, err = findColumnType(&GameUser{}, "rate_ground_rb_ground_destory_count")
+	AssertEqual(t, nil, err)
+}

tests/postgres_test.go

@@ -7,8 +7,60 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/lib/pq"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 )
 
+func TestPostgresReturningIDWhichHasStringType(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	type Yasuo struct {
+		ID        string `gorm:"default:gen_random_uuid()"`
+		Name      string
+		CreatedAt time.Time `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE"`
+		UpdatedAt time.Time `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE;default:current_timestamp"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Exec("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to create extension pgcrypto, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Yasuo{})
+
+	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&Yasuo{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to migrate for uuid default value, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	yasuo := Yasuo{Name: "jinzhu"}
+	if err := DB.Create(&yasuo).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("should be able to create data, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if yasuo.ID == "" {
+		t.Fatal("should be able to has ID, but got zero value")
+	}
+
+	var result Yasuo
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", yasuo.ID).Error; err != nil || yasuo.Name != "jinzhu" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Where("id = $1", yasuo.ID).First(&Yasuo{}).Error; err != nil || yasuo.Name != "jinzhu" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	yasuo.Name = "jinzhu1"
+	if err := DB.Save(&yasuo).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to update date, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", yasuo.ID).Error; err != nil || yasuo.Name != "jinzhu1" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestPostgres(t *testing.T) {
 	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
 		t.Skip()
@@ -60,16 +112,55 @@ func TestPostgres(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", harumph.ID).Error; err != nil || harumph.Name != "jinzhu1" {
 		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
 	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable("log_usage")
+
+	if err := DB.Exec(`
+CREATE TABLE public.log_usage (
+    log_id bigint NOT NULL
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE public.log_usage ALTER COLUMN log_id ADD GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (
+    SEQUENCE NAME public.log_usage_log_id_seq
+    START WITH 1
+    INCREMENT BY 1
+    NO MINVALUE
+    NO MAXVALUE
+    CACHE 1
+);
+	`).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create table, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	columns, err := DB.Migrator().ColumnTypes("log_usage")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get columns, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	hasLogID := false
+	for _, column := range columns {
+		if column.Name() == "log_id" {
+			hasLogID = true
+			autoIncrement, ok := column.AutoIncrement()
+			if !ok || !autoIncrement {
+				t.Fatalf("column log_id should be auto incrementment")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !hasLogID {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to found column log_id")
+	}
 }
 
 type Post struct {
-	ID         uuid.UUID `gorm:"primary_key;type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4();autoincrement"`
+	ID         uuid.UUID `gorm:"primary_key;type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4();"`
 	Title      string
 	Categories []*Category `gorm:"Many2Many:post_categories"`
 }
 
 type Category struct {
-	ID    uuid.UUID `gorm:"primary_key;type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4();autoincrement"`
+	ID    uuid.UUID `gorm:"primary_key;type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4();"`
 	Title string
 	Posts []*Post `gorm:"Many2Many:post_categories"`
 }
@@ -98,3 +189,68 @@ func TestMany2ManyWithDefaultValueUUID(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestPostgresOnConstraint(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	type Thing struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		SomeID  string
+		OtherID string
+		Data    string
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Thing{})
+	DB.Migrator().CreateTable(&Thing{})
+	if err := DB.Exec("ALTER TABLE things ADD CONSTRAINT some_id_other_id_unique UNIQUE (some_id, other_id)").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	thing := Thing{
+		SomeID:  "1234",
+		OtherID: "1234",
+		Data:    "something",
+	}
+
+	DB.Create(&thing)
+
+	thing2 := Thing{
+		SomeID:  "1234",
+		OtherID: "1234",
+		Data:    "something else",
+	}
+
+	result := DB.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
+		OnConstraint: "some_id_other_id_unique",
+		UpdateAll:    true,
+	}).Create(&thing2)
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		t.Errorf("creating second thing: %v", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	var things []Thing
+	if err := DB.Find(&things).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(things) > 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 thing got more")
+	}
+}
+
+type CompanyNew struct {
+	ID   int
+	Name int
+}
+
+func TestAlterColumnDataType(t *testing.T) {
+	DB.AutoMigrate(Company{})
+
+	if err := DB.Table("companies").Migrator().AlterColumn(CompanyNew{}, "name"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to alter column from string to int, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.AutoMigrate(Company{})
+}

tests/prepared_stmt_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package tests_test
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -88,3 +90,107 @@ func TestPreparedStmtFromTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	tx2.Commit()
 }
+
+func TestPreparedStmtDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
+	tx, err := OpenTestConnection()
+	AssertEqual(t, err, nil)
+
+	sqlDB, _ := tx.DB()
+	sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(1)
+
+	tx = tx.Session(&gorm.Session{PrepareStmt: true})
+
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			user := User{Name: "jinzhu"}
+			tx.Create(&user)
+
+			var result User
+			tx.First(&result)
+			wg.Done()
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	conn, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
+	AssertEqual(t, ok, true)
+	AssertEqual(t, len(conn.Stmts), 2)
+	for _, stmt := range conn.Stmts {
+		if stmt == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("stmt cannot bee nil")
+		}
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, sqlDB.Stats().InUse, 0)
+}
+
+func TestPreparedStmtError(t *testing.T) {
+	tx, err := OpenTestConnection()
+	AssertEqual(t, err, nil)
+
+	sqlDB, _ := tx.DB()
+	sqlDB.SetMaxOpenConns(1)
+
+	tx = tx.Session(&gorm.Session{PrepareStmt: true})
+
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			// err prepare
+			tag := Tag{Locale: "zh"}
+			tx.Table("users").Find(&tag)
+			wg.Done()
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	conn, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
+	AssertEqual(t, ok, true)
+	AssertEqual(t, len(conn.Stmts), 0)
+	AssertEqual(t, sqlDB.Stats().InUse, 0)
+}
+
+func TestPreparedStmtInTransaction(t *testing.T) {
+	user := User{Name: "jinzhu"}
+
+	if err := DB.Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		tx.Session(&gorm.Session{PrepareStmt: true}).Create(&user)
+		return errors.New("test")
+	}); err == nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	var result User
+	if err := DB.First(&result, user.ID).Error; err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPreparedStmtReset(t *testing.T) {
+	tx := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{PrepareStmt: true})
+
+	user := *GetUser("prepared_stmt_reset", Config{})
+	tx = tx.Create(&user)
+
+	pdb, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should assign PreparedStatement Manager back to database when using PrepareStmt mode")
+	}
+
+	pdb.Mux.Lock()
+	if len(pdb.Stmts) == 0 {
+		pdb.Mux.Unlock()
+		t.Fatalf("prepared stmt can not be empty")
+	}
+	pdb.Mux.Unlock()
+
+	pdb.Reset()
+	pdb.Mux.Lock()
+	defer pdb.Mux.Unlock()
+	if len(pdb.Stmts) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("prepared stmt should be empty")
+	}
+}

tests/query_test.go

@@ -216,6 +216,30 @@ func TestFind(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// test array
+	var models2 [3]User
+	if err := DB.Where("name in (?)", []string{"find"}).Find(&models2).Error; err != nil || len(models2) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("errors happened when query find with in clause: %v, length: %v", err, len(models2))
+	} else {
+		for idx, user := range users {
+			t.Run("FindWithInClause#"+strconv.Itoa(idx+1), func(t *testing.T) {
+				CheckUser(t, models2[idx], user)
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// test smaller array
+	var models3 [2]User
+	if err := DB.Where("name in (?)", []string{"find"}).Find(&models3).Error; err != nil || len(models3) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("errors happened when query find with in clause: %v, length: %v", err, len(models3))
+	} else {
+		for idx, user := range users[:2] {
+			t.Run("FindWithInClause#"+strconv.Itoa(idx+1), func(t *testing.T) {
+				CheckUser(t, models3[idx], user)
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
 	var none []User
 	if err := DB.Where("name in (?)", []string{}).Find(&none).Error; err != nil || len(none) != 0 {
 		t.Errorf("errors happened when query find with in clause and zero length parameter: %v, length: %v", err, len(none))
@@ -384,6 +408,13 @@ func TestFindInBatchesWithError(t *testing.T) {
 	if totalBatch != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("incorrect total batch, expected: %v, got: %v", 0, totalBatch)
 	}
+
+	if result := DB.Omit("id").Where("name = ?", users[0].Name).FindInBatches(&results, 2, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		totalBatch += batch
+		return nil
+	}); result.Error != gorm.ErrPrimaryKeyRequired {
+		t.Fatal("expected errors to have occurred, but nothing happened")
+	}
 }
 
 func TestFillSmallerStruct(t *testing.T) {

tests/serializer_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ type SerializerStruct struct {
 	gorm.Model
 	Name                   []byte                 `gorm:"json"`
 	Roles                  Roles                  `gorm:"serializer:json"`
+	Roles2                 *Roles                 `gorm:"serializer:json"`
+	Roles3                 *Roles                 `gorm:"serializer:json;not null"`
 	Contracts              map[string]interface{} `gorm:"serializer:json"`
 	JobInfo                Job                    `gorm:"type:bytes;serializer:gob"`
 	CreatedTime            int64                  `gorm:"serializer:unixtime;type:time"` // store time in db, use int as field type
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ func TestSerializer(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	var result SerializerStruct
-	if err := DB.First(&result, data.ID).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := DB.Where("roles2 IS NULL AND roles3 = ?", "").First(&result, data.ID).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to query data, got error %v", err)
 	}
 

tests/sql_builder_test.go

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ func TestToSQL(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("Skip SQL Server for this test, because it too difference with other dialects.")
 	}
 
-	date, _ := time.Parse("2006-01-02", "2021-10-18")
+	date, _ := time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02", "2021-10-18", time.Local)
 
 	// find
 	sql := DB.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
@@ -445,6 +445,14 @@ func TestToSQL(t *testing.T) {
 	if DB.Statement.DryRun || DB.DryRun {
 		t.Fatal("Failed expect DB.DryRun and DB.Statement.ToSQL to be false")
 	}
+
+	// UpdateColumns
+	sql = DB.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return tx.Raw("SELECT * FROM users ?", clause.OrderBy{
+			Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{{Column: clause.Column{Name: "id", Raw: true}, Desc: true}},
+		})
+	})
+	assertEqualSQL(t, `SELECT * FROM users ORDER BY id DESC`, sql)
 }
 
 // assertEqualSQL for assert that the sql is equal, this method will ignore quote, and dialect specials.

tests/table_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 )
 
@@ -145,3 +147,27 @@ func TestTableWithAllFields(t *testing.T) {
 
 	AssertEqual(t, r.Statement.Vars, []interface{}{2, 4, 1, 3})
 }
+
+type UserWithTableNamer struct {
+	gorm.Model
+	Name string
+}
+
+func (UserWithTableNamer) TableName(namer schema.Namer) string {
+	return namer.TableName("user")
+}
+
+func TestTableWithNamer(t *testing.T) {
+	var db, _ = gorm.Open(tests.DummyDialector{}, &gorm.Config{
+		NamingStrategy: schema.NamingStrategy{
+			TablePrefix: "t_",
+		}})
+
+	sql := db.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		return tx.Model(&UserWithTableNamer{}).Find(&UserWithTableNamer{})
+	})
+
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM `t_users`").MatchString(sql) {
+		t.Errorf("Table with namer, got %v", sql)
+	}
+}

tests/tracer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+)
+
+type Tracer struct {
+	Logger logger.Interface
+	Test   func(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error)
+}
+
+func (S Tracer) LogMode(level logger.LogLevel) logger.Interface {
+	return S.Logger.LogMode(level)
+}
+
+func (S Tracer) Info(ctx context.Context, s string, i ...interface{}) {
+	S.Logger.Info(ctx, s, i...)
+}
+
+func (S Tracer) Warn(ctx context.Context, s string, i ...interface{}) {
+	S.Logger.Warn(ctx, s, i...)
+}
+
+func (S Tracer) Error(ctx context.Context, s string, i ...interface{}) {
+	S.Logger.Error(ctx, s, i...)
+}
+
+func (S Tracer) Trace(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error) {
+	S.Logger.Trace(ctx, begin, fc, err)
+	S.Test(ctx, begin, fc, err)
+}

tests/transaction_test.go

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ func TestTransactionWithBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		return errors.New("the error message")
 	})
 
-	if err.Error() != "the error message" {
+	if err != nil && err.Error() != "the error message" {
 		t.Fatalf("Transaction return error will equal the block returns error")
 	}
 

tests/upsert_test.go

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestUpsert(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		r := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true}).Clauses(clause.OnConflict{UpdateAll: true}).Create(&RestrictedLanguage{Code: "upsert_code", Name: "upsert_name", Lang: "upsert_lang"})
-		if !regexp.MustCompile(`INTO .restricted_languages. .*\(.code.,.name.,.lang.\) .* (SET|UPDATE) .name.=.*.name.[^\w]*$`).MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		if !regexp.MustCompile(`INTO .restricted_languages. .*\(.code.,.name.,.lang.\) .* (SET|UPDATE) .name.=.*.name.\W*$`).MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 			t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
 		}
 	}

utils/tests/dummy_dialecter.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package tests
 
 import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/callbacks"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
@@ -13,7 +14,14 @@ func (DummyDialector) Name() string {
 	return "dummy"
 }
 
-func (DummyDialector) Initialize(*gorm.DB) error {
+func (DummyDialector) Initialize(db *gorm.DB) error {
+	callbacks.RegisterDefaultCallbacks(db, &callbacks.Config{
+		CreateClauses:        []string{"INSERT", "VALUES", "ON CONFLICT", "RETURNING"},
+		UpdateClauses:        []string{"UPDATE", "SET", "WHERE", "RETURNING"},
+		DeleteClauses:        []string{"DELETE", "FROM", "WHERE", "RETURNING"},
+		LastInsertIDReversed: true,
+	})
+
 	return nil
 }
 

utils/tests/models.go

@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ type Language struct {
 type Coupon struct {
 	ID               int              `gorm:"primarykey; size:255"`
 	AppliesToProduct []*CouponProduct `gorm:"foreignKey:CouponId;constraint:OnDelete:CASCADE"`
-	AmountOff        uint32           `gorm:"amount_off"`
+	AmountOff        uint32           `gorm:"column:amount_off"`
-	PercentOff       float32          `gorm:"percent_off"`
+	PercentOff       float32          `gorm:"column:percent_off"`
 }
 
 type CouponProduct struct {

utils/utils.go

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ package utils
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"fmt"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
-	"regexp"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -16,7 +16,18 @@ var gormSourceDir string
 func init() {
 	_, file, _, _ := runtime.Caller(0)
 	// compatible solution to get gorm source directory with various operating systems
-	gormSourceDir = regexp.MustCompile(`utils.utils\.go`).ReplaceAllString(file, "")
+	gormSourceDir = sourceDir(file)
+}
+
+func sourceDir(file string) string {
+	dir := filepath.Dir(file)
+	dir = filepath.Dir(dir)
+
+	s := filepath.Dir(dir)
+	if filepath.Base(s) != "gorm.io" {
+		s = dir
+	}
+	return filepath.ToSlash(s) + "/"
 }
 
 // FileWithLineNum return the file name and line number of the current file

utils/utils_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 package utils
 
 import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"errors"
+	"math"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )
 
 func TestIsValidDBNameChar(t *testing.T) {
@@ -13,6 +18,29 @@ func TestIsValidDBNameChar(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCheckTruth(t *testing.T) {
+	checkTruthTests := []struct {
+		v   string
+		out bool
+	}{
+		{"123", true},
+		{"true", true},
+		{"", false},
+		{"false", false},
+		{"False", false},
+		{"FALSE", false},
+		{"\u0046alse", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range checkTruthTests {
+		t.Run(test.v, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if out := CheckTruth(test.v); out != test.out {
+				t.Errorf("CheckTruth(%s) want: %t, got: %t", test.v, test.out, out)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestToStringKey(t *testing.T) {
 	cases := []struct {
 		values []interface{}
@@ -29,3 +57,81 @@ func TestToStringKey(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestContains(t *testing.T) {
+	containsTests := []struct {
+		name  string
+		elems []string
+		elem  string
+		out   bool
+	}{
+		{"exists", []string{"1", "2", "3"}, "1", true},
+		{"not exists", []string{"1", "2", "3"}, "4", false},
+	}
+	for _, test := range containsTests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if out := Contains(test.elems, test.elem); test.out != out {
+				t.Errorf("Contains(%v, %s) want: %t, got: %t", test.elems, test.elem, test.out, out)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+type ModifyAt sql.NullTime
+
+// Value return a Unix time.
+func (n ModifyAt) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if !n.Valid {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return n.Time.Unix(), nil
+}
+
+func TestAssertEqual(t *testing.T) {
+	now := time.Now()
+	assertEqualTests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		src, dst interface{}
+		out      bool
+	}{
+		{"error equal", errors.New("1"), errors.New("1"), true},
+		{"error not equal", errors.New("1"), errors.New("2"), false},
+		{"driver.Valuer equal", ModifyAt{Time: now, Valid: true}, ModifyAt{Time: now, Valid: true}, true},
+		{"driver.Valuer not equal", ModifyAt{Time: now, Valid: true}, ModifyAt{Time: now.Add(time.Second), Valid: true}, false},
+	}
+	for _, test := range assertEqualTests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if out := AssertEqual(test.src, test.dst); test.out != out {
+				t.Errorf("AssertEqual(%v, %v) want: %t, got: %t", test.src, test.dst, test.out, out)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestToString(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		in   interface{}
+		out  string
+	}{
+		{"int", math.MaxInt64, "9223372036854775807"},
+		{"int8", int8(math.MaxInt8), "127"},
+		{"int16", int16(math.MaxInt16), "32767"},
+		{"int32", int32(math.MaxInt32), "2147483647"},
+		{"int64", int64(math.MaxInt64), "9223372036854775807"},
+		{"uint", uint(math.MaxUint64), "18446744073709551615"},
+		{"uint8", uint8(math.MaxUint8), "255"},
+		{"uint16", uint16(math.MaxUint16), "65535"},
+		{"uint32", uint32(math.MaxUint32), "4294967295"},
+		{"uint64", uint64(math.MaxUint64), "18446744073709551615"},
+		{"string", "abc", "abc"},
+		{"other", true, ""},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if out := ToString(test.in); test.out != out {
+				t.Fatalf("ToString(%v) want: %s, got: %s", test.in, test.out, out)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

utils/utils_unix_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+//go:build unix
+// +build unix
+
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSourceDir(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		file string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			file: "/Users/name/go/pkg/mod/gorm.io/gorm@v1.2.3/utils/utils.go",
+			want: "/Users/name/go/pkg/mod/gorm.io/",
+		},
+		{
+			file: "/go/work/proj/gorm/utils/utils.go",
+			want: "/go/work/proj/gorm/",
+		},
+		{
+			file: "/go/work/proj/gorm_alias/utils/utils.go",
+			want: "/go/work/proj/gorm_alias/",
+		},
+		{
+			file: "/go/work/proj/my.gorm.io/gorm@v1.2.3/utils/utils.go",
+			want: "/go/work/proj/my.gorm.io/gorm@v1.2.3/",
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		s := sourceDir(c.file)
+		if s != c.want {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: expected %s, got %s", c.file, c.want, s)
+		}
+	}
+}

utils/utils_windows_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestSourceDir(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		file string
+		want string
+	}{
+		{
+			file: `C:/Users/name/go/pkg/mod/gorm.io/gorm@v1.2.3/utils/utils.go`,
+			want: `C:/Users/name/go/pkg/mod/gorm.io/`,
+		},
+		{
+			file: `C:/go/work/proj/gorm/utils/utils.go`,
+			want: `C:/go/work/proj/gorm/`,
+		},
+		{
+			file: `C:/go/work/proj/gorm_alias/utils/utils.go`,
+			want: `C:/go/work/proj/gorm_alias/`,
+		},
+		{
+			file: `C:/go/work/proj/my.gorm.io/gorm@v1.2.3/utils/utils.go`,
+			want: `C:/go/work/proj/my.gorm.io/gorm@v1.2.3/`,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		s := sourceDir(c.file)
+		if s != c.want {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: expected %s, got %s", c.file, c.want, s)
+		}
+	}
+}