Merge branch 'master' into master

callback_create.go

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func createCallback(scope *Scope) {
 
 		for _, field := range scope.Fields() {
 			if scope.changeableField(field) {
-				if field.IsNormal {
+				if field.IsNormal && !field.IsIgnored {
 					if field.IsBlank && field.HasDefaultValue {
 						blankColumnsWithDefaultValue = append(blankColumnsWithDefaultValue, scope.Quote(field.DBName))
 						scope.InstanceSet("gorm:blank_columns_with_default_value", blankColumnsWithDefaultValue)

callback_query.go

@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@ func queryCallback(scope *Scope) {
 		return
 	}
 	
+	//we are only preloading relations, dont touch base model
+	if _, skip := scope.InstanceGet("gorm:only_preload"); skip {
+		return
+	}
+
 	defer scope.trace(NowFunc())
 
 	var (

callback_query_preload.go

@@ -14,8 +14,14 @@ func preloadCallback(scope *Scope) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if _, ok := scope.Get("gorm:auto_preload"); ok {
+	if ap, ok := scope.Get("gorm:auto_preload"); ok {
-		autoPreload(scope)
+		// If gorm:auto_preload IS NOT a bool then auto preload.
+		// Else if it IS a bool, use the value
+		if apb, ok := ap.(bool); !ok {
+			autoPreload(scope)
+		} else if apb {
+			autoPreload(scope)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if scope.Search.preload == nil || scope.HasError() {
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ func autoPreload(scope *Scope) {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		if val, ok := field.TagSettings["PRELOAD"]; ok {
+		if val, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("PRELOAD"); ok {
 			if preload, err := strconv.ParseBool(val); err != nil {
 				scope.Err(errors.New("invalid preload option"))
 				return
@@ -155,14 +161,17 @@ func (scope *Scope) handleHasOnePreload(field *Field, conditions []interface{})
 	)
 
 	if indirectScopeValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+		foreignValuesToResults := make(map[string]reflect.Value)
+		for i := 0; i < resultsValue.Len(); i++ {
+			result := resultsValue.Index(i)
+			foreignValues := toString(getValueFromFields(result, relation.ForeignFieldNames))
+			foreignValuesToResults[foreignValues] = result
+		}
 		for j := 0; j < indirectScopeValue.Len(); j++ {
-			for i := 0; i < resultsValue.Len(); i++ {
+			indirectValue := indirect(indirectScopeValue.Index(j))
-				result := resultsValue.Index(i)
+			valueString := toString(getValueFromFields(indirectValue, relation.AssociationForeignFieldNames))
-				foreignValues := getValueFromFields(result, relation.ForeignFieldNames)
+			if result, found := foreignValuesToResults[valueString]; found {
-				if indirectValue := indirect(indirectScopeValue.Index(j)); equalAsString(getValueFromFields(indirectValue, relation.AssociationForeignFieldNames), foreignValues) {
+				indirectValue.FieldByName(field.Name).Set(result)
-					indirectValue.FieldByName(field.Name).Set(result)
-					break
-				}
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -249,13 +258,21 @@ func (scope *Scope) handleBelongsToPreload(field *Field, conditions []interface{
 		indirectScopeValue = scope.IndirectValue()
 	)
 
+	foreignFieldToObjects := make(map[string][]*reflect.Value)
+	if indirectScopeValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
+		for j := 0; j < indirectScopeValue.Len(); j++ {
+			object := indirect(indirectScopeValue.Index(j))
+			valueString := toString(getValueFromFields(object, relation.ForeignFieldNames))
+			foreignFieldToObjects[valueString] = append(foreignFieldToObjects[valueString], &object)
+		}
+	}
+
 	for i := 0; i < resultsValue.Len(); i++ {
 		result := resultsValue.Index(i)
 		if indirectScopeValue.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
-			value := getValueFromFields(result, relation.AssociationForeignFieldNames)
+			valueString := toString(getValueFromFields(result, relation.AssociationForeignFieldNames))
-			for j := 0; j < indirectScopeValue.Len(); j++ {
+			if objects, found := foreignFieldToObjects[valueString]; found {
-				object := indirect(indirectScopeValue.Index(j))
+				for _, object := range objects {
-				if equalAsString(getValueFromFields(object, relation.ForeignFieldNames), value) {
 					object.FieldByName(field.Name).Set(result)
 				}
 			}

callback_save.go

@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@ func saveAssociationCheck(scope *Scope, field *Field) (autoUpdate bool, autoCrea
 
 		if v, ok := value.(string); ok {
 			v = strings.ToLower(v)
-			if v == "false" || v != "skip" {
+			return v == "true"
-				return false
-			}
 		}
 
 		return true
@@ -36,26 +34,28 @@ func saveAssociationCheck(scope *Scope, field *Field) (autoUpdate bool, autoCrea
 			if value, ok := scope.Get("gorm:save_associations"); ok {
 				autoUpdate = checkTruth(value)
 				autoCreate = autoUpdate
-			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettings["SAVE_ASSOCIATIONS"]; ok {
+				saveReference = autoUpdate
+			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("SAVE_ASSOCIATIONS"); ok {
 				autoUpdate = checkTruth(value)
 				autoCreate = autoUpdate
+				saveReference = autoUpdate
 			}
 
 			if value, ok := scope.Get("gorm:association_autoupdate"); ok {
 				autoUpdate = checkTruth(value)
-			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATION_AUTOUPDATE"]; ok {
+			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATION_AUTOUPDATE"); ok {
 				autoUpdate = checkTruth(value)
 			}
 
 			if value, ok := scope.Get("gorm:association_autocreate"); ok {
 				autoCreate = checkTruth(value)
-			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATION_AUTOCREATE"]; ok {
+			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATION_AUTOCREATE"); ok {
 				autoCreate = checkTruth(value)
 			}
 
 			if value, ok := scope.Get("gorm:association_save_reference"); ok {
 				saveReference = checkTruth(value)
-			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATION_SAVE_REFERENCE"]; ok {
+			} else if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATION_SAVE_REFERENCE"); ok {
 				saveReference = checkTruth(value)
 			}
 		}

callback_update.go

@@ -76,7 +76,9 @@ func updateCallback(scope *Scope) {
 			for _, field := range scope.Fields() {
 				if scope.changeableField(field) {
 					if !field.IsPrimaryKey && field.IsNormal {
-						sqls = append(sqls, fmt.Sprintf("%v = %v", scope.Quote(field.DBName), scope.AddToVars(field.Field.Interface())))
+						if !field.IsForeignKey || !field.IsBlank || !field.HasDefaultValue {
+							sqls = append(sqls, fmt.Sprintf("%v = %v", scope.Quote(field.DBName), scope.AddToVars(field.Field.Interface())))
+						}
 					} else if relationship := field.Relationship; relationship != nil && relationship.Kind == "belongs_to" {
 						for _, foreignKey := range relationship.ForeignDBNames {
 							if foreignField, ok := scope.FieldByName(foreignKey); ok && !scope.changeableField(foreignField) {

dialect.go

@@ -72,12 +72,18 @@ func RegisterDialect(name string, dialect Dialect) {
 	dialectsMap[name] = dialect
 }
 
+// GetDialect gets the dialect for the specified dialect name
+func GetDialect(name string) (dialect Dialect, ok bool) {
+	dialect, ok = dialectsMap[name]
+	return
+}
+
 // ParseFieldStructForDialect get field's sql data type
 var ParseFieldStructForDialect = func(field *StructField, dialect Dialect) (fieldValue reflect.Value, sqlType string, size int, additionalType string) {
 	// Get redirected field type
 	var (
 		reflectType = field.Struct.Type
-		dataType    = field.TagSettings["TYPE"]
+		dataType, _ = field.TagSettingsGet("TYPE")
 	)
 
 	for reflectType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
@@ -106,15 +112,17 @@ var ParseFieldStructForDialect = func(field *StructField, dialect Dialect) (fiel
 	}
 
 	// Default Size
-	if num, ok := field.TagSettings["SIZE"]; ok {
+	if num, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("SIZE"); ok {
 		size, _ = strconv.Atoi(num)
 	} else {
 		size = 255
 	}
 
 	// Default type from tag setting
-	additionalType = field.TagSettings["NOT NULL"] + " " + field.TagSettings["UNIQUE"]
+	notNull, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("NOT NULL")
-	if value, ok := field.TagSettings["DEFAULT"]; ok {
+	unique, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("UNIQUE")
+	additionalType = notNull + " " + unique
+	if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("DEFAULT"); ok {
 		additionalType = additionalType + " DEFAULT " + value
 	}
 

dialect_common.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func (commonDialect) Quote(key string) string {
 }
 
 func (s *commonDialect) fieldCanAutoIncrement(field *StructField) bool {
-	if value, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"]; ok {
+	if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("AUTO_INCREMENT"); ok {
 		return strings.ToLower(value) != "false"
 	}
 	return field.IsPrimaryKey

dialect_mysql.go

@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ func (s *mysql) DataTypeOf(field *StructField) string {
 
 	// MySQL allows only one auto increment column per table, and it must
 	// be a KEY column.
-	if _, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"]; ok {
+	if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("AUTO_INCREMENT"); ok {
-		if _, ok = field.TagSettings["INDEX"]; !ok && !field.IsPrimaryKey {
+		if _, ok = field.TagSettingsGet("INDEX"); !ok && !field.IsPrimaryKey {
-			delete(field.TagSettings, "AUTO_INCREMENT")
+			field.TagSettingsDelete("AUTO_INCREMENT")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -45,42 +45,42 @@ func (s *mysql) DataTypeOf(field *StructField) string {
 			sqlType = "boolean"
 		case reflect.Int8:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "tinyint AUTO_INCREMENT"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "tinyint"
 			}
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "int AUTO_INCREMENT"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "int"
 			}
 		case reflect.Uint8:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "tinyint unsigned AUTO_INCREMENT"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "tinyint unsigned"
 			}
 		case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uintptr:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "int unsigned AUTO_INCREMENT"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "int unsigned"
 			}
 		case reflect.Int64:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "bigint AUTO_INCREMENT"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "bigint"
 			}
 		case reflect.Uint64:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "bigint unsigned AUTO_INCREMENT"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "bigint unsigned"
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ func (s *mysql) DataTypeOf(field *StructField) string {
 		case reflect.Struct:
 			if _, ok := dataValue.Interface().(time.Time); ok {
 				precision := ""
-				if p, ok := field.TagSettings["PRECISION"]; ok {
+				if p, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("PRECISION"); ok {
 					precision = fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", p)
 				}
 
-				if _, ok := field.TagSettings["NOT NULL"]; ok {
+				if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("NOT NULL"); ok {
 					sqlType = fmt.Sprintf("timestamp%v", precision)
 				} else {
 					sqlType = fmt.Sprintf("timestamp%v NULL", precision)

dialect_postgres.go

@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ func (s *postgres) DataTypeOf(field *StructField) string {
 			sqlType = "boolean"
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uintptr:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "serial"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "integer"
 			}
 		case reflect.Int64, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "bigserial"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "bigint"
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (s *postgres) DataTypeOf(field *StructField) string {
 		case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
 			sqlType = "numeric"
 		case reflect.String:
-			if _, ok := field.TagSettings["SIZE"]; !ok {
+			if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("SIZE"); !ok {
 				size = 0 // if SIZE haven't been set, use `text` as the default type, as there are no performance different
 			}
 

dialect_sqlite3.go

@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ func (s *sqlite3) DataTypeOf(field *StructField) string {
 			sqlType = "bool"
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uintptr:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "integer primary key autoincrement"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "integer"
 			}
 		case reflect.Int64, reflect.Uint64:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "integer primary key autoincrement"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "bigint"

dialects/mssql/mssql.go

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 package mssql
 
 import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
+	// Importing mssql driver package only in dialect file, otherwide not needed
 	_ "github.com/denisenkom/go-mssqldb"
 	"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
 )
@@ -14,7 +18,7 @@ import (
 func setIdentityInsert(scope *gorm.Scope) {
 	if scope.Dialect().GetName() == "mssql" {
 		for _, field := range scope.PrimaryFields() {
-			if _, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"]; ok && !field.IsBlank {
+			if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("AUTO_INCREMENT"); ok && !field.IsBlank {
 				scope.NewDB().Exec(fmt.Sprintf("SET IDENTITY_INSERT %v ON", scope.TableName()))
 				scope.InstanceSet("mssql:identity_insert_on", true)
 			}
@@ -66,14 +70,14 @@ func (s *mssql) DataTypeOf(field *gorm.StructField) string {
 			sqlType = "bit"
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uintptr:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "int IDENTITY(1,1)"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "int"
 			}
 		case reflect.Int64, reflect.Uint64:
 			if s.fieldCanAutoIncrement(field) {
-				field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"] = "AUTO_INCREMENT"
+				field.TagSettingsSet("AUTO_INCREMENT", "AUTO_INCREMENT")
 				sqlType = "bigint IDENTITY(1,1)"
 			} else {
 				sqlType = "bigint"
@@ -112,7 +116,7 @@ func (s *mssql) DataTypeOf(field *gorm.StructField) string {
 }
 
 func (s mssql) fieldCanAutoIncrement(field *gorm.StructField) bool {
-	if value, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"]; ok {
+	if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("AUTO_INCREMENT"); ok {
 		return value != "FALSE"
 	}
 	return field.IsPrimaryKey
@@ -130,7 +134,14 @@ func (s mssql) RemoveIndex(tableName string, indexName string) error {
 }
 
 func (s mssql) HasForeignKey(tableName string, foreignKeyName string) bool {
-	return false
+	var count int
+	currentDatabase, tableName := currentDatabaseAndTable(&s, tableName)
+	s.db.QueryRow(`SELECT count(*) 
+	FROM sys.foreign_keys as F inner join sys.tables as T on F.parent_object_id=T.object_id 
+		inner join information_schema.tables as I on I.TABLE_NAME = T.name 
+	WHERE F.name = ? 
+		AND T.Name = ? AND I.TABLE_CATALOG = ?;`, foreignKeyName, tableName, currentDatabase).Scan(&count)
+	return count > 0
 }
 
 func (s mssql) HasTable(tableName string) bool {
@@ -194,3 +205,27 @@ func currentDatabaseAndTable(dialect gorm.Dialect, tableName string) (string, st
 	}
 	return dialect.CurrentDatabase(), tableName
 }
+
+// JSON type to support easy handling of JSON data in character table fields
+// using golang json.RawMessage for deferred decoding/encoding
+type JSON struct {
+	json.RawMessage
+}
+
+// Value get value of JSON
+func (j JSON) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if len(j.RawMessage) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	return j.MarshalJSON()
+}
+
+// Scan scan value into JSON
+func (j *JSON) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+	str, ok := value.(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New(fmt.Sprint("Failed to unmarshal JSONB value (strcast):", value))
+	}
+	bytes := []byte(str)
+	return json.Unmarshal(bytes, j)
+}

dialects/postgres/postgres.go

@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"database/sql/driver"
 
-	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
-	"github.com/lib/pq/hstore"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	_ "github.com/lib/pq"
+	"github.com/lib/pq/hstore"
 )
 
 type Hstore map[string]*string

errors.go

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var (
-	// ErrRecordNotFound record not found error, happens when haven't find any matched data when looking up with a struct
+	// ErrRecordNotFound record not found error, happens when only haven't find any matched data when looking up with a struct, finding a slice won't return this error
 	ErrRecordNotFound = errors.New("record not found")
 	// ErrInvalidSQL invalid SQL error, happens when you passed invalid SQL
 	ErrInvalidSQL = errors.New("invalid SQL")

field_test.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TestCalculateField(t *testing.T) {
 
 	if field, ok := scope.FieldByName("embedded_name"); !ok {
 		t.Errorf("should find embedded field")
-	} else if _, ok := field.TagSettings["NOT NULL"]; !ok {
+	} else if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("NOT NULL"); !ok {
 		t.Errorf("should find embedded field's tag settings")
 	}
 }

main.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ type DB struct {
 	logMode           int
 	logger            logger
 	search            *search
-	values            map[string]interface{}
+	values            sync.Map
 
 	// global db
 	parent        *DB
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ func Open(dialect string, args ...interface{}) (db *DB, err error) {
 	}
 	var source string
 	var dbSQL SQLCommon
+	var ownDbSQL bool
 
 	switch value := args[0].(type) {
 	case string:
@@ -59,14 +61,17 @@ func Open(dialect string, args ...interface{}) (db *DB, err error) {
 			source = args[1].(string)
 		}
 		dbSQL, err = sql.Open(driver, source)
+		ownDbSQL = true
 	case SQLCommon:
 		dbSQL = value
+		ownDbSQL = false
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid database source: %v is not a valid type", value)
 	}
 
 	db = &DB{
 		db:        dbSQL,
 		logger:    defaultLogger,
-		values:    map[string]interface{}{},
 		callbacks: DefaultCallback,
 		dialect:   newDialect(dialect, dbSQL),
 	}
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ func Open(dialect string, args ...interface{}) (db *DB, err error) {
 	}
 	// Send a ping to make sure the database connection is alive.
 	if d, ok := dbSQL.(*sql.DB); ok {
-		if err = d.Ping(); err != nil {
+		if err = d.Ping(); err != nil && ownDbSQL {
 			d.Close()
 		}
 	}
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@ func (s *DB) CommonDB() SQLCommon {
 
 // Dialect get dialect
 func (s *DB) Dialect() Dialect {
-	return s.parent.dialect
+	return s.dialect
 }
 
 // Callback return `Callbacks` container, you could add/change/delete callbacks with it
@@ -157,7 +162,7 @@ func (s *DB) HasBlockGlobalUpdate() bool {
 
 // SingularTable use singular table by default
 func (s *DB) SingularTable(enable bool) {
-	modelStructsMap = newModelStructsMap()
+	modelStructsMap = sync.Map{}
 	s.parent.singularTable = enable
 }
 
@@ -309,6 +314,11 @@ func (s *DB) Find(out interface{}, where ...interface{}) *DB {
 	return s.NewScope(out).inlineCondition(where...).callCallbacks(s.parent.callbacks.queries).db
 }
 
+//Preloads preloads relations, don`t touch out
+func (s *DB) Preloads(out interface{}) *DB {
+	return s.NewScope(out).InstanceSet("gorm:only_preload", 1).callCallbacks(s.parent.callbacks.queries).db
+}
+
 // Scan scan value to a struct
 func (s *DB) Scan(dest interface{}) *DB {
 	return s.NewScope(s.Value).Set("gorm:query_destination", dest).callCallbacks(s.parent.callbacks.queries).db
@@ -482,6 +492,8 @@ func (s *DB) Begin() *DB {
 	if db, ok := c.db.(sqlDb); ok && db != nil {
 		tx, err := db.Begin()
 		c.db = interface{}(tx).(SQLCommon)
+
+		c.dialect.SetDB(c.db)
 		c.AddError(err)
 	} else {
 		c.AddError(ErrCantStartTransaction)
@@ -491,7 +503,8 @@ func (s *DB) Begin() *DB {
 
 // Commit commit a transaction
 func (s *DB) Commit() *DB {
-	if db, ok := s.db.(sqlTx); ok && db != nil {
+	var emptySQLTx *sql.Tx
+	if db, ok := s.db.(sqlTx); ok && db != nil && db != emptySQLTx {
 		s.AddError(db.Commit())
 	} else {
 		s.AddError(ErrInvalidTransaction)
@@ -501,7 +514,8 @@ func (s *DB) Commit() *DB {
 
 // Rollback rollback a transaction
 func (s *DB) Rollback() *DB {
-	if db, ok := s.db.(sqlTx); ok && db != nil {
+	var emptySQLTx *sql.Tx
+	if db, ok := s.db.(sqlTx); ok && db != nil && db != emptySQLTx {
 		s.AddError(db.Rollback())
 	} else {
 		s.AddError(ErrInvalidTransaction)
@@ -670,13 +684,13 @@ func (s *DB) Set(name string, value interface{}) *DB {
 
 // InstantSet instant set setting, will affect current db
 func (s *DB) InstantSet(name string, value interface{}) *DB {
-	s.values[name] = value
+	s.values.Store(name, value)
 	return s
 }
 
 // Get get setting by name
 func (s *DB) Get(name string) (value interface{}, ok bool) {
-	value, ok = s.values[name]
+	value, ok = s.values.Load(name)
 	return
 }
 
@@ -685,7 +699,7 @@ func (s *DB) SetJoinTableHandler(source interface{}, column string, handler Join
 	scope := s.NewScope(source)
 	for _, field := range scope.GetModelStruct().StructFields {
 		if field.Name == column || field.DBName == column {
-			if many2many := field.TagSettings["MANY2MANY"]; many2many != "" {
+			if many2many, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("MANY2MANY"); many2many != "" {
 				source := (&Scope{Value: source}).GetModelStruct().ModelType
 				destination := (&Scope{Value: reflect.New(field.Struct.Type).Interface()}).GetModelStruct().ModelType
 				handler.Setup(field.Relationship, many2many, source, destination)
@@ -740,15 +754,16 @@ func (s *DB) clone() *DB {
 		parent:            s.parent,
 		logger:            s.logger,
 		logMode:           s.logMode,
-		values:            map[string]interface{}{},
 		Value:             s.Value,
 		Error:             s.Error,
 		blockGlobalUpdate: s.blockGlobalUpdate,
+		dialect:           newDialect(s.dialect.GetName(), s.db),
 	}
 
-	for key, value := range s.values {
+	s.values.Range(func(k, v interface{}) bool {
-		db.values[key] = value
+		db.values.Store(k, v)
-	}
+		return true
+	})
 
 	if s.search == nil {
 		db.search = &search{limit: -1, offset: -1}

main_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -79,6 +80,22 @@ func OpenTestConnection() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 	return
 }
 
+func TestOpen_ReturnsError_WithBadArgs(t *testing.T) {
+	stringRef := "foo"
+	testCases := []interface{}{42, time.Now(), &stringRef}
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("%v", tc), func(t *testing.T) {
+			_, err := gorm.Open("postgresql", tc)
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Error("Should got error with invalid database source")
+			}
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(err.Error(), "invalid database source:") {
+				t.Errorf("Should got error starting with \"invalid database source:\", but got %q", err.Error())
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestStringPrimaryKey(t *testing.T) {
 	type UUIDStruct struct {
 		ID   string `gorm:"primary_key"`
@@ -564,6 +581,60 @@ func TestJoins(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+type JoinedIds struct {
+	UserID           int64 `gorm:"column:id"`
+	BillingAddressID int64 `gorm:"column:id"`
+	EmailID          int64 `gorm:"column:id"`
+}
+
+func TestScanIdenticalColumnNames(t *testing.T) {
+	var user = User{
+		Name:  "joinsIds",
+		Email: "joinIds@example.com",
+		BillingAddress: Address{
+			Address1: "One Park Place",
+		},
+		Emails: []Email{{Email: "join1@example.com"}, {Email: "join2@example.com"}},
+	}
+	DB.Save(&user)
+
+	var users []JoinedIds
+	DB.Select("users.id, addresses.id, emails.id").Table("users").
+		Joins("left join addresses on users.billing_address_id = addresses.id").
+		Joins("left join emails on emails.user_id = users.id").
+		Where("name = ?", "joinsIds").Scan(&users)
+
+	if len(users) != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("should find two rows using left join")
+	}
+
+	if user.Id != users[0].UserID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected result row to contain UserID %d, but got %d", user.Id, users[0].UserID)
+	}
+	if user.Id != users[1].UserID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected result row to contain UserID %d, but got %d", user.Id, users[1].UserID)
+	}
+
+	if user.BillingAddressID.Int64 != users[0].BillingAddressID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected result row to contain BillingAddressID %d, but got %d", user.BillingAddressID.Int64, users[0].BillingAddressID)
+	}
+	if user.BillingAddressID.Int64 != users[1].BillingAddressID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected result row to contain BillingAddressID %d, but got %d", user.BillingAddressID.Int64, users[0].BillingAddressID)
+	}
+
+	if users[0].EmailID == users[1].EmailID {
+		t.Errorf("Email ids should be unique. Got %d and %d", users[0].EmailID, users[1].EmailID)
+	}
+
+	if int64(user.Emails[0].Id) != users[0].EmailID && int64(user.Emails[1].Id) != users[0].EmailID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected result row ID to be either %d or %d, but was %d", user.Emails[0].Id, user.Emails[1].Id, users[0].EmailID)
+	}
+
+	if int64(user.Emails[0].Id) != users[1].EmailID && int64(user.Emails[1].Id) != users[1].EmailID {
+		t.Errorf("Expected result row ID to be either %d or %d, but was %d", user.Emails[0].Id, user.Emails[1].Id, users[1].EmailID)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestJoinsWithSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	type result struct {
 		Name  string
@@ -862,6 +933,94 @@ func TestOpenWithOneParameter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestSaveAssociations(t *testing.T) {
+	db := DB.New()
+	deltaAddressCount := 0
+	if err := db.Model(&Address{}).Count(&deltaAddressCount).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to fetch address count")
+		t.FailNow()
+	}
+
+	placeAddress := &Address{
+		Address1: "somewhere on earth",
+	}
+	ownerAddress1 := &Address{
+		Address1: "near place address",
+	}
+	ownerAddress2 := &Address{
+		Address1: "address2",
+	}
+	db.Create(placeAddress)
+
+	addressCountShouldBe := func(t *testing.T, expectedCount int) {
+		countFromDB := 0
+		t.Helper()
+		err := db.Model(&Address{}).Count(&countFromDB).Error
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Error("failed to fetch address count")
+		}
+		if countFromDB != expectedCount {
+			t.Errorf("address count mismatch: %d", countFromDB)
+		}
+	}
+	addressCountShouldBe(t, deltaAddressCount+1)
+
+	// owner address should be created, place address should be reused
+	place1 := &Place{
+		PlaceAddressID: placeAddress.ID,
+		PlaceAddress:   placeAddress,
+		OwnerAddress:   ownerAddress1,
+	}
+	err := db.Create(place1).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to store place: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+	addressCountShouldBe(t, deltaAddressCount+2)
+
+	// owner address should be created again, place address should be reused
+	place2 := &Place{
+		PlaceAddressID: placeAddress.ID,
+		PlaceAddress: &Address{
+			ID:       777,
+			Address1: "address1",
+		},
+		OwnerAddress:   ownerAddress2,
+		OwnerAddressID: 778,
+	}
+	err = db.Create(place2).Error
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to store place: %s", err.Error())
+	}
+	addressCountShouldBe(t, deltaAddressCount+3)
+
+	count := 0
+	db.Model(&Place{}).Where(&Place{
+		PlaceAddressID: placeAddress.ID,
+		OwnerAddressID: ownerAddress1.ID,
+	}).Count(&count)
+	if count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("only one instance of (%d, %d) should be available, found: %d",
+			placeAddress.ID, ownerAddress1.ID, count)
+	}
+
+	db.Model(&Place{}).Where(&Place{
+		PlaceAddressID: placeAddress.ID,
+		OwnerAddressID: ownerAddress2.ID,
+	}).Count(&count)
+	if count != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("only one instance of (%d, %d) should be available, found: %d",
+			placeAddress.ID, ownerAddress2.ID, count)
+	}
+
+	db.Model(&Place{}).Where(&Place{
+		PlaceAddressID: placeAddress.ID,
+	}).Count(&count)
+	if count != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("two instances of (%d) should be available, found: %d",
+			placeAddress.ID, count)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBlockGlobalUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	db := DB.New()
 	db.Create(&Toy{Name: "Stuffed Animal", OwnerType: "Nobody"})

migration_test.go

@@ -118,6 +118,14 @@ type Company struct {
 	Owner *User `sql:"-"`
 }
 
+type Place struct {
+	Id             int64
+	PlaceAddressID int
+	PlaceAddress   *Address `gorm:"save_associations:false"`
+	OwnerAddressID int
+	OwnerAddress   *Address `gorm:"save_associations:true"`
+}
+
 type EncryptedData []byte
 
 func (data *EncryptedData) Scan(value interface{}) error {
@@ -284,7 +292,7 @@ func runMigration() {
 		DB.Exec(fmt.Sprintf("drop table %v;", table))
 	}
 
-	values := []interface{}{&Short{}, &ReallyLongThingThatReferencesShort{}, &ReallyLongTableNameToTestMySQLNameLengthLimit{}, &NotSoLongTableName{}, &Product{}, &Email{}, &Address{}, &CreditCard{}, &Company{}, &Role{}, &Language{}, &HNPost{}, &EngadgetPost{}, &Animal{}, &User{}, &JoinTable{}, &Post{}, &Category{}, &Comment{}, &Cat{}, &Dog{}, &Hamster{}, &Toy{}, &ElementWithIgnoredField{}}
+	values := []interface{}{&Short{}, &ReallyLongThingThatReferencesShort{}, &ReallyLongTableNameToTestMySQLNameLengthLimit{}, &NotSoLongTableName{}, &Product{}, &Email{}, &Address{}, &CreditCard{}, &Company{}, &Role{}, &Language{}, &HNPost{}, &EngadgetPost{}, &Animal{}, &User{}, &JoinTable{}, &Post{}, &Category{}, &Comment{}, &Cat{}, &Dog{}, &Hamster{}, &Toy{}, &ElementWithIgnoredField{}, &Place{}}
 	for _, value := range values {
 		DB.DropTable(value)
 	}
@@ -398,6 +406,53 @@ func TestAutoMigration(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestCreateAndAutomigrateTransaction(t *testing.T) {
+	tx := DB.Begin()
+
+	func() {
+		type Bar struct {
+			ID uint
+		}
+		DB.DropTableIfExists(&Bar{})
+
+		if ok := DB.HasTable("bars"); ok {
+			t.Errorf("Table should not exist, but does")
+		}
+
+		if ok := tx.HasTable("bars"); ok {
+			t.Errorf("Table should not exist, but does")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	func() {
+		type Bar struct {
+			Name string
+		}
+		err := tx.CreateTable(&Bar{}).Error
+
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Should have been able to create the table, but couldn't: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if ok := tx.HasTable(&Bar{}); !ok {
+			t.Errorf("The transaction should be able to see the table")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	func() {
+		type Bar struct {
+			Stuff string
+		}
+
+		err := tx.AutoMigrate(&Bar{}).Error
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Should have been able to alter the table, but couldn't")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	tx.Rollback()
+}
+
 type MultipleIndexes struct {
 	ID     int64
 	UserID int64  `sql:"unique_index:uix_multipleindexes_user_name,uix_multipleindexes_user_email;index:idx_multipleindexes_user_other"`

model_struct.go

@@ -17,45 +17,29 @@ var DefaultTableNameHandler = func(db *DB, defaultTableName string) string {
 	return defaultTableName
 }
 
-type safeModelStructsMap struct {
+var modelStructsMap sync.Map
-	m map[reflect.Type]*ModelStruct
-	l *sync.RWMutex
-}
-
-func (s *safeModelStructsMap) Set(key reflect.Type, value *ModelStruct) {
-	s.l.Lock()
-	defer s.l.Unlock()
-	s.m[key] = value
-}
-
-func (s *safeModelStructsMap) Get(key reflect.Type) *ModelStruct {
-	s.l.RLock()
-	defer s.l.RUnlock()
-	return s.m[key]
-}
-
-func newModelStructsMap() *safeModelStructsMap {
-	return &safeModelStructsMap{l: new(sync.RWMutex), m: make(map[reflect.Type]*ModelStruct)}
-}
-
-var modelStructsMap = newModelStructsMap()
 
 // ModelStruct model definition
 type ModelStruct struct {
 	PrimaryFields    []*StructField
 	StructFields     []*StructField
 	ModelType        reflect.Type
+
 	defaultTableName string
+	l sync.Mutex
 }
 
-// TableName get model's table name
+// TableName returns model's table name
 func (s *ModelStruct) TableName(db *DB) string {
+	s.l.Lock()
+	defer s.l.Unlock()
+
 	if s.defaultTableName == "" && db != nil && s.ModelType != nil {
 		// Set default table name
 		if tabler, ok := reflect.New(s.ModelType).Interface().(tabler); ok {
 			s.defaultTableName = tabler.TableName()
 		} else {
-			tableName := ToDBName(s.ModelType.Name())
+			tableName := ToTableName(s.ModelType.Name())
 			if db == nil || !db.parent.singularTable {
 				tableName = inflection.Plural(tableName)
 			}
@@ -81,6 +65,30 @@ type StructField struct {
 	Struct          reflect.StructField
 	IsForeignKey    bool
 	Relationship    *Relationship
+
+	tagSettingsLock sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// TagSettingsSet Sets a tag in the tag settings map
+func (s *StructField) TagSettingsSet(key, val string) {
+	s.tagSettingsLock.Lock()
+	defer s.tagSettingsLock.Unlock()
+	s.TagSettings[key] = val
+}
+
+// TagSettingsGet returns a tag from the tag settings
+func (s *StructField) TagSettingsGet(key string) (string, bool) {
+	s.tagSettingsLock.RLock()
+	defer s.tagSettingsLock.RUnlock()
+	val, ok := s.TagSettings[key]
+	return val, ok
+}
+
+// TagSettingsDelete deletes a tag
+func (s *StructField) TagSettingsDelete(key string) {
+	s.tagSettingsLock.Lock()
+	defer s.tagSettingsLock.Unlock()
+	delete(s.TagSettings, key)
 }
 
 func (structField *StructField) clone() *StructField {
@@ -104,6 +112,9 @@ func (structField *StructField) clone() *StructField {
 		clone.Relationship = &relationship
 	}
 
+	// copy the struct field tagSettings, they should be read-locked while they are copied
+	structField.tagSettingsLock.Lock()
+	defer structField.tagSettingsLock.Unlock()
 	for key, value := range structField.TagSettings {
 		clone.TagSettings[key] = value
 	}
@@ -126,7 +137,7 @@ type Relationship struct {
 
 func getForeignField(column string, fields []*StructField) *StructField {
 	for _, field := range fields {
-		if field.Name == column || field.DBName == column || field.DBName == ToDBName(column) {
+		if field.Name == column || field.DBName == column || field.DBName == ToColumnName(column) {
 			return field
 		}
 	}
@@ -152,8 +163,8 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 	}
 
 	// Get Cached model struct
-	if value := modelStructsMap.Get(reflectType); value != nil {
+	if value, ok := modelStructsMap.Load(reflectType); ok && value != nil {
-		return value
+		return value.(*ModelStruct)
 	}
 
 	modelStruct.ModelType = reflectType
@@ -170,19 +181,19 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 			}
 
 			// is ignored field
-			if _, ok := field.TagSettings["-"]; ok {
+			if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("-"); ok {
 				field.IsIgnored = true
 			} else {
-				if _, ok := field.TagSettings["PRIMARY_KEY"]; ok {
+				if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("PRIMARY_KEY"); ok {
 					field.IsPrimaryKey = true
 					modelStruct.PrimaryFields = append(modelStruct.PrimaryFields, field)
 				}
 
-				if _, ok := field.TagSettings["DEFAULT"]; ok {
+				if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("DEFAULT"); ok {
 					field.HasDefaultValue = true
 				}
 
-				if _, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTO_INCREMENT"]; ok && !field.IsPrimaryKey {
+				if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("AUTO_INCREMENT"); ok && !field.IsPrimaryKey {
 					field.HasDefaultValue = true
 				}
 
@@ -198,8 +209,8 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 					if indirectType.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
 						for i := 0; i < indirectType.NumField(); i++ {
 							for key, value := range parseTagSetting(indirectType.Field(i).Tag) {
-								if _, ok := field.TagSettings[key]; !ok {
+								if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet(key); !ok {
-									field.TagSettings[key] = value
+									field.TagSettingsSet(key, value)
 								}
 							}
 						}
@@ -207,17 +218,17 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 				} else if _, isTime := fieldValue.(*time.Time); isTime {
 					// is time
 					field.IsNormal = true
-				} else if _, ok := field.TagSettings["EMBEDDED"]; ok || fieldStruct.Anonymous {
+				} else if _, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("EMBEDDED"); ok || fieldStruct.Anonymous {
 					// is embedded struct
 					for _, subField := range scope.New(fieldValue).GetModelStruct().StructFields {
 						subField = subField.clone()
 						subField.Names = append([]string{fieldStruct.Name}, subField.Names...)
-						if prefix, ok := field.TagSettings["EMBEDDED_PREFIX"]; ok {
+						if prefix, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("EMBEDDED_PREFIX"); ok {
 							subField.DBName = prefix + subField.DBName
 						}
 
 						if subField.IsPrimaryKey {
-							if _, ok := subField.TagSettings["PRIMARY_KEY"]; ok {
+							if _, ok := subField.TagSettingsGet("PRIMARY_KEY"); ok {
 								modelStruct.PrimaryFields = append(modelStruct.PrimaryFields, subField)
 							} else {
 								subField.IsPrimaryKey = false
@@ -248,13 +259,13 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 								elemType               = field.Struct.Type
 							)
 
-							if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["FOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+							if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("FOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 								foreignKeys = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
 							}
 
-							if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATION_FOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+							if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATION_FOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 								associationForeignKeys = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
-							} else if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATIONFOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+							} else if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATIONFOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 								associationForeignKeys = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
 							}
 
@@ -263,13 +274,13 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 							}
 
 							if elemType.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-								if many2many := field.TagSettings["MANY2MANY"]; many2many != "" {
+								if many2many, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("MANY2MANY"); many2many != "" {
 									relationship.Kind = "many_to_many"
 
 									{ // Foreign Keys for Source
 										joinTableDBNames := []string{}
 
-										if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+										if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 											joinTableDBNames = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
 										}
 
@@ -290,7 +301,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 													// if defined join table's foreign key
 													relationship.ForeignDBNames = append(relationship.ForeignDBNames, joinTableDBNames[idx])
 												} else {
-													defaultJointableForeignKey := ToDBName(reflectType.Name()) + "_" + foreignField.DBName
+													defaultJointableForeignKey := ToColumnName(reflectType.Name()) + "_" + foreignField.DBName
 													relationship.ForeignDBNames = append(relationship.ForeignDBNames, defaultJointableForeignKey)
 												}
 											}
@@ -300,7 +311,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 									{ // Foreign Keys for Association (Destination)
 										associationJoinTableDBNames := []string{}
 
-										if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATION_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+										if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATION_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 											associationJoinTableDBNames = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
 										}
 
@@ -321,7 +332,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 													relationship.AssociationForeignDBNames = append(relationship.AssociationForeignDBNames, associationJoinTableDBNames[idx])
 												} else {
 													// join table foreign keys for association
-													joinTableDBName := ToDBName(elemType.Name()) + "_" + field.DBName
+													joinTableDBName := ToColumnName(elemType.Name()) + "_" + field.DBName
 													relationship.AssociationForeignDBNames = append(relationship.AssociationForeignDBNames, joinTableDBName)
 												}
 											}
@@ -329,7 +340,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 									}
 
 									joinTableHandler := JoinTableHandler{}
-									joinTableHandler.Setup(relationship, many2many, reflectType, elemType)
+									joinTableHandler.Setup(relationship, ToTableName(many2many), reflectType, elemType)
 									relationship.JoinTableHandler = &joinTableHandler
 									field.Relationship = relationship
 								} else {
@@ -338,7 +349,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 									var toFields = toScope.GetStructFields()
 									relationship.Kind = "has_many"
 
-									if polymorphic := field.TagSettings["POLYMORPHIC"]; polymorphic != "" {
+									if polymorphic, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("POLYMORPHIC"); polymorphic != "" {
 										// Dog has many toys, tag polymorphic is Owner, then associationType is Owner
 										// Toy use OwnerID, OwnerType ('dogs') as foreign key
 										if polymorphicType := getForeignField(polymorphic+"Type", toFields); polymorphicType != nil {
@@ -346,7 +357,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 											relationship.PolymorphicType = polymorphicType.Name
 											relationship.PolymorphicDBName = polymorphicType.DBName
 											// if Dog has multiple set of toys set name of the set (instead of default 'dogs')
-											if value, ok := field.TagSettings["POLYMORPHIC_VALUE"]; ok {
+											if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("POLYMORPHIC_VALUE"); ok {
 												relationship.PolymorphicValue = value
 											} else {
 												relationship.PolymorphicValue = scope.TableName()
@@ -428,17 +439,17 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 								tagAssociationForeignKeys []string
 							)
 
-							if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["FOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+							if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("FOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 								tagForeignKeys = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
 							}
 
-							if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATION_FOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+							if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATION_FOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 								tagAssociationForeignKeys = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
-							} else if foreignKey := field.TagSettings["ASSOCIATIONFOREIGNKEY"]; foreignKey != "" {
+							} else if foreignKey, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("ASSOCIATIONFOREIGNKEY"); foreignKey != "" {
 								tagAssociationForeignKeys = strings.Split(foreignKey, ",")
 							}
 
-							if polymorphic := field.TagSettings["POLYMORPHIC"]; polymorphic != "" {
+							if polymorphic, _ := field.TagSettingsGet("POLYMORPHIC"); polymorphic != "" {
 								// Cat has one toy, tag polymorphic is Owner, then associationType is Owner
 								// Toy use OwnerID, OwnerType ('cats') as foreign key
 								if polymorphicType := getForeignField(polymorphic+"Type", toFields); polymorphicType != nil {
@@ -446,7 +457,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 									relationship.PolymorphicType = polymorphicType.Name
 									relationship.PolymorphicDBName = polymorphicType.DBName
 									// if Cat has several different types of toys set name for each (instead of default 'cats')
-									if value, ok := field.TagSettings["POLYMORPHIC_VALUE"]; ok {
+									if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("POLYMORPHIC_VALUE"); ok {
 										relationship.PolymorphicValue = value
 									} else {
 										relationship.PolymorphicValue = scope.TableName()
@@ -584,10 +595,10 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 			}
 
 			// Even it is ignored, also possible to decode db value into the field
-			if value, ok := field.TagSettings["COLUMN"]; ok {
+			if value, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("COLUMN"); ok {
 				field.DBName = value
 			} else {
-				field.DBName = ToDBName(fieldStruct.Name)
+				field.DBName = ToColumnName(fieldStruct.Name)
 			}
 
 			modelStruct.StructFields = append(modelStruct.StructFields, field)
@@ -601,7 +612,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) GetModelStruct() *ModelStruct {
 		}
 	}
 
-	modelStructsMap.Set(reflectType, &modelStruct)
+	modelStructsMap.Store(reflectType, &modelStruct)
 
 	return &modelStruct
 }

naming.go

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package gorm
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// Namer is a function type which is given a string and return a string
+type Namer func(string) string
+
+// NamingStrategy represents naming strategies
+type NamingStrategy struct {
+	DB     Namer
+	Table  Namer
+	Column Namer
+}
+
+// TheNamingStrategy is being initialized with defaultNamingStrategy
+var TheNamingStrategy = &NamingStrategy{
+	DB:     defaultNamer,
+	Table:  defaultNamer,
+	Column: defaultNamer,
+}
+
+// AddNamingStrategy sets the naming strategy
+func AddNamingStrategy(ns *NamingStrategy) {
+	if ns.DB == nil {
+		ns.DB = defaultNamer
+	}
+	if ns.Table == nil {
+		ns.Table = defaultNamer
+	}
+	if ns.Column == nil {
+		ns.Column = defaultNamer
+	}
+	TheNamingStrategy = ns
+}
+
+// DBName alters the given name by DB
+func (ns *NamingStrategy) DBName(name string) string {
+	return ns.DB(name)
+}
+
+// TableName alters the given name by Table
+func (ns *NamingStrategy) TableName(name string) string {
+	return ns.Table(name)
+}
+
+// ColumnName alters the given name by Column
+func (ns *NamingStrategy) ColumnName(name string) string {
+	return ns.Column(name)
+}
+
+// ToDBName convert string to db name
+func ToDBName(name string) string {
+	return TheNamingStrategy.DBName(name)
+}
+
+// ToTableName convert string to table name
+func ToTableName(name string) string {
+	return TheNamingStrategy.TableName(name)
+}
+
+// ToColumnName convert string to db name
+func ToColumnName(name string) string {
+	return TheNamingStrategy.ColumnName(name)
+}
+
+var smap = newSafeMap()
+
+func defaultNamer(name string) string {
+	const (
+		lower = false
+		upper = true
+	)
+
+	if v := smap.Get(name); v != "" {
+		return v
+	}
+
+	if name == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	var (
+		value                                    = commonInitialismsReplacer.Replace(name)
+		buf                                      = bytes.NewBufferString("")
+		lastCase, currCase, nextCase, nextNumber bool
+	)
+
+	for i, v := range value[:len(value)-1] {
+		nextCase = bool(value[i+1] >= 'A' && value[i+1] <= 'Z')
+		nextNumber = bool(value[i+1] >= '0' && value[i+1] <= '9')
+
+		if i > 0 {
+			if currCase == upper {
+				if lastCase == upper && (nextCase == upper || nextNumber == upper) {
+					buf.WriteRune(v)
+				} else {
+					if value[i-1] != '_' && value[i+1] != '_' {
+						buf.WriteRune('_')
+					}
+					buf.WriteRune(v)
+				}
+			} else {
+				buf.WriteRune(v)
+				if i == len(value)-2 && (nextCase == upper && nextNumber == lower) {
+					buf.WriteRune('_')
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			currCase = upper
+			buf.WriteRune(v)
+		}
+		lastCase = currCase
+		currCase = nextCase
+	}
+
+	buf.WriteByte(value[len(value)-1])
+
+	s := strings.ToLower(buf.String())
+	smap.Set(name, s)
+	return s
+}

naming_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package gorm_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
+)
+
+func TestTheNamingStrategy(t *testing.T) {
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		namer    gorm.Namer
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{name: "auth", expected: "auth", namer: gorm.TheNamingStrategy.DB},
+		{name: "userRestrictions", expected: "user_restrictions", namer: gorm.TheNamingStrategy.Table},
+		{name: "clientID", expected: "client_id", namer: gorm.TheNamingStrategy.Column},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := c.namer(c.name)
+			if result != c.expected {
+				t.Errorf("error in naming strategy. expected: %v got :%v\n", c.expected, result)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestNamingStrategy(t *testing.T) {
+
+	dbNameNS := func(name string) string {
+		return "db_" + name
+	}
+	tableNameNS := func(name string) string {
+		return "tbl_" + name
+	}
+	columnNameNS := func(name string) string {
+		return "col_" + name
+	}
+
+	ns := &gorm.NamingStrategy{
+		DB:     dbNameNS,
+		Table:  tableNameNS,
+		Column: columnNameNS,
+	}
+
+	cases := []struct {
+		name     string
+		namer    gorm.Namer
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{name: "auth", expected: "db_auth", namer: ns.DB},
+		{name: "user", expected: "tbl_user", namer: ns.Table},
+		{name: "password", expected: "col_password", namer: ns.Column},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := c.namer(c.name)
+			if result != c.expected {
+				t.Errorf("error in naming strategy. expected: %v got :%v\n", c.expected, result)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+}

preload_test.go

@@ -123,6 +123,31 @@ func TestAutoPreload(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAutoPreloadFalseDoesntPreload(t *testing.T) {
+	user1 := getPreloadUser("auto_user1")
+	DB.Save(user1)
+
+	preloadDB := DB.Set("gorm:auto_preload", false).Where("role = ?", "Preload")
+	var user User
+	preloadDB.Find(&user)
+
+	if user.BillingAddress.Address1 != "" {
+		t.Error("AutoPreload was set to fasle, but still fetched data")
+	}
+
+	user2 := getPreloadUser("auto_user2")
+	DB.Save(user2)
+
+	var users []User
+	preloadDB.Find(&users)
+
+	for _, user := range users {
+		if user.BillingAddress.Address1 != "" {
+			t.Error("AutoPreload was set to fasle, but still fetched data")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestNestedPreload1(t *testing.T) {
 	type (
 		Level1 struct {

query_test.go

@@ -181,17 +181,17 @@ func TestSearchWithPlainSQL(t *testing.T) {
 
 	scopedb.Where("birthday > ?", parseTime("2000-1-1")).Find(&users)
 	if len(users) != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("Should found 2 users's birthday > 2000-1-1, but got %v", len(users))
+		t.Errorf("Should found 2 users' birthday > 2000-1-1, but got %v", len(users))
 	}
 
 	scopedb.Where("birthday > ?", "2002-10-10").Find(&users)
 	if len(users) != 2 {
-		t.Errorf("Should found 2 users's birthday >= 2002-10-10, but got %v", len(users))
+		t.Errorf("Should found 2 users' birthday >= 2002-10-10, but got %v", len(users))
 	}
 
 	scopedb.Where("birthday >= ?", "2010-1-1").Where("birthday < ?", "2020-1-1").Find(&users)
 	if len(users) != 1 {
-		t.Errorf("Should found 1 users's birthday < 2020-1-1 and >= 2010-1-1, but got %v", len(users))
+		t.Errorf("Should found 1 users' birthday < 2020-1-1 and >= 2010-1-1, but got %v", len(users))
 	}
 
 	DB.Where("name in (?)", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name}).Find(&users)
@@ -532,28 +532,28 @@ func TestNot(t *testing.T) {
 	DB.Table("users").Where("name = ?", "user3").Count(&name3Count)
 	DB.Not("name", "user3").Find(&users4)
 	if len(users1)-len(users4) != int(name3Count) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 
 	DB.Not("name = ?", "user3").Find(&users4)
 	if len(users1)-len(users4) != int(name3Count) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 
 	DB.Not("name <> ?", "user3").Find(&users4)
 	if len(users4) != int(name3Count) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 
 	DB.Not(User{Name: "user3"}).Find(&users5)
 
 	if len(users1)-len(users5) != int(name3Count) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 
 	DB.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": "user3"}).Find(&users6)
 	if len(users1)-len(users6) != int(name3Count) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 
 	DB.Not(map[string]interface{}{"name": "user3", "company_id": nil}).Find(&users7)
@@ -563,14 +563,14 @@ func TestNot(t *testing.T) {
 
 	DB.Not("name", []string{"user3"}).Find(&users8)
 	if len(users1)-len(users8) != int(name3Count) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 
 	var name2Count int64
 	DB.Table("users").Where("name = ?", "user2").Count(&name2Count)
 	DB.Not("name", []string{"user3", "user2"}).Find(&users9)
 	if len(users1)-len(users9) != (int(name3Count) + int(name2Count)) {
-		t.Errorf("Should find all users's name not equal 3")
+		t.Errorf("Should find all users' name not equal 3")
 	}
 }
 

scope.go

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) SQLDB() SQLCommon {
 
 // Dialect get dialect
 func (scope *Scope) Dialect() Dialect {
-	return scope.db.parent.dialect
+	return scope.db.dialect
 }
 
 // Quote used to quote string to escape them for database
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) Fields() []*Field {
 // FieldByName find `gorm.Field` with field name or db name
 func (scope *Scope) FieldByName(name string) (field *Field, ok bool) {
 	var (
-		dbName           = ToDBName(name)
+		dbName           = ToColumnName(name)
 		mostMatchedField *Field
 	)
 
@@ -486,8 +486,10 @@ func (scope *Scope) scan(rows *sql.Rows, columns []string, fields []*Field) {
 		values[index] = &ignored
 
 		selectFields = fields
+		offset := 0
 		if idx, ok := selectedColumnsMap[column]; ok {
-			selectFields = selectFields[idx+1:]
+			offset = idx + 1
+			selectFields = selectFields[offset:]
 		}
 
 		for fieldIndex, field := range selectFields {
@@ -501,7 +503,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) scan(rows *sql.Rows, columns []string, fields []*Field) {
 					resetFields[index] = field
 				}
 
-				selectedColumnsMap[column] = fieldIndex
+				selectedColumnsMap[column] = offset + fieldIndex
 
 				if field.IsNormal {
 					break
@@ -586,10 +588,10 @@ func (scope *Scope) buildCondition(clause map[string]interface{}, include bool)
 			scope.Err(fmt.Errorf("invalid query condition: %v", value))
 			return
 		}
-
+		scopeQuotedTableName := newScope.QuotedTableName()
 		for _, field := range newScope.Fields() {
 			if !field.IsIgnored && !field.IsBlank {
-				sqls = append(sqls, fmt.Sprintf("(%v.%v %s %v)", quotedTableName, scope.Quote(field.DBName), equalSQL, scope.AddToVars(field.Field.Interface())))
+				sqls = append(sqls, fmt.Sprintf("(%v.%v %s %v)", scopeQuotedTableName, scope.Quote(field.DBName), equalSQL, scope.AddToVars(field.Field.Interface())))
 			}
 		}
 		return strings.Join(sqls, " AND ")
@@ -853,6 +855,14 @@ func (scope *Scope) inlineCondition(values ...interface{}) *Scope {
 }
 
 func (scope *Scope) callCallbacks(funcs []*func(s *Scope)) *Scope {
+	defer func() {
+		if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			if db, ok := scope.db.db.(sqlTx); ok {
+				db.Rollback()
+			}
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}()
 	for _, f := range funcs {
 		(*f)(scope)
 		if scope.skipLeft {
@@ -880,7 +890,7 @@ func convertInterfaceToMap(values interface{}, withIgnoredField bool) map[string
 		switch reflectValue.Kind() {
 		case reflect.Map:
 			for _, key := range reflectValue.MapKeys() {
-				attrs[ToDBName(key.Interface().(string))] = reflectValue.MapIndex(key).Interface()
+				attrs[ToColumnName(key.Interface().(string))] = reflectValue.MapIndex(key).Interface()
 			}
 		default:
 			for _, field := range (&Scope{Value: values}).Fields() {
@@ -907,7 +917,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) updatedAttrsWithValues(value interface{}) (results map[strin
 				results[field.DBName] = value
 			} else {
 				err := field.Set(value)
-				if field.IsNormal {
+				if field.IsNormal && !field.IsIgnored {
 					hasUpdate = true
 					if err == ErrUnaddressable {
 						results[field.DBName] = value
@@ -1113,8 +1123,8 @@ func (scope *Scope) createJoinTable(field *StructField) {
 				if field, ok := scope.FieldByName(fieldName); ok {
 					foreignKeyStruct := field.clone()
 					foreignKeyStruct.IsPrimaryKey = false
-					foreignKeyStruct.TagSettings["IS_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY"] = "true"
+					foreignKeyStruct.TagSettingsSet("IS_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY", "true")
-					delete(foreignKeyStruct.TagSettings, "AUTO_INCREMENT")
+					foreignKeyStruct.TagSettingsDelete("AUTO_INCREMENT")
 					sqlTypes = append(sqlTypes, scope.Quote(relationship.ForeignDBNames[idx])+" "+scope.Dialect().DataTypeOf(foreignKeyStruct))
 					primaryKeys = append(primaryKeys, scope.Quote(relationship.ForeignDBNames[idx]))
 				}
@@ -1124,8 +1134,8 @@ func (scope *Scope) createJoinTable(field *StructField) {
 				if field, ok := toScope.FieldByName(fieldName); ok {
 					foreignKeyStruct := field.clone()
 					foreignKeyStruct.IsPrimaryKey = false
-					foreignKeyStruct.TagSettings["IS_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY"] = "true"
+					foreignKeyStruct.TagSettingsSet("IS_JOINTABLE_FOREIGNKEY", "true")
-					delete(foreignKeyStruct.TagSettings, "AUTO_INCREMENT")
+					foreignKeyStruct.TagSettingsDelete("AUTO_INCREMENT")
 					sqlTypes = append(sqlTypes, scope.Quote(relationship.AssociationForeignDBNames[idx])+" "+scope.Dialect().DataTypeOf(foreignKeyStruct))
 					primaryKeys = append(primaryKeys, scope.Quote(relationship.AssociationForeignDBNames[idx]))
 				}
@@ -1215,12 +1225,18 @@ func (scope *Scope) addForeignKey(field string, dest string, onDelete string, on
 }
 
 func (scope *Scope) removeForeignKey(field string, dest string) {
-	keyName := scope.Dialect().BuildKeyName(scope.TableName(), field, dest)
+	keyName := scope.Dialect().BuildKeyName(scope.TableName(), field, dest, "foreign")
-
 	if !scope.Dialect().HasForeignKey(scope.TableName(), keyName) {
 		return
 	}
-	var query = `ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s;`
+	var mysql mysql
+	var query string
+	if scope.Dialect().GetName() == mysql.GetName() {
+		query = `ALTER TABLE %s DROP FOREIGN KEY %s;`
+	} else {
+		query = `ALTER TABLE %s DROP CONSTRAINT %s;`
+	}
+
 	scope.Raw(fmt.Sprintf(query, scope.QuotedTableName(), scope.quoteIfPossible(keyName))).Exec()
 }
 
@@ -1254,7 +1270,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) autoIndex() *Scope {
 	var uniqueIndexes = map[string][]string{}
 
 	for _, field := range scope.GetStructFields() {
-		if name, ok := field.TagSettings["INDEX"]; ok {
+		if name, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("INDEX"); ok {
 			names := strings.Split(name, ",")
 
 			for _, name := range names {
@@ -1265,7 +1281,7 @@ func (scope *Scope) autoIndex() *Scope {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if name, ok := field.TagSettings["UNIQUE_INDEX"]; ok {
+		if name, ok := field.TagSettingsGet("UNIQUE_INDEX"); ok {
 			names := strings.Split(name, ",")
 
 			for _, name := range names {

utils.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package gorm
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
@@ -26,8 +25,8 @@ var NowFunc = func() time.Time {
 var commonInitialisms = []string{"API", "ASCII", "CPU", "CSS", "DNS", "EOF", "GUID", "HTML", "HTTP", "HTTPS", "ID", "IP", "JSON", "LHS", "QPS", "RAM", "RHS", "RPC", "SLA", "SMTP", "SSH", "TLS", "TTL", "UID", "UI", "UUID", "URI", "URL", "UTF8", "VM", "XML", "XSRF", "XSS"}
 var commonInitialismsReplacer *strings.Replacer
 
-var goSrcRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`jinzhu/gorm/.*.go`)
+var goSrcRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`jinzhu/gorm(@.*)?/.*.go`)
-var goTestRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`jinzhu/gorm/.*test.go`)
+var goTestRegexp = regexp.MustCompile(`jinzhu/gorm(@.*)?/.*test.go`)
 
 func init() {
 	var commonInitialismsForReplacer []string
@@ -58,64 +57,6 @@ func newSafeMap() *safeMap {
 	return &safeMap{l: new(sync.RWMutex), m: make(map[string]string)}
 }
 
-var smap = newSafeMap()
-
-type strCase bool
-
-const (
-	lower strCase = false
-	upper strCase = true
-)
-
-// ToDBName convert string to db name
-func ToDBName(name string) string {
-	if v := smap.Get(name); v != "" {
-		return v
-	}
-
-	if name == "" {
-		return ""
-	}
-
-	var (
-		value                        = commonInitialismsReplacer.Replace(name)
-		buf                          = bytes.NewBufferString("")
-		lastCase, currCase, nextCase strCase
-	)
-
-	for i, v := range value[:len(value)-1] {
-		nextCase = strCase(value[i+1] >= 'A' && value[i+1] <= 'Z')
-		if i > 0 {
-			if currCase == upper {
-				if lastCase == upper && nextCase == upper {
-					buf.WriteRune(v)
-				} else {
-					if value[i-1] != '_' && value[i+1] != '_' {
-						buf.WriteRune('_')
-					}
-					buf.WriteRune(v)
-				}
-			} else {
-				buf.WriteRune(v)
-				if i == len(value)-2 && nextCase == upper {
-					buf.WriteRune('_')
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			currCase = upper
-			buf.WriteRune(v)
-		}
-		lastCase = currCase
-		currCase = nextCase
-	}
-
-	buf.WriteByte(value[len(value)-1])
-
-	s := strings.ToLower(buf.String())
-	smap.Set(name, s)
-	return s
-}
-
 // SQL expression
 type expr struct {
 	expr string
@@ -265,7 +206,7 @@ func getValueFromFields(value reflect.Value, fieldNames []string) (results []int
 	// as FieldByName could panic
 	if indirectValue := reflect.Indirect(value); indirectValue.IsValid() {
 		for _, fieldName := range fieldNames {
-			if fieldValue := indirectValue.FieldByName(fieldName); fieldValue.IsValid() {
+			if fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(indirectValue.FieldByName(fieldName)); fieldValue.IsValid() {
 				result := fieldValue.Interface()
 				if r, ok := result.(driver.Valuer); ok {
 					result, _ = r.Value()

utils_test.go

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package gorm_test
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"
-)
-
-func TestToDBNameGenerateFriendlyName(t *testing.T) {
-	var maps = map[string]string{
-		"":                          "",
-		"X":                         "x",
-		"ThisIsATest":               "this_is_a_test",
-		"PFAndESI":                  "pf_and_esi",
-		"AbcAndJkl":                 "abc_and_jkl",
-		"EmployeeID":                "employee_id",
-		"SKU_ID":                    "sku_id",
-		"FieldX":                    "field_x",
-		"HTTPAndSMTP":               "http_and_smtp",
-		"HTTPServerHandlerForURLID": "http_server_handler_for_url_id",
-		"UUID":     "uuid",
-		"HTTPURL":  "http_url",
-		"HTTP_URL": "http_url",
-		"ThisIsActuallyATestSoWeMayBeAbleToUseThisCodeInGormPackageAlsoIdCanBeUsedAtTheEndAsID": "this_is_actually_a_test_so_we_may_be_able_to_use_this_code_in_gorm_package_also_id_can_be_used_at_the_end_as_id",
-	}
-
-	for key, value := range maps {
-		if gorm.ToDBName(key) != value {
-			t.Errorf("%v ToDBName should equal %v, but got %v", key, value, gorm.ToDBName(key))
-		}
-	}
-}