Merge branch 'go-gorm:master' into master

.github/workflows/invalid_question.yml

@@ -3,20 +3,26 @@ on:
   schedule:
   - cron: "*/10 * * * *"
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write  # for actions/stale to close stale issues
+      pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v4
+      uses: actions/stale@v5
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        stale-issue-message: "This issue has been marked as invalid question, please give more information by following the `Question` template, if you believe there is a bug of GORM, please create a pull request that could reproduce the issue on [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground), the issue will be closed in 2 days if no further activity occurs. most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"
+        stale-issue-message: "This issue has been marked as invalid question, please give more information by following the `Question` template, if you believe there is a bug of GORM, please create a pull request that could reproduce the issue on [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground), the issue will be closed in 30 days if no further activity occurs. most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"
         stale-issue-label: "status:stale"
         days-before-stale: 0
-        days-before-close: 2
+        days-before-close: 30
         remove-stale-when-updated: true
         only-labels: "type:invalid question"
 

.github/workflows/labeler.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Label issues and pull requests
     steps:
       - name: check out
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: labeler
         uses: jinzhu/super-labeler-action@develop

.github/workflows/missing_playground.yml

@@ -3,19 +3,25 @@ on:
   schedule:
   - cron: "*/10 * * * *"
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write  # for actions/stale to close stale issues
+      pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v4
+      uses: actions/stale@v5
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        stale-issue-message: "The issue has been automatically marked as stale as it missing playground pull request link, which is important to help others understand your issue effectively and make sure the issue hasn't been fixed on latest master, checkout [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground) for details. it will be closed in 2 days if no further activity occurs. if you are asking question, please use the `Question` template, most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"
+        stale-issue-message: "The issue has been automatically marked as stale as it missing playground pull request link, which is important to help others understand your issue effectively and make sure the issue hasn't been fixed on latest master, checkout [https://github.com/go-gorm/playground](https://github.com/go-gorm/playground) for details. it will be closed in 30 days if no further activity occurs. if you are asking question, please use the `Question` template, most likely your question already answered https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues or described in the document https://gorm.io ✨ [Search Before Asking](https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask) ✨"
         stale-issue-label: "status:stale"
         days-before-stale: 0
-        days-before-close: 2
+        days-before-close: 30
         remove-stale-when-updated: true
         only-labels: "type:missing reproduction steps"

.github/workflows/reviewdog.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+        uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - name: golangci-lint
         uses: reviewdog/action-golangci-lint@v2
 

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -3,19 +3,25 @@ on:
   schedule:
   - cron: "0 2 * * *"
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write  # for actions/stale to close stale issues
+      pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: true
     steps:
     - name: Close Stale Issues
-      uses: actions/stale@v4
+      uses: actions/stale@v5
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        stale-issue-message: "This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has been open 60 days with no activity. Remove stale label or comment or this will be closed in 30 days"
+        stale-issue-message: "This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has been open 360 days with no activity. Remove stale label or comment or this will be closed in 180 days"
-        days-before-stale: 60
+        days-before-stale: 360
-        days-before-close: 30
+        days-before-close: 180
         stale-issue-label: "status:stale"
         exempt-issue-labels: 'type:feature,type:with reproduction steps,type:has pull request'
         stale-pr-label: 'status:stale'

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -8,38 +8,41 @@ on:
     branches-ignore:
       - 'gh-pages'
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   # Label of the container job
   sqlite:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in windows OS
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
     steps:
     - name: Set up Go 1.x
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v3
       with:
         go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
 
     - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
     - name: go mod package cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
         path: ~/go/pkg/mod
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ matrix.go }}-${{ hashFiles('tests/go.mod') }}
 
     - name: Tests
-      run: GORM_DIALECT=sqlite ./tests/tests_all.sh
+      run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=sqlite ./tests/tests_all.sh
 
   mysql:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['mysql:latest', 'mysql:5.7', 'mariadb:latest']
-        go: ['1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -62,28 +65,28 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Set up Go 1.x
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v3
       with:
         go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
 
     - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
 
     - name: go mod package cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
         path: ~/go/pkg/mod
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ matrix.go }}-${{ hashFiles('tests/go.mod') }}
 
     - name: Tests
-      run: GORM_DIALECT=mysql GORM_DSN="gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True" ./tests/tests_all.sh
+      run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=mysql GORM_DSN="gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True" ./tests/tests_all.sh
 
   postgres:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['postgres:latest', 'postgres:13', 'postgres:12', 'postgres:11', 'postgres:10']
-        go: ['1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in macOS and Windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -106,26 +109,26 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Set up Go 1.x
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v3
       with:
         go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
 
     - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
     - name: go mod package cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
         path: ~/go/pkg/mod
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ matrix.go }}-${{ hashFiles('tests/go.mod') }}
 
     - name: Tests
-      run: GORM_DIALECT=postgres GORM_DSN="user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm host=localhost port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai" ./tests/tests_all.sh
+      run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=postgres GORM_DSN="user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm host=localhost port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai" ./tests/tests_all.sh
 
   sqlserver:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.17', '1.16']
+        go: ['1.18', '1.17', '1.16']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run test in macOS and windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -149,18 +152,18 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - name: Set up Go 1.x
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
+      uses: actions/setup-go@v3
       with:
         go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
 
     - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
     - name: go mod package cache
-      uses: actions/cache@v2
+      uses: actions/cache@v3
       with:
         path: ~/go/pkg/mod
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ matrix.go }}-${{ hashFiles('tests/go.mod') }}
 
     - name: Tests
-      run: GORM_DIALECT=sqlserver GORM_DSN="sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm" ./tests/tests_all.sh
+      run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=sqlserver GORM_DSN="sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm" ./tests/tests_all.sh

.gitignore

@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ documents
 coverage.txt
 _book
 .idea
+vendor

README.md

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ The fantastic ORM library for Golang, aims to be developer friendly.
 ## Getting Started
 
 * GORM Guides [https://gorm.io](https://gorm.io)
+* GORM Gen    [gorm/gen](https://github.com/go-gorm/gen#gormgen)
 
 ## Contributing
 

association.go

@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@ func (association *Association) Replace(values ...interface{}) error {
 				switch reflectValue.Kind() {
 				case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 					for i := 0; i < reflectValue.Len(); i++ {
-						association.Error = rel.Field.Set(reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.Zero(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface())
+						association.Error = rel.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.Zero(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface())
 					}
 				case reflect.Struct:
-					association.Error = rel.Field.Set(reflectValue, reflect.Zero(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface())
+					association.Error = rel.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, reflect.Zero(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface())
 				}
 
 				for _, ref := range rel.References {
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ func (association *Association) Replace(values ...interface{}) error {
 				primaryFields []*schema.Field
 				foreignKeys   []string
 				updateMap     = map[string]interface{}{}
-				relValues     = schema.GetRelationsValues(reflectValue, []*schema.Relationship{rel})
+				relValues     = schema.GetRelationsValues(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, []*schema.Relationship{rel})
 				modelValue    = reflect.New(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType).Interface()
 				tx            = association.DB.Model(modelValue)
 			)
 
-			if _, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(relValues, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields); len(rvs) > 0 {
+			if _, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(association.DB.Statement.Context, relValues, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields); len(rvs) > 0 {
 				if column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.FieldSchema.Table, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, rvs); len(values) > 0 {
 					tx.Not(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values})
 				}
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ func (association *Association) Replace(values ...interface{}) error {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if _, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, primaryFields); len(pvs) > 0 {
+			if _, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, primaryFields); len(pvs) > 0 {
 				column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.FieldSchema.Table, foreignKeys, pvs)
 				association.Error = tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).UpdateColumns(updateMap).Error
 			}
@@ -143,14 +143,14 @@ func (association *Association) Replace(values ...interface{}) error {
 				}
 			}
 
-			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, primaryFields)
+			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, primaryFields)
 			if column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.JoinTable.Table, joinPrimaryKeys, pvs); len(values) > 0 {
 				tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values})
 			} else {
 				return ErrPrimaryKeyRequired
 			}
 
-			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(values, relPrimaryFields)
+			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(association.DB.Statement.Context, values, relPrimaryFields)
 			if relColumn, relValues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.JoinTable.Table, joinRelPrimaryKeys, rvs); len(relValues) > 0 {
 				tx.Where(clause.Not(clause.IN{Column: relColumn, Values: relValues}))
 			}
@@ -186,11 +186,14 @@ func (association *Association) Delete(values ...interface{}) error {
 		case schema.BelongsTo:
 			tx := association.DB.Model(reflect.New(rel.Schema.ModelType).Interface())
 
-			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, rel.Schema.PrimaryFields)
+			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, rel.Schema.PrimaryFields)
-			pcolumn, pvalues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.Schema.Table, rel.Schema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, pvs)
+			if pcolumn, pvalues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.Schema.Table, rel.Schema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, pvs); len(pvalues) > 0 {
-			conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: pcolumn, Values: pvalues})
+				conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: pcolumn, Values: pvalues})
+			} else {
+				return ErrPrimaryKeyRequired
+			}
 
-			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(values, primaryFields)
+			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(association.DB.Statement.Context, values, primaryFields)
 			relColumn, relValues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.Schema.Table, foreignKeys, rvs)
 			conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: relColumn, Values: relValues})
 
@@ -198,11 +201,14 @@ func (association *Association) Delete(values ...interface{}) error {
 		case schema.HasOne, schema.HasMany:
 			tx := association.DB.Model(reflect.New(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType).Interface())
 
-			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, primaryFields)
+			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, primaryFields)
-			pcolumn, pvalues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.FieldSchema.Table, foreignKeys, pvs)
+			if pcolumn, pvalues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.FieldSchema.Table, foreignKeys, pvs); len(pvalues) > 0 {
-			conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: pcolumn, Values: pvalues})
+				conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: pcolumn, Values: pvalues})
+			} else {
+				return ErrPrimaryKeyRequired
+			}
 
-			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(values, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields)
+			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(association.DB.Statement.Context, values, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields)
 			relColumn, relValues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.FieldSchema.Table, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, rvs)
 			conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: relColumn, Values: relValues})
 
@@ -228,11 +234,14 @@ func (association *Association) Delete(values ...interface{}) error {
 				}
 			}
 
-			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, primaryFields)
+			_, pvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, primaryFields)
-			pcolumn, pvalues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.JoinTable.Table, joinPrimaryKeys, pvs)
+			if pcolumn, pvalues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.JoinTable.Table, joinPrimaryKeys, pvs); len(pvalues) > 0 {
-			conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: pcolumn, Values: pvalues})
+				conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: pcolumn, Values: pvalues})
+			} else {
+				return ErrPrimaryKeyRequired
+			}
 
-			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(values, relPrimaryFields)
+			_, rvs := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(association.DB.Statement.Context, values, relPrimaryFields)
 			relColumn, relValues := schema.ToQueryValues(rel.JoinTable.Table, joinRelPrimaryKeys, rvs)
 			conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: relColumn, Values: relValues})
 
@@ -241,11 +250,11 @@ func (association *Association) Delete(values ...interface{}) error {
 
 		if association.Error == nil {
 			// clean up deleted values's foreign key
-			relValuesMap, _ := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(values, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields)
+			relValuesMap, _ := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(association.DB.Statement.Context, values, rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields)
 
 			cleanUpDeletedRelations := func(data reflect.Value) {
-				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(data); !zero {
+				if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, data); !zero {
-					fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(data))
+					fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, data))
 					primaryValues := make([]interface{}, len(rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields))
 
 					switch fieldValue.Kind() {
@@ -253,7 +262,7 @@ func (association *Association) Delete(values ...interface{}) error {
 						validFieldValues := reflect.Zero(rel.Field.IndirectFieldType)
 						for i := 0; i < fieldValue.Len(); i++ {
 							for idx, field := range rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields {
-								primaryValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(fieldValue.Index(i))
+								primaryValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, fieldValue.Index(i))
 							}
 
 							if _, ok := relValuesMap[utils.ToStringKey(primaryValues...)]; !ok {
@@ -261,23 +270,23 @@ func (association *Association) Delete(values ...interface{}) error {
 							}
 						}
 
-						association.Error = rel.Field.Set(data, validFieldValues.Interface())
+						association.Error = rel.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, data, validFieldValues.Interface())
 					case reflect.Struct:
 						for idx, field := range rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields {
-							primaryValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(fieldValue)
+							primaryValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, fieldValue)
 						}
 
 						if _, ok := relValuesMap[utils.ToStringKey(primaryValues...)]; ok {
-							if association.Error = rel.Field.Set(data, reflect.Zero(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType).Interface()); association.Error != nil {
+							if association.Error = rel.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, data, reflect.Zero(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType).Interface()); association.Error != nil {
 								break
 							}
 
 							if rel.JoinTable == nil {
 								for _, ref := range rel.References {
 									if ref.OwnPrimaryKey || ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
-										association.Error = ref.ForeignKey.Set(fieldValue, reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface())
+										association.Error = ref.ForeignKey.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, fieldValue, reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface())
 									} else {
-										association.Error = ref.ForeignKey.Set(data, reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface())
+										association.Error = ref.ForeignKey.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, data, reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface())
 									}
 								}
 							}
@@ -329,14 +338,14 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 			switch rv.Kind() {
 			case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 				if rv.Len() > 0 {
-					association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(source, rv.Index(0).Addr().Interface())
+					association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, source, rv.Index(0).Addr().Interface())
 
 					if association.Relationship.Field.FieldType.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
 						assignBacks = append(assignBacks, assignBack{Source: source, Dest: rv.Index(0)})
 					}
 				}
 			case reflect.Struct:
-				association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(source, rv.Addr().Interface())
+				association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, source, rv.Addr().Interface())
 
 				if association.Relationship.Field.FieldType.Kind() == reflect.Struct {
 					assignBacks = append(assignBacks, assignBack{Source: source, Dest: rv})
@@ -344,7 +353,7 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 			}
 		case schema.HasMany, schema.Many2Many:
 			elemType := association.Relationship.Field.IndirectFieldType.Elem()
-			fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(association.Relationship.Field.ReflectValueOf(source))
+			fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(association.Relationship.Field.ReflectValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, source))
 			if clear {
 				fieldValue = reflect.New(association.Relationship.Field.IndirectFieldType).Elem()
 			}
@@ -373,7 +382,7 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 			}
 
 			if association.Error == nil {
-				association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(source, fieldValue.Interface())
+				association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, source, fieldValue.Interface())
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -421,7 +430,7 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 			// clear old data
 			if clear && len(values) == 0 {
 				for i := 0; i < reflectValue.Len(); i++ {
-					if err := association.Relationship.Field.Set(reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.New(association.Relationship.Field.IndirectFieldType).Interface()); err != nil {
+					if err := association.Relationship.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.New(association.Relationship.Field.IndirectFieldType).Interface()); err != nil {
 						association.Error = err
 						break
 					}
@@ -429,7 +438,7 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 					if association.Relationship.JoinTable == nil {
 						for _, ref := range association.Relationship.References {
 							if !ref.OwnPrimaryKey && ref.PrimaryValue == "" {
-								if err := ref.ForeignKey.Set(reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface()); err != nil {
+								if err := ref.ForeignKey.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface()); err != nil {
 									association.Error = err
 									break
 								}
@@ -453,12 +462,12 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		// clear old data
 		if clear && len(values) == 0 {
-			association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(reflectValue, reflect.New(association.Relationship.Field.IndirectFieldType).Interface())
+			association.Error = association.Relationship.Field.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, reflect.New(association.Relationship.Field.IndirectFieldType).Interface())
 
 			if association.Relationship.JoinTable == nil && association.Error == nil {
 				for _, ref := range association.Relationship.References {
 					if !ref.OwnPrimaryKey && ref.PrimaryValue == "" {
-						association.Error = ref.ForeignKey.Set(reflectValue, reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface())
+						association.Error = ref.ForeignKey.Set(association.DB.Statement.Context, reflectValue, reflect.Zero(ref.ForeignKey.FieldType).Interface())
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -475,7 +484,7 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 	}
 
 	for _, assignBack := range assignBacks {
-		fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(association.Relationship.Field.ReflectValueOf(assignBack.Source))
+		fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(association.Relationship.Field.ReflectValueOf(association.DB.Statement.Context, assignBack.Source))
 		if assignBack.Index > 0 {
 			reflect.Indirect(assignBack.Dest).Set(fieldValue.Index(assignBack.Index - 1))
 		} else {
@@ -486,14 +495,14 @@ func (association *Association) saveAssociation(clear bool, values ...interface{
 
 func (association *Association) buildCondition() *DB {
 	var (
-		queryConds = association.Relationship.ToQueryConditions(association.DB.Statement.ReflectValue)
+		queryConds = association.Relationship.ToQueryConditions(association.DB.Statement.Context, association.DB.Statement.ReflectValue)
 		modelValue = reflect.New(association.Relationship.FieldSchema.ModelType).Interface()
 		tx         = association.DB.Model(modelValue)
 	)
 
 	if association.Relationship.JoinTable != nil {
 		if !tx.Statement.Unscoped && len(association.Relationship.JoinTable.QueryClauses) > 0 {
-			joinStmt := Statement{DB: tx, Schema: association.Relationship.JoinTable, Table: association.Relationship.JoinTable.Table, Clauses: map[string]clause.Clause{}}
+			joinStmt := Statement{DB: tx, Context: tx.Statement.Context, Schema: association.Relationship.JoinTable, Table: association.Relationship.JoinTable.Table, Clauses: map[string]clause.Clause{}}
 			for _, queryClause := range association.Relationship.JoinTable.QueryClauses {
 				joinStmt.AddClause(queryClause)
 			}

callbacks.go

@@ -246,7 +246,13 @@ func sortCallbacks(cs []*callback) (fns []func(*DB), err error) {
 		sortCallback  func(*callback) error
 	)
 	sort.Slice(cs, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return cs[j].before == "*" || cs[j].after == "*"
+		if cs[j].before == "*" && cs[i].before != "*" {
+			return true
+		}
+		if cs[j].after == "*" && cs[i].after != "*" {
+			return true
+		}
+		return false
 	})
 
 	for _, c := range cs {

callbacks/associations.go

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ func SaveBeforeAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				setupReferences := func(obj reflect.Value, elem reflect.Value) {
 					for _, ref := range rel.References {
 						if !ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-							pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(elem)
+							pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, elem)
-							db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(obj, pv))
+							db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, obj, pv))
 
 							if dest, ok := db.Statement.Dest.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
 								dest[ref.ForeignKey.DBName] = pv
@@ -57,8 +57,8 @@ func SaveBeforeAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 							break
 						}
 
-						if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(obj); !zero { // check belongs to relation value
+						if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj); !zero { // check belongs to relation value
-							rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(obj) // relation reflect value
+							rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj) // relation reflect value
 							objs = append(objs, obj)
 							if isPtr {
 								elems = reflect.Append(elems, rv)
@@ -69,20 +69,20 @@ func SaveBeforeAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					}
 
 					if elems.Len() > 0 {
-						if saveAssociations(db, rel, elems.Interface(), selectColumns, restricted, nil) == nil {
+						if saveAssociations(db, rel, elems, selectColumns, restricted, nil) == nil {
 							for i := 0; i < elems.Len(); i++ {
 								setupReferences(objs[i], elems.Index(i))
 							}
 						}
 					}
 				case reflect.Struct:
-					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
+					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
-						rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue) // relation reflect value
+						rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue) // relation reflect value
 						if rv.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
 							rv = rv.Addr()
 						}
 
-						if saveAssociations(db, rel, rv.Interface(), selectColumns, restricted, nil) == nil {
+						if saveAssociations(db, rel, rv, selectColumns, restricted, nil) == nil {
 							setupReferences(db.Statement.ReflectValue, rv)
 						}
 					}
@@ -120,18 +120,18 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 						obj := db.Statement.ReflectValue.Index(i)
 
 						if reflect.Indirect(obj).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-							if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(obj); !zero {
+							if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj); !zero {
-								rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(obj)
+								rv := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj)
 								if rv.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
 									rv = rv.Addr()
 								}
 
 								for _, ref := range rel.References {
 									if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-										fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(obj)
+										fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj)
-										db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(rv, fv))
+										db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, rv, fv))
 									} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
-										db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(rv, ref.PrimaryValue))
+										db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, rv, ref.PrimaryValue))
 									}
 								}
 
@@ -146,11 +146,11 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 							assignmentColumns = append(assignmentColumns, ref.ForeignKey.DBName)
 						}
 
-						saveAssociations(db, rel, elems.Interface(), selectColumns, restricted, assignmentColumns)
+						saveAssociations(db, rel, elems, selectColumns, restricted, assignmentColumns)
 					}
 				case reflect.Struct:
-					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
+					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue); !zero {
-						f := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+						f := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue)
 						if f.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
 							f = f.Addr()
 						}
@@ -158,15 +158,15 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 						assignmentColumns := make([]string, 0, len(rel.References))
 						for _, ref := range rel.References {
 							if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-								fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+								fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue)
-								ref.ForeignKey.Set(f, fv)
+								db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, f, fv))
 							} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
-								ref.ForeignKey.Set(f, ref.PrimaryValue)
+								db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, f, ref.PrimaryValue))
 							}
 							assignmentColumns = append(assignmentColumns, ref.ForeignKey.DBName)
 						}
 
-						saveAssociations(db, rel, f.Interface(), selectColumns, restricted, assignmentColumns)
+						saveAssociations(db, rel, f, selectColumns, restricted, assignmentColumns)
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -185,23 +185,23 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 10)
 				identityMap := map[string]bool{}
 				appendToElems := func(v reflect.Value) {
-					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(v); !zero {
+					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, v); !zero {
-						f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(v))
+						f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, v))
 
 						for i := 0; i < f.Len(); i++ {
 							elem := f.Index(i)
 							for _, ref := range rel.References {
 								if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-									pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(v)
+									pv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, v)
-									ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, pv)
+									db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, elem, pv))
 								} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
-									ref.ForeignKey.Set(elem, ref.PrimaryValue)
+									db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, elem, ref.PrimaryValue))
 								}
 							}
 
 							relPrimaryValues := make([]interface{}, 0, len(rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields))
 							for _, pf := range rel.FieldSchema.PrimaryFields {
-								if pfv, ok := pf.ValueOf(elem); !ok {
+								if pfv, ok := pf.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, elem); !ok {
 									relPrimaryValues = append(relPrimaryValues, pfv)
 								}
 							}
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 						assignmentColumns = append(assignmentColumns, ref.ForeignKey.DBName)
 					}
 
-					saveAssociations(db, rel, elems.Interface(), selectColumns, restricted, assignmentColumns)
+					saveAssociations(db, rel, elems, selectColumns, restricted, assignmentColumns)
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -260,21 +260,21 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					joinValue := reflect.New(rel.JoinTable.ModelType)
 					for _, ref := range rel.References {
 						if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
-							fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(obj)
+							fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, obj)
-							ref.ForeignKey.Set(joinValue, fv)
+							db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, joinValue, fv))
 						} else if ref.PrimaryValue != "" {
-							ref.ForeignKey.Set(joinValue, ref.PrimaryValue)
+							db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, joinValue, ref.PrimaryValue))
 						} else {
-							fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(elem)
+							fv, _ := ref.PrimaryKey.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, elem)
-							ref.ForeignKey.Set(joinValue, fv)
+							db.AddError(ref.ForeignKey.Set(db.Statement.Context, joinValue, fv))
 						}
 					}
 					joins = reflect.Append(joins, joinValue)
 				}
 
 				appendToElems := func(v reflect.Value) {
-					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(v); !zero {
+					if _, zero := rel.Field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, v); !zero {
-						f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(v))
+						f := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, v))
 
 						for i := 0; i < f.Len(); i++ {
 							elem := f.Index(i)
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				// optimize elems of reflect value length
 				if elemLen := elems.Len(); elemLen > 0 {
 					if v, ok := selectColumns[rel.Name+".*"]; !ok || v {
-						saveAssociations(db, rel, elems.Interface(), selectColumns, restricted, nil)
+						saveAssociations(db, rel, elems, selectColumns, restricted, nil)
 					}
 
 					for i := 0; i < elemLen; i++ {
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 	}
 }
 
-func onConflictOption(stmt *gorm.Statement, s *schema.Schema, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) (onConflict clause.OnConflict) {
+func onConflictOption(stmt *gorm.Statement, s *schema.Schema, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) (onConflict clause.OnConflict) {
 	if len(defaultUpdatingColumns) > 0 || stmt.DB.FullSaveAssociations {
 		onConflict.Columns = make([]clause.Column, 0, len(s.PrimaryFieldDBNames))
 		for _, dbName := range s.PrimaryFieldDBNames {
@@ -341,11 +341,17 @@ func onConflictOption(stmt *gorm.Statement, s *schema.Schema, selectColumns map[
 	return
 }
 
-func saveAssociations(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, values interface{}, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) error {
+func saveAssociations(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, rValues reflect.Value, selectColumns map[string]bool, restricted bool, defaultUpdatingColumns []string) error {
+	// stop save association loop
+	if checkAssociationsSaved(db, rValues) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	var (
 		selects, omits []string
-		onConflict     = onConflictOption(db.Statement, rel.FieldSchema, selectColumns, restricted, defaultUpdatingColumns)
+		onConflict     = onConflictOption(db.Statement, rel.FieldSchema, defaultUpdatingColumns)
 		refName        = rel.Name + "."
+		values         = rValues.Interface()
 	)
 
 	for name, ok := range selectColumns {
@@ -390,3 +396,24 @@ func saveAssociations(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, values interface{},
 
 	return db.AddError(tx.Create(values).Error)
 }
+
+// check association values has been saved
+// if values kind is Struct, check it has been saved
+// if values kind is Slice/Array, check all items have been saved
+var visitMapStoreKey = "gorm:saved_association_map"
+
+func checkAssociationsSaved(db *gorm.DB, values reflect.Value) bool {
+	if visit, ok := db.Get(visitMapStoreKey); ok {
+		if v, ok := visit.(*visitMap); ok {
+			if loadOrStoreVisitMap(v, values) {
+				return true
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		vistMap := make(visitMap)
+		loadOrStoreVisitMap(&vistMap, values)
+		db.Set(visitMapStoreKey, &vistMap)
+	}
+
+	return false
+}

callbacks/create.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
 )
 
+// BeforeCreate before create hooks
 func BeforeCreate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && (db.Statement.Schema.BeforeSave || db.Statement.Schema.BeforeCreate) {
 		callMethod(db, func(value interface{}, tx *gorm.DB) (called bool) {
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ func BeforeCreate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Create create hook
 func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 	supportReturning := utils.Contains(config.CreateClauses, "RETURNING")
 
@@ -82,8 +84,10 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...,
 			)
 			if db.AddError(err) == nil {
+				defer func() {
+					db.AddError(rows.Close())
+				}()
 				gorm.Scan(rows, db, mode)
-				db.AddError(rows.Close())
 			}
 
 			return
@@ -117,9 +121,9 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 							break
 						}
 
-						_, isZero := db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(rv)
+						_, isZero := db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, rv)
 						if isZero {
-							db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Set(rv, insertID)
+							db.AddError(db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Set(db.Statement.Context, rv, insertID))
 							insertID -= db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.AutoIncrementIncrement
 						}
 					}
@@ -130,38 +134,39 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 							break
 						}
 
-						if _, isZero := db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(rv); isZero {
+						if _, isZero := db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, rv); isZero {
-							db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Set(rv, insertID)
+							db.AddError(db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Set(db.Statement.Context, rv, insertID))
 							insertID += db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.AutoIncrementIncrement
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			case reflect.Struct:
-				_, isZero := db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+				_, isZero := db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue)
 				if isZero {
-					db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Set(db.Statement.ReflectValue, insertID)
+					db.AddError(db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Set(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, insertID))
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+// AfterCreate after create hooks
 func AfterCreate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && (db.Statement.Schema.AfterSave || db.Statement.Schema.AfterCreate) {
 		callMethod(db, func(value interface{}, tx *gorm.DB) (called bool) {
-			if db.Statement.Schema.AfterSave {
-				if i, ok := value.(AfterSaveInterface); ok {
-					called = true
-					db.AddError(i.AfterSave(tx))
-				}
-			}
-
 			if db.Statement.Schema.AfterCreate {
 				if i, ok := value.(AfterCreateInterface); ok {
 					called = true
 					db.AddError(i.AfterCreate(tx))
 				}
 			}
+
+			if db.Statement.Schema.AfterSave {
+				if i, ok := value.(AfterSaveInterface); ok {
+					called = true
+					db.AddError(i.AfterSave(tx))
+				}
+			}
 			return called
 		})
 	}
@@ -201,13 +206,15 @@ func ConvertToCreateValues(stmt *gorm.Statement) (values clause.Values) {
 		switch stmt.ReflectValue.Kind() {
 		case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 			rValLen := stmt.ReflectValue.Len()
-			stmt.SQL.Grow(rValLen * 18)
-			values.Values = make([][]interface{}, rValLen)
 			if rValLen == 0 {
 				stmt.AddError(gorm.ErrEmptySlice)
 				return
 			}
 
+			stmt.SQL.Grow(rValLen * 18)
+			stmt.Vars = make([]interface{}, 0, rValLen*len(values.Columns))
+			values.Values = make([][]interface{}, rValLen)
+
 			defaultValueFieldsHavingValue := map[*schema.Field][]interface{}{}
 			for i := 0; i < rValLen; i++ {
 				rv := reflect.Indirect(stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i))
@@ -219,23 +226,23 @@ func ConvertToCreateValues(stmt *gorm.Statement) (values clause.Values) {
 				values.Values[i] = make([]interface{}, len(values.Columns))
 				for idx, column := range values.Columns {
 					field := stmt.Schema.FieldsByDBName[column.Name]
-					if values.Values[i][idx], isZero = field.ValueOf(rv); isZero {
+					if values.Values[i][idx], isZero = field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, rv); isZero {
 						if field.DefaultValueInterface != nil {
 							values.Values[i][idx] = field.DefaultValueInterface
-							field.Set(rv, field.DefaultValueInterface)
+							stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, rv, field.DefaultValueInterface))
 						} else if field.AutoCreateTime > 0 || field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 {
-							field.Set(rv, curTime)
+							stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, rv, curTime))
-							values.Values[i][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(rv)
+							values.Values[i][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, rv)
 						}
 					} else if field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 && updateTrackTime {
-						field.Set(rv, curTime)
+						stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, rv, curTime))
-						values.Values[i][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(rv)
+						values.Values[i][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, rv)
 					}
 				}
 
 				for _, field := range stmt.Schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue {
 					if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
-						if rvOfvalue, isZero := field.ValueOf(rv); !isZero {
+						if rvOfvalue, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, rv); !isZero {
 							if len(defaultValueFieldsHavingValue[field]) == 0 {
 								defaultValueFieldsHavingValue[field] = make([]interface{}, rValLen)
 							}
@@ -259,23 +266,23 @@ func ConvertToCreateValues(stmt *gorm.Statement) (values clause.Values) {
 			values.Values = [][]interface{}{make([]interface{}, len(values.Columns))}
 			for idx, column := range values.Columns {
 				field := stmt.Schema.FieldsByDBName[column.Name]
-				if values.Values[0][idx], isZero = field.ValueOf(stmt.ReflectValue); isZero {
+				if values.Values[0][idx], isZero = field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue); isZero {
 					if field.DefaultValueInterface != nil {
 						values.Values[0][idx] = field.DefaultValueInterface
-						field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue, field.DefaultValueInterface)
+						stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue, field.DefaultValueInterface))
 					} else if field.AutoCreateTime > 0 || field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 {
-						field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue, curTime)
+						stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue, curTime))
-						values.Values[0][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(stmt.ReflectValue)
+						values.Values[0][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue)
 					}
 				} else if field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 && updateTrackTime {
-					field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue, curTime)
+					stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue, curTime))
-					values.Values[0][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(stmt.ReflectValue)
+					values.Values[0][idx], _ = field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue)
 				}
 			}
 
 			for _, field := range stmt.Schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue {
 				if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
-					if rvOfvalue, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.ReflectValue); !isZero {
+					if rvOfvalue, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue); !isZero {
 						values.Columns = append(values.Columns, clause.Column{Name: field.DBName})
 						values.Values[0] = append(values.Values[0], rvOfvalue)
 					}

callbacks/delete.go

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func DeleteBeforeAssociations(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 			switch rel.Type {
 			case schema.HasOne, schema.HasMany:
-				queryConds := rel.ToQueryConditions(db.Statement.ReflectValue)
+				queryConds := rel.ToQueryConditions(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue)
 				modelValue := reflect.New(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType).Interface()
 				tx := db.Session(&gorm.Session{NewDB: true}).Model(modelValue)
 				withoutConditions := false
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func DeleteBeforeAssociations(db *gorm.DB) {
 					}
 				}
 
-				_, foreignValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(db.Statement.ReflectValue, foreignFields)
+				_, foreignValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, foreignFields)
 				column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(table, relForeignKeys, foreignValues)
 				queryConds = append(queryConds, clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values})
 
@@ -118,12 +118,18 @@ func Delete(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			return
 		}
 
+		if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
+			for _, c := range db.Statement.Schema.DeleteClauses {
+				db.Statement.AddClause(c)
+			}
+		}
+
 		if db.Statement.SQL.Len() == 0 {
 			db.Statement.SQL.Grow(100)
 			db.Statement.AddClauseIfNotExists(clause.Delete{})
 
 			if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
-				_, queryValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(db.Statement.ReflectValue, db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFields)
+				_, queryValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFields)
 				column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(db.Statement.Table, db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, queryValues)
 
 				if len(values) > 0 {
@@ -131,7 +137,7 @@ func Delete(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				}
 
 				if db.Statement.ReflectValue.CanAddr() && db.Statement.Dest != db.Statement.Model && db.Statement.Model != nil {
-					_, queryValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflect.ValueOf(db.Statement.Model), db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFields)
+					_, queryValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(db.Statement.Context, reflect.ValueOf(db.Statement.Model), db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFields)
 					column, values = schema.ToQueryValues(db.Statement.Table, db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, queryValues)
 
 					if len(values) > 0 {
@@ -141,22 +147,11 @@ func Delete(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			}
 
 			db.Statement.AddClauseIfNotExists(clause.From{})
-		}
 
-		if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
-			for _, c := range db.Statement.Schema.DeleteClauses {
-				db.Statement.AddClause(c)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if db.Statement.SQL.Len() == 0 {
 			db.Statement.Build(db.Statement.BuildClauses...)
 		}
 
-		if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; !db.AllowGlobalUpdate && !ok && db.Error == nil {
+		checkMissingWhereConditions(db)
-			db.AddError(gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause)
-			return
-		}
 
 		if !db.DryRun && db.Error == nil {
 			ok, mode := hasReturning(db, supportReturning)

callbacks/helper.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package callbacks
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
@@ -104,3 +105,48 @@ func hasReturning(tx *gorm.DB, supportReturning bool) (bool, gorm.ScanMode) {
 	}
 	return false, 0
 }
+
+func checkMissingWhereConditions(db *gorm.DB) {
+	if !db.AllowGlobalUpdate && db.Error == nil {
+		where, withCondition := db.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]
+		if withCondition {
+			if _, withSoftDelete := db.Statement.Clauses["soft_delete_enabled"]; withSoftDelete {
+				whereClause, _ := where.Expression.(clause.Where)
+				withCondition = len(whereClause.Exprs) > 1
+			}
+		}
+		if !withCondition {
+			db.AddError(gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+type visitMap = map[reflect.Value]bool
+
+// Check if circular values, return true if loaded
+func loadOrStoreVisitMap(visitMap *visitMap, v reflect.Value) (loaded bool) {
+	if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+		v = v.Elem()
+	}
+
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
+		loaded = true
+		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+			if !loadOrStoreVisitMap(visitMap, v.Index(i)) {
+				loaded = false
+			}
+		}
+	case reflect.Struct, reflect.Interface:
+		if v.CanAddr() {
+			p := v.Addr()
+			if _, ok := (*visitMap)[p]; ok {
+				return true
+			}
+			(*visitMap)[p] = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}

callbacks/preload.go

@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
 )
 
-func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preloads map[string][]interface{}) {
+func preload(tx *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preloads map[string][]interface{}) error {
 	var (
-		reflectValue     = db.Statement.ReflectValue
+		reflectValue     = tx.Statement.ReflectValue
-		tx               = db.Session(&gorm.Session{NewDB: true}).Model(nil).Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: db.Statement.SkipHooks})
 		relForeignKeys   []string
 		relForeignFields []*schema.Field
 		foreignFields    []*schema.Field
@@ -22,11 +21,6 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 		inlineConds      []interface{}
 	)
 
-	db.Statement.Settings.Range(func(k, v interface{}) bool {
-		tx.Statement.Settings.Store(k, v)
-		return true
-	})
-
 	if rel.JoinTable != nil {
 		var (
 			joinForeignFields    = make([]*schema.Field, 0, len(rel.References))
@@ -48,14 +42,16 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			}
 		}
 
-		joinIdentityMap, joinForeignValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, foreignFields)
+		joinIdentityMap, joinForeignValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue, foreignFields)
 		if len(joinForeignValues) == 0 {
-			return
+			return nil
 		}
 
 		joinResults := rel.JoinTable.MakeSlice().Elem()
 		column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(clause.CurrentTable, joinForeignKeys, joinForeignValues)
-		db.AddError(tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).Find(joinResults.Addr().Interface()).Error)
+		if err := tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).Find(joinResults.Addr().Interface()).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 
 		// convert join identity map to relation identity map
 		fieldValues := make([]interface{}, len(joinForeignFields))
@@ -63,11 +59,11 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 		for i := 0; i < joinResults.Len(); i++ {
 			joinIndexValue := joinResults.Index(i)
 			for idx, field := range joinForeignFields {
-				fieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(joinIndexValue)
+				fieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, joinIndexValue)
 			}
 
 			for idx, field := range joinRelForeignFields {
-				joinFieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(joinIndexValue)
+				joinFieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, joinIndexValue)
 			}
 
 			if results, ok := joinIdentityMap[utils.ToStringKey(fieldValues...)]; ok {
@@ -76,7 +72,7 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			}
 		}
 
-		_, foreignValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(joinResults, joinRelForeignFields)
+		_, foreignValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(tx.Statement.Context, joinResults, joinRelForeignFields)
 	} else {
 		for _, ref := range rel.References {
 			if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
@@ -92,9 +88,9 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			}
 		}
 
-		identityMap, foreignValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, foreignFields)
+		identityMap, foreignValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue, foreignFields)
 		if len(foreignValues) == 0 {
-			return
+			return nil
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -115,7 +111,9 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			}
 		}
 
-		db.AddError(tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).Find(reflectResults.Addr().Interface(), inlineConds...).Error)
+		if err := tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).Find(reflectResults.Addr().Interface(), inlineConds...).Error; err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
 	fieldValues := make([]interface{}, len(relForeignFields))
@@ -125,17 +123,17 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		switch rel.Type {
 		case schema.HasMany, schema.Many2Many:
-			rel.Field.Set(reflectValue, reflect.MakeSlice(rel.Field.IndirectFieldType, 0, 10).Interface())
+			tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue, reflect.MakeSlice(rel.Field.IndirectFieldType, 0, 10).Interface()))
 		default:
-			rel.Field.Set(reflectValue, reflect.New(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface())
+			tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue, reflect.New(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface()))
 		}
 	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 		for i := 0; i < reflectValue.Len(); i++ {
 			switch rel.Type {
 			case schema.HasMany, schema.Many2Many:
-				rel.Field.Set(reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.MakeSlice(rel.Field.IndirectFieldType, 0, 10).Interface())
+				tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.MakeSlice(rel.Field.IndirectFieldType, 0, 10).Interface()))
 			default:
-				rel.Field.Set(reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.New(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface())
+				tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue.Index(i), reflect.New(rel.Field.FieldType).Interface()))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -143,18 +141,16 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 	for i := 0; i < reflectResults.Len(); i++ {
 		elem := reflectResults.Index(i)
 		for idx, field := range relForeignFields {
-			fieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(elem)
+			fieldValues[idx], _ = field.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, elem)
 		}
 
 		datas, ok := identityMap[utils.ToStringKey(fieldValues...)]
 		if !ok {
-			db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("failed to assign association %#v, make sure foreign fields exists",
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to assign association %#v, make sure foreign fields exists", elem.Interface())
-				elem.Interface()))
-			continue
 		}
 
 		for _, data := range datas {
-			reflectFieldValue := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(data)
+			reflectFieldValue := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, data)
 			if reflectFieldValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && reflectFieldValue.IsNil() {
 				reflectFieldValue.Set(reflect.New(rel.Field.FieldType.Elem()))
 			}
@@ -162,14 +158,16 @@ func preload(db *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			reflectFieldValue = reflect.Indirect(reflectFieldValue)
 			switch reflectFieldValue.Kind() {
 			case reflect.Struct:
-				rel.Field.Set(data, elem.Interface())
+				tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, data, elem.Interface()))
 			case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 				if reflectFieldValue.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-					rel.Field.Set(data, reflect.Append(reflectFieldValue, elem).Interface())
+					tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, data, reflect.Append(reflectFieldValue, elem).Interface()))
 				} else {
-					rel.Field.Set(data, reflect.Append(reflectFieldValue, elem.Elem()).Interface())
+					tx.AddError(rel.Field.Set(tx.Statement.Context, data, reflect.Append(reflectFieldValue, elem.Elem()).Interface()))
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	return tx.Error
 }

callbacks/query.go

@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ func Query(db *gorm.DB) {
 				db.AddError(err)
 				return
 			}
+			defer func() {
+				db.AddError(rows.Close())
+			}()
 			gorm.Scan(rows, db, 0)
-			db.AddError(rows.Close())
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 		if db.Statement.ReflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Struct && db.Statement.ReflectValue.Type() == db.Statement.Schema.ModelType {
 			var conds []clause.Expression
 			for _, primaryField := range db.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFields {
-				if v, isZero := primaryField.ValueOf(db.Statement.ReflectValue); !isZero {
+				if v, isZero := primaryField.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue); !isZero {
 					conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: db.Statement.Table, Name: primaryField.DBName}, Value: v})
 				}
 			}
@@ -94,13 +96,13 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 		}
 
 		// inline joins
-		joins := []clause.Join{}
+		fromClause := clause.From{}
-		if fromClause, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["FROM"].Expression.(clause.From); ok {
+		if v, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["FROM"].Expression.(clause.From); ok {
-			joins = fromClause.Joins
+			fromClause = v
 		}
 
-		if len(db.Statement.Joins) != 0 || len(joins) != 0 {
+		if len(db.Statement.Joins) != 0 || len(fromClause.Joins) != 0 {
-			if len(db.Statement.Selects) == 0 && db.Statement.Schema != nil {
+			if len(db.Statement.Selects) == 0 && len(db.Statement.Omits) == 0 && db.Statement.Schema != nil {
 				clauseSelect.Columns = make([]clause.Column, len(db.Statement.Schema.DBNames))
 				for idx, dbName := range db.Statement.Schema.DBNames {
 					clauseSelect.Columns[idx] = clause.Column{Table: db.Statement.Table, Name: dbName}
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 			for _, join := range db.Statement.Joins {
 				if db.Statement.Schema == nil {
-					joins = append(joins, clause.Join{
+					fromClause.Joins = append(fromClause.Joins, clause.Join{
 						Expression: clause.NamedExpr{SQL: join.Name, Vars: join.Conds},
 					})
 				} else if relation, ok := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[join.Name]; ok {
@@ -145,35 +147,49 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 						}
 					}
 
-					if join.On != nil {
+					{
-						onStmt := gorm.Statement{Table: tableAliasName, DB: db}
+						onStmt := gorm.Statement{Table: tableAliasName, DB: db, Clauses: map[string]clause.Clause{}}
-						join.On.Build(&onStmt)
+						for _, c := range relation.FieldSchema.QueryClauses {
-						onSQL := onStmt.SQL.String()
+							onStmt.AddClause(c)
-						vars := onStmt.Vars
-						for idx, v := range onStmt.Vars {
-							bindvar := strings.Builder{}
-							onStmt.Vars = vars[0 : idx+1]
-							db.Dialector.BindVarTo(&bindvar, &onStmt, v)
-							onSQL = strings.Replace(onSQL, bindvar.String(), "?", 1)
 						}
 
-						exprs = append(exprs, clause.Expr{SQL: onSQL, Vars: vars})
+						if join.On != nil {
+							onStmt.AddClause(join.On)
+						}
+
+						if cs, ok := onStmt.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
+							if where, ok := cs.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
+								where.Build(&onStmt)
+
+								if onSQL := onStmt.SQL.String(); onSQL != "" {
+									vars := onStmt.Vars
+									for idx, v := range vars {
+										bindvar := strings.Builder{}
+										onStmt.Vars = vars[0 : idx+1]
+										db.Dialector.BindVarTo(&bindvar, &onStmt, v)
+										onSQL = strings.Replace(onSQL, bindvar.String(), "?", 1)
+									}
+
+									exprs = append(exprs, clause.Expr{SQL: onSQL, Vars: vars})
+								}
+							}
+						}
 					}
 
-					joins = append(joins, clause.Join{
+					fromClause.Joins = append(fromClause.Joins, clause.Join{
 						Type:  clause.LeftJoin,
 						Table: clause.Table{Name: relation.FieldSchema.Table, Alias: tableAliasName},
 						ON:    clause.Where{Exprs: exprs},
 					})
 				} else {
-					joins = append(joins, clause.Join{
+					fromClause.Joins = append(fromClause.Joins, clause.Join{
 						Expression: clause.NamedExpr{SQL: join.Name, Vars: join.Conds},
 					})
 				}
 			}
 
+			db.Statement.AddClause(fromClause)
 			db.Statement.Joins = nil
-			db.Statement.AddClause(clause.From{Joins: joins})
 		} else {
 			db.Statement.AddClauseIfNotExists(clause.From{})
 		}
@@ -186,6 +202,11 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 func Preload(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Error == nil && len(db.Statement.Preloads) > 0 {
+		if db.Statement.Schema == nil {
+			db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("%w when using preload", gorm.ErrModelValueRequired))
+			return
+		}
+
 		preloadMap := map[string]map[string][]interface{}{}
 		for name := range db.Statement.Preloads {
 			preloadFields := strings.Split(name, ".")
@@ -218,9 +239,20 @@ func Preload(db *gorm.DB) {
 		}
 		sort.Strings(preloadNames)
 
+		preloadDB := db.Session(&gorm.Session{Context: db.Statement.Context, NewDB: true, SkipHooks: db.Statement.SkipHooks, Initialized: true})
+		db.Statement.Settings.Range(func(k, v interface{}) bool {
+			preloadDB.Statement.Settings.Store(k, v)
+			return true
+		})
+
+		if err := preloadDB.Statement.Parse(db.Statement.Dest); err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+		preloadDB.Statement.ReflectValue = db.Statement.ReflectValue
+
 		for _, name := range preloadNames {
-			if rel := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[name]; rel != nil {
+			if rel := preloadDB.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[name]; rel != nil {
-				preload(db, rel, append(db.Statement.Preloads[name], db.Statement.Preloads[clause.Associations]...), preloadMap[name])
+				db.AddError(preload(preloadDB.Table("").Session(&gorm.Session{Context: db.Statement.Context, SkipHooks: db.Statement.SkipHooks}), rel, append(db.Statement.Preloads[name], db.Statement.Preloads[clause.Associations]...), preloadMap[name]))
 			} else {
 				db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("%s: %w for schema %s", name, gorm.ErrUnsupportedRelation, db.Statement.Schema.Name))
 			}

callbacks/update.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func SetupUpdateReflectValue(db *gorm.DB) {
 			if dest, ok := db.Statement.Dest.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
 				for _, rel := range db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.BelongsTo {
 					if _, ok := dest[rel.Name]; ok {
-						rel.Field.Set(db.Statement.ReflectValue, dest[rel.Name])
+						db.AddError(rel.Field.Set(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, dest[rel.Name]))
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ func SetupUpdateReflectValue(db *gorm.DB) {
 	}
 }
 
+// BeforeUpdate before update hooks
 func BeforeUpdate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && (db.Statement.Schema.BeforeSave || db.Statement.Schema.BeforeUpdate) {
 		callMethod(db, func(value interface{}, tx *gorm.DB) (called bool) {
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ func BeforeUpdate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Update update hook
 func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 	supportReturning := utils.Contains(config.UpdateClauses, "RETURNING")
 
@@ -59,6 +61,12 @@ func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			return
 		}
 
+		if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
+			for _, c := range db.Statement.Schema.UpdateClauses {
+				db.Statement.AddClause(c)
+			}
+		}
+
 		if db.Statement.SQL.Len() == 0 {
 			db.Statement.SQL.Grow(180)
 			db.Statement.AddClauseIfNotExists(clause.Update{})
@@ -68,22 +76,10 @@ func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				return
 			}
 
-		}
-
-		if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
-			for _, c := range db.Statement.Schema.UpdateClauses {
-				db.Statement.AddClause(c)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if db.Statement.SQL.Len() == 0 {
 			db.Statement.Build(db.Statement.BuildClauses...)
 		}
 
-		if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; !db.AllowGlobalUpdate && !ok {
+		checkMissingWhereConditions(db)
-			db.AddError(gorm.ErrMissingWhereClause)
-			return
-		}
 
 		if !db.DryRun && db.Error == nil {
 			if ok, mode := hasReturning(db, supportReturning); ok {
@@ -105,9 +101,17 @@ func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 	}
 }
 
+// AfterUpdate after update hooks
 func AfterUpdate(db *gorm.DB) {
 	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && (db.Statement.Schema.AfterSave || db.Statement.Schema.AfterUpdate) {
 		callMethod(db, func(value interface{}, tx *gorm.DB) (called bool) {
+			if db.Statement.Schema.AfterUpdate {
+				if i, ok := value.(AfterUpdateInterface); ok {
+					called = true
+					db.AddError(i.AfterUpdate(tx))
+				}
+			}
+
 			if db.Statement.Schema.AfterSave {
 				if i, ok := value.(AfterSaveInterface); ok {
 					called = true
@@ -115,12 +119,6 @@ func AfterUpdate(db *gorm.DB) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			if db.Statement.Schema.AfterUpdate {
-				if i, ok := value.(AfterUpdateInterface); ok {
-					called = true
-					db.AddError(i.AfterUpdate(tx))
-				}
-			}
 			return called
 		})
 	}
@@ -137,13 +135,13 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 		assignValue = func(field *schema.Field, value interface{}) {
 			for i := 0; i < stmt.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
-				field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i), value)
+				field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i), value)
 			}
 		}
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		assignValue = func(field *schema.Field, value interface{}) {
 			if stmt.ReflectValue.CanAddr() {
-				field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue, value)
+				field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue, value)
 			}
 		}
 	default:
@@ -165,7 +163,7 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 					exprs := make([]clause.Expression, len(stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields))
 					var notZero bool
 					for idx, field := range stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields {
-						value, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i))
+						value, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i))
 						exprs[idx] = clause.Eq{Column: field.DBName, Value: value}
 						notZero = notZero || !isZero
 					}
@@ -178,7 +176,7 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 			}
 		case reflect.Struct:
 			for _, field := range stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields {
-				if value, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.ReflectValue); !isZero {
+				if value, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue); !isZero {
 					stmt.AddClause(clause.Where{Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{Column: field.DBName, Value: value}}})
 				}
 			}
@@ -232,10 +230,10 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 							set = append(set, clause.Assignment{Column: clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, Value: now.UnixNano()})
 						} else if field.AutoUpdateTime == schema.UnixMillisecond {
 							set = append(set, clause.Assignment{Column: clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, Value: now.UnixNano() / 1e6})
-						} else if field.GORMDataType == schema.Time {
+						} else if field.AutoUpdateTime == schema.UnixSecond {
-							set = append(set, clause.Assignment{Column: clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, Value: now})
-						} else {
 							set = append(set, clause.Assignment{Column: clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, Value: now.Unix()})
+						} else {
+							set = append(set, clause.Assignment{Column: clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, Value: now})
 						}
 					}
 				}
@@ -258,16 +256,16 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 				if field := updatingSchema.LookUpField(dbName); field != nil {
 					if !field.PrimaryKey || !updatingValue.CanAddr() || stmt.Dest != stmt.Model {
 						if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && (!restricted || (!stmt.SkipHooks && field.AutoUpdateTime > 0))) {
-							value, isZero := field.ValueOf(updatingValue)
+							value, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, updatingValue)
 							if !stmt.SkipHooks && field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 {
 								if field.AutoUpdateTime == schema.UnixNanosecond {
 									value = stmt.DB.NowFunc().UnixNano()
 								} else if field.AutoUpdateTime == schema.UnixMillisecond {
 									value = stmt.DB.NowFunc().UnixNano() / 1e6
-								} else if field.GORMDataType == schema.Time {
+								} else if field.AutoUpdateTime == schema.UnixSecond {
-									value = stmt.DB.NowFunc()
-								} else {
 									value = stmt.DB.NowFunc().Unix()
+								} else {
+									value = stmt.DB.NowFunc()
 								}
 								isZero = false
 							}
@@ -278,7 +276,7 @@ func ConvertToAssignments(stmt *gorm.Statement) (set clause.Set) {
 							}
 						}
 					} else {
-						if value, isZero := field.ValueOf(updatingValue); !isZero {
+						if value, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, updatingValue); !isZero {
 							stmt.AddClause(clause.Where{Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Eq{Column: field.DBName, Value: value}}})
 						}
 					}

callbacks/visit_map_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package callbacks
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLoadOrStoreVisitMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var vm visitMap
+	var loaded bool
+	type testM struct {
+		Name string
+	}
+
+	t1 := testM{Name: "t1"}
+	t2 := testM{Name: "t2"}
+	t3 := testM{Name: "t3"}
+
+	vm = make(visitMap)
+	if loaded = loadOrStoreVisitMap(&vm, reflect.ValueOf(&t1)); loaded {
+		t.Fatalf("loaded should be false")
+	}
+
+	if loaded = loadOrStoreVisitMap(&vm, reflect.ValueOf(&t1)); !loaded {
+		t.Fatalf("loaded should be true")
+	}
+
+	// t1 already exist but t2 not
+	if loaded = loadOrStoreVisitMap(&vm, reflect.ValueOf([]*testM{&t1, &t2, &t3})); loaded {
+		t.Fatalf("loaded should be false")
+	}
+
+	if loaded = loadOrStoreVisitMap(&vm, reflect.ValueOf([]*testM{&t2, &t3})); !loaded {
+		t.Fatalf("loaded should be true")
+	}
+}

chainable_api.go

@@ -54,9 +54,12 @@ func (db *DB) Table(name string, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	} else if tables := strings.Split(name, "."); len(tables) == 2 {
 		tx.Statement.TableExpr = &clause.Expr{SQL: tx.Statement.Quote(name)}
 		tx.Statement.Table = tables[1]
-	} else {
+	} else if name != "" {
 		tx.Statement.TableExpr = &clause.Expr{SQL: tx.Statement.Quote(name)}
 		tx.Statement.Table = name
+	} else {
+		tx.Statement.TableExpr = nil
+		tx.Statement.Table = ""
 	}
 	return
 }
@@ -90,7 +93,11 @@ func (db *DB) Select(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 				return
 			}
 		}
-		delete(tx.Statement.Clauses, "SELECT")
+
+		if clause, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"]; ok {
+			clause.Expression = nil
+			tx.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"] = clause
+		}
 	case string:
 		if strings.Count(v, "?") >= len(args) && len(args) > 0 {
 			tx.Statement.AddClause(clause.Select{
@@ -120,7 +127,10 @@ func (db *DB) Select(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			delete(tx.Statement.Clauses, "SELECT")
+			if clause, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"]; ok {
+				clause.Expression = nil
+				tx.Statement.Clauses["SELECT"] = clause
+			}
 		}
 	default:
 		tx.AddError(fmt.Errorf("unsupported select args %v %v", query, args))

clause/limit.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ func (limit Limit) Build(builder Builder) {
 	}
 	if limit.Offset > 0 {
 		if limit.Limit > 0 {
-			builder.WriteString(" ")
+			builder.WriteByte(' ')
 		}
 		builder.WriteString("OFFSET ")
 		builder.WriteString(strconv.Itoa(limit.Offset))

clause/select_test.go

@@ -43,6 +43,23 @@ func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
 			}, clause.From{}},
 			"SELECT `id`, `name`, LENGTH(`mobile`) FROM `users`", nil,
 		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{
+				Expression: clause.CommaExpression{
+					Exprs: []clause.Expression{
+						clause.Expr{
+							SQL: "? as name",
+							Vars: []interface{}{clause.Eq{
+								Column: clause.Column{Name: "age"},
+								Value:  18,
+							},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+				},
+			}, clause.From{}},
+			"SELECT `age` = ? as name FROM `users`", []interface{}{18},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for idx, result := range results {

clause/where.go

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 )
 
+const (
+	AndWithSpace = " AND "
+	OrWithSpace  = " OR "
+)
+
 // Where where clause
 type Where struct {
 	Exprs []Expression
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ func (where Where) Build(builder Builder) {
 		}
 	}
 
-	buildExprs(where.Exprs, builder, " AND ")
+	buildExprs(where.Exprs, builder, AndWithSpace)
 }
 
 func buildExprs(exprs []Expression, builder Builder, joinCond string) {
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ func buildExprs(exprs []Expression, builder Builder, joinCond string) {
 	for idx, expr := range exprs {
 		if idx > 0 {
 			if v, ok := expr.(OrConditions); ok && len(v.Exprs) == 1 {
-				builder.WriteString(" OR ")
+				builder.WriteString(OrWithSpace)
 			} else {
 				builder.WriteString(joinCond)
 			}
@@ -46,30 +51,30 @@ func buildExprs(exprs []Expression, builder Builder, joinCond string) {
 			case OrConditions:
 				if len(v.Exprs) == 1 {
 					if e, ok := v.Exprs[0].(Expr); ok {
-						sql := strings.ToLower(e.SQL)
+						sql := strings.ToUpper(e.SQL)
-						wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, "and") || strings.Contains(sql, "or")
+						wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, AndWithSpace) || strings.Contains(sql, OrWithSpace)
 					}
 				}
 			case AndConditions:
 				if len(v.Exprs) == 1 {
 					if e, ok := v.Exprs[0].(Expr); ok {
-						sql := strings.ToLower(e.SQL)
+						sql := strings.ToUpper(e.SQL)
-						wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, "and") || strings.Contains(sql, "or")
+						wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, AndWithSpace) || strings.Contains(sql, OrWithSpace)
 					}
 				}
 			case Expr:
-				sql := strings.ToLower(v.SQL)
+				sql := strings.ToUpper(v.SQL)
-				wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, "and") || strings.Contains(sql, "or")
+				wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, AndWithSpace) || strings.Contains(sql, OrWithSpace)
 			case NamedExpr:
-				sql := strings.ToLower(v.SQL)
+				sql := strings.ToUpper(v.SQL)
-				wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, "and") || strings.Contains(sql, "or")
+				wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, AndWithSpace) || strings.Contains(sql, OrWithSpace)
 			}
 		}
 
 		if wrapInParentheses {
-			builder.WriteString(`(`)
+			builder.WriteByte('(')
 			expr.Build(builder)
-			builder.WriteString(`)`)
+			builder.WriteByte(')')
 			wrapInParentheses = false
 		} else {
 			expr.Build(builder)
@@ -110,10 +115,10 @@ type AndConditions struct {
 func (and AndConditions) Build(builder Builder) {
 	if len(and.Exprs) > 1 {
 		builder.WriteByte('(')
-		buildExprs(and.Exprs, builder, " AND ")
+		buildExprs(and.Exprs, builder, AndWithSpace)
 		builder.WriteByte(')')
 	} else {
-		buildExprs(and.Exprs, builder, " AND ")
+		buildExprs(and.Exprs, builder, AndWithSpace)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -131,10 +136,10 @@ type OrConditions struct {
 func (or OrConditions) Build(builder Builder) {
 	if len(or.Exprs) > 1 {
 		builder.WriteByte('(')
-		buildExprs(or.Exprs, builder, " OR ")
+		buildExprs(or.Exprs, builder, OrWithSpace)
 		builder.WriteByte(')')
 	} else {
-		buildExprs(or.Exprs, builder, " OR ")
+		buildExprs(or.Exprs, builder, OrWithSpace)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -156,7 +161,7 @@ func (not NotConditions) Build(builder Builder) {
 
 	for idx, c := range not.Exprs {
 		if idx > 0 {
-			builder.WriteString(" AND ")
+			builder.WriteString(AndWithSpace)
 		}
 
 		if negationBuilder, ok := c.(NegationExpressionBuilder); ok {
@@ -165,8 +170,8 @@ func (not NotConditions) Build(builder Builder) {
 			builder.WriteString("NOT ")
 			e, wrapInParentheses := c.(Expr)
 			if wrapInParentheses {
-				sql := strings.ToLower(e.SQL)
+				sql := strings.ToUpper(e.SQL)
-				if wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, "and") || strings.Contains(sql, "or"); wrapInParentheses {
+				if wrapInParentheses = strings.Contains(sql, AndWithSpace) || strings.Contains(sql, OrWithSpace); wrapInParentheses {
 					builder.WriteByte('(')
 				}
 			}

clause/where_test.go

@@ -66,6 +66,45 @@ func TestWhere(t *testing.T) {
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`age` = ? OR `name` <> ?)",
 			[]interface{}{18, "jinzhu"},
 		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
+				Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Not(clause.Eq{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Value: "1"}, clause.Gt{Column: "age", Value: 18}), clause.And(clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}, WithoutParentheses: false})},
+			}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND `age` <= ?) AND `score` <= ?",
+			[]interface{}{"1", 18, 100},
+		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
+				Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Not(clause.Eq{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Value: "1"}, clause.Gt{Column: "age", Value: 18}), clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}, WithoutParentheses: false}},
+			}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND `age` <= ?) AND `score` <= ?",
+			[]interface{}{"1", 18, 100},
+		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
+				Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Not(clause.Eq{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Value: "1"}, clause.Gt{Column: "age", Value: 18}), clause.Or(clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}, WithoutParentheses: false})},
+			}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND `age` <= ?) OR `score` <= ?",
+			[]interface{}{"1", 18, 100},
+		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
+				Exprs: []clause.Expression{
+					clause.And(clause.Not(clause.Eq{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Value: "1"}),
+						clause.And(clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}, WithoutParentheses: false})),
+				},
+			}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND `score` <= ?)",
+			[]interface{}{"1", 100},
+		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Where{
+				Exprs: []clause.Expression{clause.Not(clause.Eq{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Value: "1"},
+					clause.And(clause.Expr{SQL: "`score` <= ?", Vars: []interface{}{100}, WithoutParentheses: false}))},
+			}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE (`users`.`id` <> ? AND NOT `score` <= ?)",
+			[]interface{}{"1", 100},
+		},
 	}
 
 	for idx, result := range results {

errors.go

@@ -39,4 +39,6 @@ var (
 	ErrInvalidValue = errors.New("invalid value, should be pointer to struct or slice")
 	// ErrInvalidValueOfLength invalid values do not match length
 	ErrInvalidValueOfLength = errors.New("invalid association values, length doesn't match")
+	// ErrPreloadNotAllowed preload is not allowed when count is used
+	ErrPreloadNotAllowed = errors.New("preload is not allowed when count is used")
 )

finisher_api.go

@@ -74,6 +74,10 @@ func (db *DB) Save(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	tx.Statement.Dest = value
 
 	reflectValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(value))
+	for reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr || reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
+		reflectValue = reflect.Indirect(reflectValue)
+	}
+
 	switch reflectValue.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 		if _, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["ON CONFLICT"]; !ok {
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ func (db *DB) Save(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	case reflect.Struct:
 		if err := tx.Statement.Parse(value); err == nil && tx.Statement.Schema != nil {
 			for _, pf := range tx.Statement.Schema.PrimaryFields {
-				if _, isZero := pf.ValueOf(reflectValue); isZero {
+				if _, isZero := pf.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, reflectValue); isZero {
 					return tx.callbacks.Create().Execute(tx)
 				}
 			}
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ func (db *DB) Save(value interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 
 		if tx.Error == nil && tx.RowsAffected == 0 && !tx.DryRun && !selectedUpdate {
 			result := reflect.New(tx.Statement.Schema.ModelType).Interface()
-			if err := tx.Session(&Session{}).Take(result).Error; errors.Is(err, ErrRecordNotFound) {
+			if result := tx.Session(&Session{}).Limit(1).Find(result); result.RowsAffected == 0 {
 				return tx.Create(value)
 			}
 		}
@@ -177,6 +181,21 @@ func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, bat
 		batch        int
 	)
 
+	// user specified offset or limit
+	var totalSize int
+	if c, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["LIMIT"]; ok {
+		if limit, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Limit); ok {
+			totalSize = limit.Limit
+
+			if totalSize > 0 && batchSize > totalSize {
+				batchSize = totalSize
+			}
+
+			// reset to offset to 0 in next batch
+			tx = tx.Offset(-1).Session(&Session{})
+		}
+	}
+
 	for {
 		result := queryDB.Limit(batchSize).Find(dest)
 		rowsAffected += result.RowsAffected
@@ -192,6 +211,15 @@ func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, bat
 			break
 		}
 
+		if totalSize > 0 {
+			if totalSize <= int(rowsAffected) {
+				break
+			}
+			if totalSize/batchSize == batch {
+				batchSize = totalSize % batchSize
+			}
+		}
+
 		// Optimize for-break
 		resultsValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(dest))
 		if result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField == nil {
@@ -199,7 +227,7 @@ func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, bat
 			break
 		}
 
-		primaryValue, _ := result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(resultsValue.Index(resultsValue.Len() - 1))
+		primaryValue, _ := result.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.ValueOf(tx.Statement.Context, resultsValue.Index(resultsValue.Len()-1))
 		queryDB = tx.Clauses(clause.Gt{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey}, Value: primaryValue})
 	}
 
@@ -207,7 +235,7 @@ func (db *DB) FindInBatches(dest interface{}, batchSize int, fc func(tx *DB, bat
 	return tx
 }
 
-func (tx *DB) assignInterfacesToValue(values ...interface{}) {
+func (db *DB) assignInterfacesToValue(values ...interface{}) {
 	for _, value := range values {
 		switch v := value.(type) {
 		case []clause.Expression:
@@ -215,40 +243,40 @@ func (tx *DB) assignInterfacesToValue(values ...interface{}) {
 				if eq, ok := expr.(clause.Eq); ok {
 					switch column := eq.Column.(type) {
 					case string:
-						if field := tx.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(column); field != nil {
+						if field := db.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(column); field != nil {
-							tx.AddError(field.Set(tx.Statement.ReflectValue, eq.Value))
+							db.AddError(field.Set(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, eq.Value))
 						}
 					case clause.Column:
-						if field := tx.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(column.Name); field != nil {
+						if field := db.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(column.Name); field != nil {
-							tx.AddError(field.Set(tx.Statement.ReflectValue, eq.Value))
+							db.AddError(field.Set(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, eq.Value))
 						}
 					}
 				} else if andCond, ok := expr.(clause.AndConditions); ok {
-					tx.assignInterfacesToValue(andCond.Exprs)
+					db.assignInterfacesToValue(andCond.Exprs)
 				}
 			}
 		case clause.Expression, map[string]string, map[interface{}]interface{}, map[string]interface{}:
-			if exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(value); len(exprs) > 0 {
+			if exprs := db.Statement.BuildCondition(value); len(exprs) > 0 {
-				tx.assignInterfacesToValue(exprs)
+				db.assignInterfacesToValue(exprs)
 			}
 		default:
-			if s, err := schema.Parse(value, tx.cacheStore, tx.NamingStrategy); err == nil {
+			if s, err := schema.Parse(value, db.cacheStore, db.NamingStrategy); err == nil {
 				reflectValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(value))
 				switch reflectValue.Kind() {
 				case reflect.Struct:
 					for _, f := range s.Fields {
 						if f.Readable {
-							if v, isZero := f.ValueOf(reflectValue); !isZero {
+							if v, isZero := f.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue); !isZero {
-								if field := tx.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(f.Name); field != nil {
+								if field := db.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(f.Name); field != nil {
-									tx.AddError(field.Set(tx.Statement.ReflectValue, v))
+									db.AddError(field.Set(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.ReflectValue, v))
 								}
 							}
 						}
 					}
 				}
 			} else if len(values) > 0 {
-				if exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(values[0], values[1:]...); len(exprs) > 0 {
+				if exprs := db.Statement.BuildCondition(values[0], values[1:]...); len(exprs) > 0 {
-					tx.assignInterfacesToValue(exprs)
+					db.assignInterfacesToValue(exprs)
 				}
 				return
 			}
@@ -256,12 +284,13 @@ func (tx *DB) assignInterfacesToValue(values ...interface{}) {
 	}
 }
 
+// FirstOrInit gets the first matched record or initialize a new instance with given conditions (only works with struct or map conditions)
 func (db *DB) FirstOrInit(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	queryTx := db.Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
 		Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey},
 	})
 
-	if tx = queryTx.Find(dest, conds...); queryTx.RowsAffected == 0 {
+	if tx = queryTx.Find(dest, conds...); tx.RowsAffected == 0 {
 		if c, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
 			if where, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
 				tx.assignInterfacesToValue(where.Exprs)
@@ -281,26 +310,28 @@ func (db *DB) FirstOrInit(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 	return
 }
 
+// FirstOrCreate gets the first matched record or create a new one with given conditions (only works with struct, map conditions)
 func (db *DB) FirstOrCreate(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
-	queryTx := db.Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
+	tx = db.getInstance()
+	queryTx := db.Session(&Session{}).Limit(1).Order(clause.OrderByColumn{
 		Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey},
 	})
-	if tx = queryTx.Find(dest, conds...); tx.Error == nil {
+	if result := queryTx.Find(dest, conds...); result.Error == nil {
-		if tx.RowsAffected == 0 {
+		if result.RowsAffected == 0 {
-			if c, ok := tx.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
+			if c, ok := result.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
 				if where, ok := c.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
-					tx.assignInterfacesToValue(where.Exprs)
+					result.assignInterfacesToValue(where.Exprs)
 				}
 			}
 
 			// initialize with attrs, conds
-			if len(tx.Statement.attrs) > 0 {
+			if len(db.Statement.attrs) > 0 {
-				tx.assignInterfacesToValue(tx.Statement.attrs...)
+				result.assignInterfacesToValue(db.Statement.attrs...)
 			}
 
 			// initialize with attrs, conds
-			if len(tx.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
+			if len(db.Statement.assigns) > 0 {
-				tx.assignInterfacesToValue(tx.Statement.assigns...)
+				result.assignInterfacesToValue(db.Statement.assigns...)
 			}
 
 			return tx.Create(dest)
@@ -320,6 +351,8 @@ func (db *DB) FirstOrCreate(dest interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 			}
 
 			return tx.Model(dest).Updates(assigns)
+		} else {
+			tx.Error = result.Error
 		}
 	}
 	return tx
@@ -585,7 +618,7 @@ func (db *DB) Transaction(fc func(tx *DB) error, opts ...*sql.TxOptions) (err er
 func (db *DB) Begin(opts ...*sql.TxOptions) *DB {
 	var (
 		// clone statement
-		tx  = db.getInstance().Session(&Session{Context: db.Statement.Context})
+		tx  = db.getInstance().Session(&Session{Context: db.Statement.Context, NewDB: db.clone == 1})
 		opt *sql.TxOptions
 		err error
 	)
@@ -594,11 +627,12 @@ func (db *DB) Begin(opts ...*sql.TxOptions) *DB {
 		opt = opts[0]
 	}
 
-	if beginner, ok := tx.Statement.ConnPool.(TxBeginner); ok {
+	switch beginner := tx.Statement.ConnPool.(type) {
+	case TxBeginner:
 		tx.Statement.ConnPool, err = beginner.BeginTx(tx.Statement.Context, opt)
-	} else if beginner, ok := tx.Statement.ConnPool.(ConnPoolBeginner); ok {
+	case ConnPoolBeginner:
 		tx.Statement.ConnPool, err = beginner.BeginTx(tx.Statement.Context, opt)
-	} else {
+	default:
 		err = ErrInvalidTransaction
 	}
 

gorm.go

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	cacheStore *sync.Map
 }
 
+// Apply update config to new config
 func (c *Config) Apply(config *Config) error {
 	if config != c {
 		*config = *c
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ func (c *Config) Apply(config *Config) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// AfterInitialize initialize plugins after db connected
 func (c *Config) AfterInitialize(db *DB) error {
 	if db != nil {
 		for _, plugin := range c.Plugins {
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@ func (c *Config) AfterInitialize(db *DB) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Option gorm option interface
 type Option interface {
 	Apply(*Config) error
 	AfterInitialize(*DB) error
@@ -96,6 +99,7 @@ type Session struct {
 	DryRun                   bool
 	PrepareStmt              bool
 	NewDB                    bool
+	Initialized              bool
 	SkipHooks                bool
 	SkipDefaultTransaction   bool
 	DisableNestedTransaction bool
@@ -120,8 +124,8 @@ func Open(dialector Dialector, opts ...Option) (db *DB, err error) {
 
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		if opt != nil {
-			if err := opt.Apply(config); err != nil {
+			if applyErr := opt.Apply(config); applyErr != nil {
-				return nil, err
+				return nil, applyErr
 			}
 			defer func(opt Option) {
 				if errr := opt.AfterInitialize(db); errr != nil {
@@ -282,6 +286,10 @@ func (db *DB) Session(config *Session) *DB {
 		tx.Config.NowFunc = config.NowFunc
 	}
 
+	if config.Initialized {
+		tx = tx.getInstance()
+	}
+
 	return tx
 }
 
@@ -376,10 +384,12 @@ func (db *DB) getInstance() *DB {
 	return db
 }
 
+// Expr returns clause.Expr, which can be used to pass SQL expression as params
 func Expr(expr string, args ...interface{}) clause.Expr {
 	return clause.Expr{SQL: expr, Vars: args}
 }
 
+// SetupJoinTable setup join table schema
 func (db *DB) SetupJoinTable(model interface{}, field string, joinTable interface{}) error {
 	var (
 		tx                      = db.getInstance()
@@ -430,6 +440,7 @@ func (db *DB) SetupJoinTable(model interface{}, field string, joinTable interfac
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Use use plugin
 func (db *DB) Use(plugin Plugin) error {
 	name := plugin.Name()
 	if _, ok := db.Plugins[name]; ok {
@@ -451,7 +462,7 @@ func (db *DB) Use(plugin Plugin) error {
 //			.First(&User{})
 // })
 func (db *DB) ToSQL(queryFn func(tx *DB) *DB) string {
-	tx := queryFn(db.Session(&Session{DryRun: true}))
+	tx := queryFn(db.Session(&Session{DryRun: true, SkipDefaultTransaction: true}))
 	stmt := tx.Statement
 
 	return db.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)

interfaces.go

@@ -40,24 +40,45 @@ type SavePointerDialectorInterface interface {
 	RollbackTo(tx *DB, name string) error
 }
 
+// TxBeginner tx beginner
 type TxBeginner interface {
 	BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions) (*sql.Tx, error)
 }
 
+// ConnPoolBeginner conn pool beginner
 type ConnPoolBeginner interface {
 	BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions) (ConnPool, error)
 }
 
+// TxCommitter tx committer
 type TxCommitter interface {
 	Commit() error
 	Rollback() error
 }
 
+// Tx sql.Tx interface
+type Tx interface {
+	ConnPool
+	TxCommitter
+	StmtContext(ctx context.Context, stmt *sql.Stmt) *sql.Stmt
+}
+
 // Valuer gorm valuer interface
 type Valuer interface {
 	GormValue(context.Context, *DB) clause.Expr
 }
 
+// GetDBConnector SQL db connector
 type GetDBConnector interface {
 	GetDBConn() (*sql.DB, error)
 }
+
+// Rows rows interface
+type Rows interface {
+	Columns() ([]string, error)
+	ColumnTypes() ([]*sql.ColumnType, error)
+	Next() bool
+	Scan(dest ...interface{}) error
+	Err() error
+	Close() error
+}

logger/logger.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
 )
 
+// ErrRecordNotFound record not found error
 var ErrRecordNotFound = errors.New("record not found")
 
 // Colors
@@ -30,13 +31,17 @@ const (
 	YellowBold  = "\033[33;1m"
 )
 
-// LogLevel
+// LogLevel log level
 type LogLevel int
 
 const (
+	// Silent silent log level
 	Silent LogLevel = iota + 1
+	// Error error log level
 	Error
+	// Warn warn log level
 	Warn
+	// Info info log level
 	Info
 )
 
@@ -45,6 +50,7 @@ type Writer interface {
 	Printf(string, ...interface{})
 }
 
+// Config logger config
 type Config struct {
 	SlowThreshold             time.Duration
 	Colorful                  bool
@@ -62,16 +68,20 @@ type Interface interface {
 }
 
 var (
+	// Discard Discard logger will print any log to ioutil.Discard
 	Discard = New(log.New(ioutil.Discard, "", log.LstdFlags), Config{})
+	// Default Default logger
 	Default = New(log.New(os.Stdout, "\r\n", log.LstdFlags), Config{
 		SlowThreshold:             200 * time.Millisecond,
 		LogLevel:                  Warn,
 		IgnoreRecordNotFoundError: false,
 		Colorful:                  true,
 	})
+	// Recorder Recorder logger records running SQL into a recorder instance
 	Recorder = traceRecorder{Interface: Default, BeginAt: time.Now()}
 )
 
+// New initialize logger
 func New(writer Writer, config Config) Interface {
 	var (
 		infoStr      = "%s\n[info] "
@@ -179,10 +189,12 @@ type traceRecorder struct {
 	Err          error
 }
 
+// New new trace recorder
 func (l traceRecorder) New() *traceRecorder {
 	return &traceRecorder{Interface: l.Interface, BeginAt: time.Now()}
 }
 
+// Trace implement logger interface
 func (l *traceRecorder) Trace(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (string, int64), err error) {
 	l.BeginAt = begin
 	l.SQL, l.RowsAffected = fc()

logger/sql.go

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ const (
 	nullStr     = "NULL"
 )
 
-func isPrintable(s []byte) bool {
+func isPrintable(s string) bool {
 	for _, r := range s {
-		if !unicode.IsPrint(rune(r)) {
+		if !unicode.IsPrint(r) {
 			return false
 		}
 	}
@@ -30,9 +30,12 @@ func isPrintable(s []byte) bool {
 
 var convertibleTypes = []reflect.Type{reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{}), reflect.TypeOf(false), reflect.TypeOf([]byte{})}
 
+// ExplainSQL generate SQL string with given parameters, the generated SQL is expected to be used in logger, execute it might introduce a SQL injection vulnerability
 func ExplainSQL(sql string, numericPlaceholder *regexp.Regexp, escaper string, avars ...interface{}) string {
-	var convertParams func(interface{}, int)
+	var (
-	vars := make([]string, len(avars))
+		convertParams func(interface{}, int)
+		vars          = make([]string, len(avars))
+	)
 
 	convertParams = func(v interface{}, idx int) {
 		switch v := v.(type) {
@@ -64,14 +67,25 @@ func ExplainSQL(sql string, numericPlaceholder *regexp.Regexp, escaper string, a
 			}
 		case fmt.Stringer:
 			reflectValue := reflect.ValueOf(v)
-			if v != nil && reflectValue.IsValid() && ((reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !reflectValue.IsNil()) || reflectValue.Kind() != reflect.Ptr) {
+			switch reflectValue.Kind() {
-				vars[idx] = escaper + strings.Replace(fmt.Sprintf("%v", v), escaper, "\\"+escaper, -1) + escaper
+			case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
-			} else {
+				vars[idx] = fmt.Sprintf("%d", reflectValue.Interface())
-				vars[idx] = nullStr
+			case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+				vars[idx] = fmt.Sprintf("%.6f", reflectValue.Interface())
+			case reflect.Bool:
+				vars[idx] = fmt.Sprintf("%t", reflectValue.Interface())
+			case reflect.String:
+				vars[idx] = escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(fmt.Sprintf("%v", v), escaper, "\\"+escaper) + escaper
+			default:
+				if v != nil && reflectValue.IsValid() && ((reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && !reflectValue.IsNil()) || reflectValue.Kind() != reflect.Ptr) {
+					vars[idx] = escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(fmt.Sprintf("%v", v), escaper, "\\"+escaper) + escaper
+				} else {
+					vars[idx] = nullStr
+				}
 			}
 		case []byte:
-			if isPrintable(v) {
+			if s := string(v); isPrintable(s) {
-				vars[idx] = escaper + strings.Replace(string(v), escaper, "\\"+escaper, -1) + escaper
+				vars[idx] = escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(s, escaper, "\\"+escaper) + escaper
 			} else {
 				vars[idx] = escaper + "<binary>" + escaper
 			}
@@ -80,7 +94,7 @@ func ExplainSQL(sql string, numericPlaceholder *regexp.Regexp, escaper string, a
 		case float64, float32:
 			vars[idx] = fmt.Sprintf("%.6f", v)
 		case string:
-			vars[idx] = escaper + strings.Replace(v, escaper, "\\"+escaper, -1) + escaper
+			vars[idx] = escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(v, escaper, "\\"+escaper) + escaper
 		default:
 			rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 			if v == nil || !rv.IsValid() || rv.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && rv.IsNil() {
@@ -97,7 +111,7 @@ func ExplainSQL(sql string, numericPlaceholder *regexp.Regexp, escaper string, a
 						return
 					}
 				}
-				vars[idx] = escaper + strings.Replace(fmt.Sprint(v), escaper, "\\"+escaper, -1) + escaper
+				vars[idx] = escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(fmt.Sprint(v), escaper, "\\"+escaper) + escaper
 			}
 		}
 	}

logger/sql_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func (s ExampleStruct) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
 }
 
 func format(v []byte, escaper string) string {
-	return escaper + strings.Replace(string(v), escaper, "\\"+escaper, -1) + escaper
+	return escaper + strings.ReplaceAll(string(v), escaper, "\\"+escaper) + escaper
 }
 
 func TestExplainSQL(t *testing.T) {

migrator.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package gorm
 
 import (
+	"reflect"
+
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 )
@@ -33,14 +35,23 @@ type ViewOption struct {
 	Query       *DB
 }
 
+// ColumnType column type interface
 type ColumnType interface {
 	Name() string
-	DatabaseTypeName() string
+	DatabaseTypeName() string                 // varchar
+	ColumnType() (columnType string, ok bool) // varchar(64)
+	PrimaryKey() (isPrimaryKey bool, ok bool)
+	AutoIncrement() (isAutoIncrement bool, ok bool)
 	Length() (length int64, ok bool)
 	DecimalSize() (precision int64, scale int64, ok bool)
 	Nullable() (nullable bool, ok bool)
+	Unique() (unique bool, ok bool)
+	ScanType() reflect.Type
+	Comment() (value string, ok bool)
+	DefaultValue() (value string, ok bool)
 }
 
+// Migrator migrator interface
 type Migrator interface {
 	// AutoMigrate
 	AutoMigrate(dst ...interface{}) error

migrator/column_type.go

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+package migrator
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+// ColumnType column type implements ColumnType interface
+type ColumnType struct {
+	SQLColumnType      *sql.ColumnType
+	NameValue          sql.NullString
+	DataTypeValue      sql.NullString
+	ColumnTypeValue    sql.NullString
+	PrimaryKeyValue    sql.NullBool
+	UniqueValue        sql.NullBool
+	AutoIncrementValue sql.NullBool
+	LengthValue        sql.NullInt64
+	DecimalSizeValue   sql.NullInt64
+	ScaleValue         sql.NullInt64
+	NullableValue      sql.NullBool
+	ScanTypeValue      reflect.Type
+	CommentValue       sql.NullString
+	DefaultValueValue  sql.NullString
+}
+
+// Name returns the name or alias of the column.
+func (ct ColumnType) Name() string {
+	if ct.NameValue.Valid {
+		return ct.NameValue.String
+	}
+	return ct.SQLColumnType.Name()
+}
+
+// DatabaseTypeName returns the database system name of the column type. If an empty
+// string is returned, then the driver type name is not supported.
+// Consult your driver documentation for a list of driver data types. Length specifiers
+// are not included.
+// Common type names include "VARCHAR", "TEXT", "NVARCHAR", "DECIMAL", "BOOL",
+// "INT", and "BIGINT".
+func (ct ColumnType) DatabaseTypeName() string {
+	if ct.DataTypeValue.Valid {
+		return ct.DataTypeValue.String
+	}
+	return ct.SQLColumnType.DatabaseTypeName()
+}
+
+// ColumnType returns the database type of the column. like `varchar(16)`
+func (ct ColumnType) ColumnType() (columnType string, ok bool) {
+	return ct.ColumnTypeValue.String, ct.ColumnTypeValue.Valid
+}
+
+// PrimaryKey returns the column is primary key or not.
+func (ct ColumnType) PrimaryKey() (isPrimaryKey bool, ok bool) {
+	return ct.PrimaryKeyValue.Bool, ct.PrimaryKeyValue.Valid
+}
+
+// AutoIncrement returns the column is auto increment or not.
+func (ct ColumnType) AutoIncrement() (isAutoIncrement bool, ok bool) {
+	return ct.AutoIncrementValue.Bool, ct.AutoIncrementValue.Valid
+}
+
+// Length returns the column type length for variable length column types
+func (ct ColumnType) Length() (length int64, ok bool) {
+	if ct.LengthValue.Valid {
+		return ct.LengthValue.Int64, true
+	}
+	return ct.SQLColumnType.Length()
+}
+
+// DecimalSize returns the scale and precision of a decimal type.
+func (ct ColumnType) DecimalSize() (precision int64, scale int64, ok bool) {
+	if ct.DecimalSizeValue.Valid {
+		return ct.DecimalSizeValue.Int64, ct.ScaleValue.Int64, true
+	}
+	return ct.SQLColumnType.DecimalSize()
+}
+
+// Nullable reports whether the column may be null.
+func (ct ColumnType) Nullable() (nullable bool, ok bool) {
+	if ct.NullableValue.Valid {
+		return ct.NullableValue.Bool, true
+	}
+	return ct.SQLColumnType.Nullable()
+}
+
+// Unique reports whether the column may be unique.
+func (ct ColumnType) Unique() (unique bool, ok bool) {
+	return ct.UniqueValue.Bool, ct.UniqueValue.Valid
+}
+
+// ScanType returns a Go type suitable for scanning into using Rows.Scan.
+func (ct ColumnType) ScanType() reflect.Type {
+	if ct.ScanTypeValue != nil {
+		return ct.ScanTypeValue
+	}
+	return ct.SQLColumnType.ScanType()
+}
+
+// Comment returns the comment of current column.
+func (ct ColumnType) Comment() (value string, ok bool) {
+	return ct.CommentValue.String, ct.CommentValue.Valid
+}
+
+// DefaultValue returns the default value of current column.
+func (ct ColumnType) DefaultValue() (value string, ok bool) {
+	return ct.DefaultValueValue.String, ct.DefaultValueValue.Valid
+}

migrator/migrator.go

@@ -30,10 +30,12 @@ type Config struct {
 	gorm.Dialector
 }
 
+// GormDataTypeInterface gorm data type interface
 type GormDataTypeInterface interface {
 	GormDBDataType(*gorm.DB, *schema.Field) string
 }
 
+// RunWithValue run migration with statement value
 func (m Migrator) RunWithValue(value interface{}, fc func(*gorm.Statement) error) error {
 	stmt := &gorm.Statement{DB: m.DB}
 	if m.DB.Statement != nil {
@@ -50,6 +52,7 @@ func (m Migrator) RunWithValue(value interface{}, fc func(*gorm.Statement) error
 	return fc(stmt)
 }
 
+// DataTypeOf return field's db data type
 func (m Migrator) DataTypeOf(field *schema.Field) string {
 	fieldValue := reflect.New(field.IndirectFieldType)
 	if dataTyper, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(GormDataTypeInterface); ok {
@@ -61,6 +64,7 @@ func (m Migrator) DataTypeOf(field *schema.Field) string {
 	return m.Dialector.DataTypeOf(field)
 }
 
+// FullDataTypeOf returns field's db full data type
 func (m Migrator) FullDataTypeOf(field *schema.Field) (expr clause.Expr) {
 	expr.SQL = m.DataTypeOf(field)
 
@@ -85,7 +89,7 @@ func (m Migrator) FullDataTypeOf(field *schema.Field) (expr clause.Expr) {
 	return
 }
 
-// AutoMigrate
+// AutoMigrate auto migrate values
 func (m Migrator) AutoMigrate(values ...interface{}) error {
 	for _, value := range m.ReorderModels(values, true) {
 		tx := m.DB.Session(&gorm.Session{})
@@ -95,7 +99,10 @@ func (m Migrator) AutoMigrate(values ...interface{}) error {
 			}
 		} else {
 			if err := m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) (errr error) {
-				columnTypes, _ := m.DB.Migrator().ColumnTypes(value)
+				columnTypes, err := m.DB.Migrator().ColumnTypes(value)
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
 
 				for _, dbName := range stmt.Schema.DBNames {
 					field := stmt.Schema.FieldsByDBName[dbName]
@@ -156,12 +163,14 @@ func (m Migrator) AutoMigrate(values ...interface{}) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// GetTables returns tables
 func (m Migrator) GetTables() (tableList []string, err error) {
 	err = m.DB.Raw("SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM information_schema.tables where TABLE_SCHEMA=?", m.CurrentDatabase()).
 		Scan(&tableList).Error
 	return
 }
 
+// CreateTable create table in database for values
 func (m Migrator) CreateTable(values ...interface{}) error {
 	for _, value := range m.ReorderModels(values, false) {
 		tx := m.DB.Session(&gorm.Session{})
@@ -252,6 +261,7 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateTable(values ...interface{}) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// DropTable drop table for values
 func (m Migrator) DropTable(values ...interface{}) error {
 	values = m.ReorderModels(values, false)
 	for i := len(values) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
@@ -265,6 +275,7 @@ func (m Migrator) DropTable(values ...interface{}) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// HasTable returns table exists or not for value, value could be a struct or string
 func (m Migrator) HasTable(value interface{}) bool {
 	var count int64
 
@@ -276,6 +287,7 @@ func (m Migrator) HasTable(value interface{}) bool {
 	return count > 0
 }
 
+// RenameTable rename table from oldName to newName
 func (m Migrator) RenameTable(oldName, newName interface{}) error {
 	var oldTable, newTable interface{}
 	if v, ok := oldName.(string); ok {
@@ -303,12 +315,13 @@ func (m Migrator) RenameTable(oldName, newName interface{}) error {
 	return m.DB.Exec("ALTER TABLE ? RENAME TO ?", oldTable, newTable).Error
 }
 
-func (m Migrator) AddColumn(value interface{}, field string) error {
+// AddColumn create `name` column for value
+func (m Migrator) AddColumn(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		// avoid using the same name field
-		f := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(field)
+		f := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(name)
 		if f == nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to look up field with name: %s", field)
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to look up field with name: %s", name)
 		}
 
 		if !f.IgnoreMigration {
@@ -322,6 +335,7 @@ func (m Migrator) AddColumn(value interface{}, field string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// DropColumn drop value's `name` column
 func (m Migrator) DropColumn(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		if field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(name); field != nil {
@@ -334,10 +348,11 @@ func (m Migrator) DropColumn(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// AlterColumn alter value's `field` column' type based on schema definition
 func (m Migrator) AlterColumn(value interface{}, field string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		if field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(field); field != nil {
-			fileType := clause.Expr{SQL: m.DataTypeOf(field)}
+			fileType := m.FullDataTypeOf(field)
 			return m.DB.Exec(
 				"ALTER TABLE ? ALTER COLUMN ? TYPE ?",
 				m.CurrentTable(stmt), clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, fileType,
@@ -348,6 +363,7 @@ func (m Migrator) AlterColumn(value interface{}, field string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// HasColumn check has column `field` for value or not
 func (m Migrator) HasColumn(value interface{}, field string) bool {
 	var count int64
 	m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
@@ -366,6 +382,7 @@ func (m Migrator) HasColumn(value interface{}, field string) bool {
 	return count > 0
 }
 
+// RenameColumn rename value's field name from oldName to newName
 func (m Migrator) RenameColumn(value interface{}, oldName, newName string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		if field := stmt.Schema.LookUpField(oldName); field != nil {
@@ -383,6 +400,7 @@ func (m Migrator) RenameColumn(value interface{}, oldName, newName string) error
 	})
 }
 
+// MigrateColumn migrate column
 func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnType gorm.ColumnType) error {
 	// found, smart migrate
 	fullDataType := strings.ToLower(m.DB.Migrator().FullDataTypeOf(field).SQL)
@@ -421,6 +439,30 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 		}
 	}
 
+	// check unique
+	if unique, ok := columnType.Unique(); ok && unique != field.Unique {
+		// not primary key
+		if !field.PrimaryKey {
+			alterColumn = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check default value
+	if v, ok := columnType.DefaultValue(); ok && v != field.DefaultValue {
+		// not primary key
+		if !field.PrimaryKey {
+			alterColumn = true
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check comment
+	if comment, ok := columnType.Comment(); ok && comment != field.Comment {
+		// not primary key
+		if !field.PrimaryKey {
+			alterColumn = true
+		}
+	}
+
 	if alterColumn && !field.IgnoreMigration {
 		return m.DB.Migrator().AlterColumn(value, field.Name)
 	}
@@ -448,7 +490,7 @@ func (m Migrator) ColumnTypes(value interface{}) ([]gorm.ColumnType, error) {
 		}
 
 		for _, c := range rawColumnTypes {
-			columnTypes = append(columnTypes, c)
+			columnTypes = append(columnTypes, ColumnType{SQLColumnType: c})
 		}
 
 		return
@@ -457,10 +499,12 @@ func (m Migrator) ColumnTypes(value interface{}) ([]gorm.ColumnType, error) {
 	return columnTypes, execErr
 }
 
+// CreateView create view
 func (m Migrator) CreateView(name string, option gorm.ViewOption) error {
 	return gorm.ErrNotImplemented
 }
 
+// DropView drop view
 func (m Migrator) DropView(name string) error {
 	return gorm.ErrNotImplemented
 }
@@ -487,6 +531,7 @@ func buildConstraint(constraint *schema.Constraint) (sql string, results []inter
 	return
 }
 
+// GuessConstraintAndTable guess statement's constraint and it's table based on name
 func (m Migrator) GuessConstraintAndTable(stmt *gorm.Statement, name string) (_ *schema.Constraint, _ *schema.Check, table string) {
 	if stmt.Schema == nil {
 		return nil, nil, stmt.Table
@@ -531,6 +576,7 @@ func (m Migrator) GuessConstraintAndTable(stmt *gorm.Statement, name string) (_
 	return nil, nil, stmt.Schema.Table
 }
 
+// CreateConstraint create constraint
 func (m Migrator) CreateConstraint(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		constraint, chk, table := m.GuessConstraintAndTable(stmt, name)
@@ -554,6 +600,7 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateConstraint(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// DropConstraint drop constraint
 func (m Migrator) DropConstraint(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		constraint, chk, table := m.GuessConstraintAndTable(stmt, name)
@@ -566,6 +613,7 @@ func (m Migrator) DropConstraint(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// HasConstraint check has constraint or not
 func (m Migrator) HasConstraint(value interface{}, name string) bool {
 	var count int64
 	m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
@@ -586,6 +634,7 @@ func (m Migrator) HasConstraint(value interface{}, name string) bool {
 	return count > 0
 }
 
+// BuildIndexOptions build index options
 func (m Migrator) BuildIndexOptions(opts []schema.IndexOption, stmt *gorm.Statement) (results []interface{}) {
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		str := stmt.Quote(opt.DBName)
@@ -607,10 +656,12 @@ func (m Migrator) BuildIndexOptions(opts []schema.IndexOption, stmt *gorm.Statem
 	return
 }
 
+// BuildIndexOptionsInterface build index options interface
 type BuildIndexOptionsInterface interface {
 	BuildIndexOptions([]schema.IndexOption, *gorm.Statement) []interface{}
 }
 
+// CreateIndex create index `name`
 func (m Migrator) CreateIndex(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		if idx := stmt.Schema.LookIndex(name); idx != nil {
@@ -642,6 +693,7 @@ func (m Migrator) CreateIndex(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// DropIndex drop index `name`
 func (m Migrator) DropIndex(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		if idx := stmt.Schema.LookIndex(name); idx != nil {
@@ -652,6 +704,7 @@ func (m Migrator) DropIndex(value interface{}, name string) error {
 	})
 }
 
+// HasIndex check has index `name` or not
 func (m Migrator) HasIndex(value interface{}, name string) bool {
 	var count int64
 	m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
@@ -669,6 +722,7 @@ func (m Migrator) HasIndex(value interface{}, name string) bool {
 	return count > 0
 }
 
+// RenameIndex rename index from oldName to newName
 func (m Migrator) RenameIndex(value interface{}, oldName, newName string) error {
 	return m.RunWithValue(value, func(stmt *gorm.Statement) error {
 		return m.DB.Exec(
@@ -678,6 +732,7 @@ func (m Migrator) RenameIndex(value interface{}, oldName, newName string) error
 	})
 }
 
+// CurrentDatabase returns current database name
 func (m Migrator) CurrentDatabase() (name string) {
 	m.DB.Raw("SELECT DATABASE()").Row().Scan(&name)
 	return
@@ -704,7 +759,8 @@ func (m Migrator) ReorderModels(values []interface{}, autoAdd bool) (results []i
 			Statement: &gorm.Statement{DB: m.DB, Dest: value},
 		}
 		beDependedOn := map[*schema.Schema]bool{}
-		if err := dep.Parse(value); err != nil {
+		// support for special table name
+		if err := dep.ParseWithSpecialTableName(value, m.DB.Statement.Table); err != nil {
 			m.DB.Logger.Error(context.Background(), "failed to parse value %#v, got error %v", value, err)
 		}
 		if _, ok := parsedSchemas[dep.Statement.Schema]; ok {
@@ -781,6 +837,7 @@ func (m Migrator) ReorderModels(values []interface{}, autoAdd bool) (results []i
 	return
 }
 
+// CurrentTable returns current statement's table expression
 func (m Migrator) CurrentTable(stmt *gorm.Statement) interface{} {
 	if stmt.TableExpr != nil {
 		return *stmt.TableExpr

prepare_stmt.go

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, query string, arg
 }
 
 type PreparedStmtTX struct {
-	*sql.Tx
+	Tx
 	PreparedStmtDB *PreparedStmtDB
 }
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ func (tx *PreparedStmtTX) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ..
 func (tx *PreparedStmtTX) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (rows *sql.Rows, err error) {
 	stmt, err := tx.PreparedStmtDB.prepare(ctx, tx.Tx, true, query)
 	if err == nil {
-		rows, err = tx.Tx.Stmt(stmt.Stmt).QueryContext(ctx, args...)
+		rows, err = tx.Tx.StmtContext(ctx, stmt.Stmt).QueryContext(ctx, args...)
 		if err != nil {
 			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Lock()
 			defer tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Unlock()

scan.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 )
 
+// prepareValues prepare values slice
 func prepareValues(values []interface{}, db *DB, columnTypes []*sql.ColumnType, columns []string) {
 	if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
 		for idx, name := range columns {
@@ -49,65 +50,56 @@ func scanIntoMap(mapValue map[string]interface{}, values []interface{}, columns
 	}
 }
 
-func (db *DB) scanIntoStruct(sch *schema.Schema, rows *sql.Rows, reflectValue reflect.Value, values []interface{}, columns []string, fields []*schema.Field, joinFields [][2]*schema.Field) {
+func (db *DB) scanIntoStruct(rows Rows, reflectValue reflect.Value, values []interface{}, fields []*schema.Field, joinFields [][2]*schema.Field) {
-	for idx, column := range columns {
+	for idx, field := range fields {
-		if sch == nil {
+		if field != nil {
-			values[idx] = reflectValue.Interface()
+			values[idx] = field.NewValuePool.Get()
-		} else if field := sch.LookUpField(column); field != nil && field.Readable {
+		} else if len(fields) == 1 {
-			values[idx] = reflect.New(reflect.PtrTo(field.IndirectFieldType)).Interface()
+			if reflectValue.CanAddr() {
-		} else if names := strings.Split(column, "__"); len(names) > 1 {
+				values[idx] = reflectValue.Addr().Interface()
-			if rel, ok := sch.Relationships.Relations[names[0]]; ok {
+			} else {
-				if field := rel.FieldSchema.LookUpField(strings.Join(names[1:], "__")); field != nil && field.Readable {
+				values[idx] = reflectValue.Interface()
-					values[idx] = reflect.New(reflect.PtrTo(field.IndirectFieldType)).Interface()
-					continue
-				}
 			}
-			values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
-		} else if len(columns) == 1 {
-			sch = nil
-			values[idx] = reflectValue.Interface()
-		} else {
-			values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
 		}
 	}
 
 	db.RowsAffected++
 	db.AddError(rows.Scan(values...))
 
-	if sch != nil {
+	for idx, field := range fields {
-		for idx, column := range columns {
+		if field != nil {
-			if field := sch.LookUpField(column); field != nil && field.Readable {
+			if len(joinFields) == 0 || joinFields[idx][0] == nil {
-				field.Set(reflectValue, values[idx])
+				db.AddError(field.Set(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue, values[idx]))
-			} else if names := strings.Split(column, "__"); len(names) > 1 {
+			} else {
-				if rel, ok := sch.Relationships.Relations[names[0]]; ok {
+				relValue := joinFields[idx][0].ReflectValueOf(db.Statement.Context, reflectValue)
-					if field := rel.FieldSchema.LookUpField(strings.Join(names[1:], "__")); field != nil && field.Readable {
+				if relValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && relValue.IsNil() {
-						relValue := rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(reflectValue)
+					if value := reflect.ValueOf(values[idx]).Elem(); value.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && value.IsNil() {
-						value := reflect.ValueOf(values[idx]).Elem()
+						continue
-
-						if relValue.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && relValue.IsNil() {
-							if value.IsNil() {
-								continue
-							}
-							relValue.Set(reflect.New(relValue.Type().Elem()))
-						}
-
-						field.Set(relValue, values[idx])
 					}
+
+					relValue.Set(reflect.New(relValue.Type().Elem()))
 				}
+				db.AddError(joinFields[idx][1].Set(db.Statement.Context, relValue, values[idx]))
 			}
+
+			// release data to pool
+			field.NewValuePool.Put(values[idx])
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+// ScanMode scan data mode
 type ScanMode uint8
 
+// scan modes
 const (
 	ScanInitialized         ScanMode = 1 << 0 // 1
 	ScanUpdate              ScanMode = 1 << 1 // 2
 	ScanOnConflictDoNothing ScanMode = 1 << 2 // 4
 )
 
-func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
+// Scan scan rows into db statement
+func Scan(rows Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 	var (
 		columns, _          = rows.Columns()
 		values              = make([]interface{}, len(columns))
@@ -138,7 +130,7 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 			}
 			scanIntoMap(mapValue, values, columns)
 		}
-	case *[]map[string]interface{}, []map[string]interface{}:
+	case *[]map[string]interface{}:
 		columnTypes, _ := rows.ColumnTypes()
 		for initialized || rows.Next() {
 			prepareValues(values, db, columnTypes, columns)
@@ -149,11 +141,7 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 
 			mapValue := map[string]interface{}{}
 			scanIntoMap(mapValue, values, columns)
-			if values, ok := dest.([]map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			*dest = append(*dest, mapValue)
-				values = append(values, mapValue)
-			} else if values, ok := dest.(*[]map[string]interface{}); ok {
-				*values = append(*values, mapValue)
-			}
 		}
 	case *int, *int8, *int16, *int32, *int64,
 		*uint, *uint8, *uint16, *uint32, *uint64, *uintptr,
@@ -168,10 +156,11 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 		}
 	default:
 		var (
-			fields       = make([]*schema.Field, len(columns))
+			fields             = make([]*schema.Field, len(columns))
-			joinFields   [][2]*schema.Field
+			selectedColumnsMap = make(map[string]int, len(columns))
-			sch          = db.Statement.Schema
+			joinFields         [][2]*schema.Field
-			reflectValue = db.Statement.ReflectValue
+			sch                = db.Statement.Schema
+			reflectValue       = db.Statement.ReflectValue
 		)
 
 		if reflectValue.Kind() == reflect.Interface {
@@ -193,35 +182,49 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 				sch, _ = schema.Parse(db.Statement.Dest, db.cacheStore, db.NamingStrategy)
 			}
 
-			for idx, column := range columns {
-				if field := sch.LookUpField(column); field != nil && field.Readable {
-					fields[idx] = field
-				} else if names := strings.Split(column, "__"); len(names) > 1 {
-					if rel, ok := sch.Relationships.Relations[names[0]]; ok {
-						if field := rel.FieldSchema.LookUpField(strings.Join(names[1:], "__")); field != nil && field.Readable {
-							fields[idx] = field
-
-							if len(joinFields) == 0 {
-								joinFields = make([][2]*schema.Field, len(columns))
-							}
-							joinFields[idx] = [2]*schema.Field{rel.Field, field}
-							continue
-						}
-					}
-					values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
-				} else {
-					values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
-				}
-			}
-
 			if len(columns) == 1 {
-				// isPluck
+				// Is Pluck
 				if _, ok := reflect.New(reflectValueType).Interface().(sql.Scanner); (reflectValueType != sch.ModelType && ok) || // is scanner
 					reflectValueType.Kind() != reflect.Struct || // is not struct
 					sch.ModelType.ConvertibleTo(schema.TimeReflectType) { // is time
 					sch = nil
 				}
 			}
+
+			// Not Pluck
+			if sch != nil {
+				for idx, column := range columns {
+					if field := sch.LookUpField(column); field != nil && field.Readable {
+						if curIndex, ok := selectedColumnsMap[column]; ok {
+							for fieldIndex, selectField := range sch.Fields[curIndex+1:] {
+								if selectField.DBName == column && selectField.Readable {
+									selectedColumnsMap[column] = curIndex + fieldIndex + 1
+									fields[idx] = selectField
+									break
+								}
+							}
+						} else {
+							fields[idx] = field
+							selectedColumnsMap[column] = idx
+						}
+					} else if names := strings.Split(column, "__"); len(names) > 1 {
+						if rel, ok := sch.Relationships.Relations[names[0]]; ok {
+							if field := rel.FieldSchema.LookUpField(strings.Join(names[1:], "__")); field != nil && field.Readable {
+								fields[idx] = field
+
+								if len(joinFields) == 0 {
+									joinFields = make([][2]*schema.Field, len(columns))
+								}
+								joinFields[idx] = [2]*schema.Field{rel.Field, field}
+								continue
+							}
+						}
+						values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
+					} else {
+						values[idx] = &sql.RawBytes{}
+					}
+				}
+			}
 		}
 
 		switch reflectValue.Kind() {
@@ -244,7 +247,7 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 					elem = reflectValue.Index(int(db.RowsAffected))
 					if onConflictDonothing {
 						for _, field := range fields {
-							if _, ok := field.ValueOf(elem); !ok {
+							if _, ok := field.ValueOf(db.Statement.Context, elem); !ok {
 								db.RowsAffected++
 								goto BEGIN
 							}
@@ -254,7 +257,7 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 					elem = reflect.New(reflectValueType)
 				}
 
-				db.scanIntoStruct(sch, rows, elem, values, columns, fields, joinFields)
+				db.scanIntoStruct(rows, elem, values, fields, joinFields)
 
 				if !update {
 					if isPtr {
@@ -270,7 +273,7 @@ func Scan(rows *sql.Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 			}
 		case reflect.Struct, reflect.Ptr:
 			if initialized || rows.Next() {
-				db.scanIntoStruct(sch, rows, reflectValue, values, columns, fields, joinFields)
+				db.scanIntoStruct(rows, reflectValue, values, fields, joinFields)
 			}
 		default:
 			db.AddError(rows.Scan(dest))

schema/field.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package schema
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"fmt"
@@ -11,15 +12,25 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/jinzhu/now"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
 )
 
-type DataType string
+// special types' reflect type
+var (
+	TimeReflectType    = reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{})
+	TimePtrReflectType = reflect.TypeOf(&time.Time{})
+	ByteReflectType    = reflect.TypeOf(uint8(0))
+)
 
-type TimeType int64
+type (
-
+	// DataType GORM data type
-var TimeReflectType = reflect.TypeOf(time.Time{})
+	DataType string
+	// TimeType GORM time type
+	TimeType int64
+)
 
+// GORM time types
 const (
 	UnixTime        TimeType = 1
 	UnixSecond      TimeType = 2
@@ -27,6 +38,7 @@ const (
 	UnixNanosecond  TimeType = 4
 )
 
+// GORM fields types
 const (
 	Bool   DataType = "bool"
 	Int    DataType = "int"
@@ -37,6 +49,7 @@ const (
 	Bytes  DataType = "bytes"
 )
 
+// Field is the representation of model schema's field
 type Field struct {
 	Name                   string
 	DBName                 string
@@ -49,9 +62,9 @@ type Field struct {
 	Creatable              bool
 	Updatable              bool
 	Readable               bool
-	HasDefaultValue        bool
 	AutoCreateTime         TimeType
 	AutoUpdateTime         TimeType
+	HasDefaultValue        bool
 	DefaultValue           string
 	DefaultValueInterface  interface{}
 	NotNull                bool
@@ -60,6 +73,7 @@ type Field struct {
 	Size                   int
 	Precision              int
 	Scale                  int
+	IgnoreMigration        bool
 	FieldType              reflect.Type
 	IndirectFieldType      reflect.Type
 	StructField            reflect.StructField
@@ -68,27 +82,39 @@ type Field struct {
 	Schema                 *Schema
 	EmbeddedSchema         *Schema
 	OwnerSchema            *Schema
-	ReflectValueOf         func(reflect.Value) reflect.Value
+	ReflectValueOf         func(context.Context, reflect.Value) reflect.Value
-	ValueOf                func(reflect.Value) (value interface{}, zero bool)
+	ValueOf                func(context.Context, reflect.Value) (value interface{}, zero bool)
-	Set                    func(reflect.Value, interface{}) error
+	Set                    func(context.Context, reflect.Value, interface{}) error
-	IgnoreMigration        bool
+	Serializer             SerializerInterface
+	NewValuePool           FieldNewValuePool
 }
 
+// ParseField parses reflect.StructField to Field
 func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
-	var err error
+	var (
+		err        error
+		tagSetting = ParseTagSetting(fieldStruct.Tag.Get("gorm"), ";")
+	)
 
 	field := &Field{
 		Name:                   fieldStruct.Name,
+		DBName:                 tagSetting["COLUMN"],
 		BindNames:              []string{fieldStruct.Name},
 		FieldType:              fieldStruct.Type,
 		IndirectFieldType:      fieldStruct.Type,
 		StructField:            fieldStruct,
+		Tag:                    fieldStruct.Tag,
+		TagSettings:            tagSetting,
+		Schema:                 schema,
 		Creatable:              true,
 		Updatable:              true,
 		Readable:               true,
-		Tag:                    fieldStruct.Tag,
+		PrimaryKey:             utils.CheckTruth(tagSetting["PRIMARYKEY"], tagSetting["PRIMARY_KEY"]),
-		TagSettings:            ParseTagSetting(fieldStruct.Tag.Get("gorm"), ";"),
+		AutoIncrement:          utils.CheckTruth(tagSetting["AUTOINCREMENT"]),
-		Schema:                 schema,
+		HasDefaultValue:        utils.CheckTruth(tagSetting["AUTOINCREMENT"]),
+		NotNull:                utils.CheckTruth(tagSetting["NOT NULL"], tagSetting["NOTNULL"]),
+		Unique:                 utils.CheckTruth(tagSetting["UNIQUE"]),
+		Comment:                tagSetting["COMMENT"],
 		AutoIncrementIncrement: 1,
 	}
 
@@ -97,7 +123,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 	}
 
 	fieldValue := reflect.New(field.IndirectFieldType)
-	// if field is valuer, used its value or first fields as data type
+	// if field is valuer, used its value or first field as data type
 	valuer, isValuer := fieldValue.Interface().(driver.Valuer)
 	if isValuer {
 		if _, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(GormDataTypeInterface); !ok {
@@ -105,31 +131,37 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 				fieldValue = reflect.ValueOf(v)
 			}
 
+			// Use the field struct's first field type as data type, e.g: use `string` for sql.NullString
 			var getRealFieldValue func(reflect.Value)
 			getRealFieldValue = func(v reflect.Value) {
-				rv := reflect.Indirect(v)
+				var (
-				if rv.Kind() == reflect.Struct && !rv.Type().ConvertibleTo(TimeReflectType) {
+					rv     = reflect.Indirect(v)
-					for i := 0; i < rv.Type().NumField(); i++ {
+					rvType = rv.Type()
-						newFieldType := rv.Type().Field(i).Type
+				)
+
+				if rv.Kind() == reflect.Struct && !rvType.ConvertibleTo(TimeReflectType) {
+					for i := 0; i < rvType.NumField(); i++ {
+						for key, value := range ParseTagSetting(rvType.Field(i).Tag.Get("gorm"), ";") {
+							if _, ok := field.TagSettings[key]; !ok {
+								field.TagSettings[key] = value
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+					for i := 0; i < rvType.NumField(); i++ {
+						newFieldType := rvType.Field(i).Type
 						for newFieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 							newFieldType = newFieldType.Elem()
 						}
 
 						fieldValue = reflect.New(newFieldType)
-
+						if rvType != reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Type() {
-						if rv.Type() != reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Type() {
 							getRealFieldValue(fieldValue)
 						}
 
 						if fieldValue.IsValid() {
 							return
 						}
-
-						for key, value := range ParseTagSetting(field.IndirectFieldType.Field(i).Tag.Get("gorm"), ";") {
-							if _, ok := field.TagSettings[key]; !ok {
-								field.TagSettings[key] = value
-							}
-						}
 					}
 				}
 			}
@@ -138,19 +170,23 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if dbName, ok := field.TagSettings["COLUMN"]; ok {
+	if v, isSerializer := fieldValue.Interface().(SerializerInterface); isSerializer {
-		field.DBName = dbName
+		field.DataType = String
-	}
+		field.Serializer = v
-
+	} else {
-	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["PRIMARYKEY"]; ok && utils.CheckTruth(val) {
+		var serializerName = field.TagSettings["JSON"]
-		field.PrimaryKey = true
+		if serializerName == "" {
-	} else if val, ok := field.TagSettings["PRIMARY_KEY"]; ok && utils.CheckTruth(val) {
+			serializerName = field.TagSettings["SERIALIZER"]
-		field.PrimaryKey = true
+		}
-	}
+		if serializerName != "" {
-
+			if serializer, ok := GetSerializer(serializerName); ok {
-	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTOINCREMENT"]; ok && utils.CheckTruth(val) {
+				// Set default data type to string for serializer
-		field.AutoIncrement = true
+				field.DataType = String
-		field.HasDefaultValue = true
+				field.Serializer = serializer
+			} else {
+				schema.err = fmt.Errorf("invalid serializer type %v", serializerName)
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
 	if num, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTOINCREMENTINCREMENT"]; ok {
@@ -176,20 +212,6 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		field.Scale, _ = strconv.Atoi(s)
 	}
 
-	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["NOT NULL"]; ok && utils.CheckTruth(val) {
-		field.NotNull = true
-	} else if val, ok := field.TagSettings["NOTNULL"]; ok && utils.CheckTruth(val) {
-		field.NotNull = true
-	}
-
-	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["UNIQUE"]; ok && utils.CheckTruth(val) {
-		field.Unique = true
-	}
-
-	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["COMMENT"]; ok {
-		field.Comment = val
-	}
-
 	// default value is function or null or blank (primary keys)
 	field.DefaultValue = strings.TrimSpace(field.DefaultValue)
 	skipParseDefaultValue := strings.Contains(field.DefaultValue, "(") &&
@@ -225,7 +247,6 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		}
 	case reflect.String:
 		field.DataType = String
-
 		if field.HasDefaultValue && !skipParseDefaultValue {
 			field.DefaultValue = strings.Trim(field.DefaultValue, "'")
 			field.DefaultValue = strings.Trim(field.DefaultValue, `"`)
@@ -236,22 +257,25 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 			field.DataType = Time
 		} else if fieldValue.Type().ConvertibleTo(TimeReflectType) {
 			field.DataType = Time
-		} else if fieldValue.Type().ConvertibleTo(reflect.TypeOf(&time.Time{})) {
+		} else if fieldValue.Type().ConvertibleTo(TimePtrReflectType) {
 			field.DataType = Time
 		}
+		if field.HasDefaultValue && !skipParseDefaultValue && field.DataType == Time {
+			if t, err := now.Parse(field.DefaultValue); err == nil {
+				field.DefaultValueInterface = t
+			}
+		}
 	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
-		if reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Type().Elem() == reflect.TypeOf(uint8(0)) {
+		if reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Type().Elem() == ByteReflectType && field.DataType == "" {
 			field.DataType = Bytes
 		}
 	}
 
-	field.GORMDataType = field.DataType
-
 	if dataTyper, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(GormDataTypeInterface); ok {
 		field.DataType = DataType(dataTyper.GormDataType())
 	}
 
-	if v, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTOCREATETIME"]; ok || (field.Name == "CreatedAt" && (field.DataType == Time || field.DataType == Int || field.DataType == Uint)) {
+	if v, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTOCREATETIME"]; (ok && utils.CheckTruth(v)) || (!ok && field.Name == "CreatedAt" && (field.DataType == Time || field.DataType == Int || field.DataType == Uint)) {
 		if field.DataType == Time {
 			field.AutoCreateTime = UnixTime
 		} else if strings.ToUpper(v) == "NANO" {
@@ -263,7 +287,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if v, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTOUPDATETIME"]; ok || (field.Name == "UpdatedAt" && (field.DataType == Time || field.DataType == Int || field.DataType == Uint)) {
+	if v, ok := field.TagSettings["AUTOUPDATETIME"]; (ok && utils.CheckTruth(v)) || (!ok && field.Name == "UpdatedAt" && (field.DataType == Time || field.DataType == Int || field.DataType == Uint)) {
 		if field.DataType == Time {
 			field.AutoUpdateTime = UnixTime
 		} else if strings.ToUpper(v) == "NANO" {
@@ -275,6 +299,10 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		}
 	}
 
+	if field.GORMDataType == "" {
+		field.GORMDataType = field.DataType
+	}
+
 	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["TYPE"]; ok {
 		switch DataType(strings.ToLower(val)) {
 		case Bool, Int, Uint, Float, String, Time, Bytes:
@@ -284,10 +312,6 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if field.GORMDataType == "" {
-		field.GORMDataType = field.DataType
-	}
-
 	if field.Size == 0 {
 		switch reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Kind() {
 		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int64, reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Float64:
@@ -346,8 +370,9 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 		}
 	}
 
-	if _, ok := field.TagSettings["EMBEDDED"]; field.GORMDataType != Time && field.GORMDataType != Bytes &&
+	// Normal anonymous field or having `EMBEDDED` tag
-		(ok || (fieldStruct.Anonymous && !isValuer && (field.Creatable || field.Updatable || field.Readable))) {
+	if _, ok := field.TagSettings["EMBEDDED"]; ok || (field.GORMDataType != Time && field.GORMDataType != Bytes && !isValuer &&
+		fieldStruct.Anonymous && (field.Creatable || field.Updatable || field.Readable)) {
 		kind := reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Kind()
 		switch kind {
 		case reflect.Struct:
@@ -410,31 +435,25 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 
 // create valuer, setter when parse struct
 func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
-	// ValueOf
+	// Setup NewValuePool
+	field.setupNewValuePool()
+
+	// ValueOf returns field's value and if it is zero
+	fieldIndex := field.StructField.Index[0]
 	switch {
-	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1:
+	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1 && fieldIndex > 0:
-		field.ValueOf = func(value reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
+		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
-			fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(value).Field(field.StructField.Index[0])
+			fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(value).Field(fieldIndex)
-			return fieldValue.Interface(), fieldValue.IsZero()
-		}
-	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 2 && field.StructField.Index[0] >= 0:
-		field.ValueOf = func(value reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
-			fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(value).Field(field.StructField.Index[0]).Field(field.StructField.Index[1])
 			return fieldValue.Interface(), fieldValue.IsZero()
 		}
 	default:
-		field.ValueOf = func(value reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
+		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
-			v := reflect.Indirect(value)
+			v = reflect.Indirect(v)
-
+			for _, fieldIdx := range field.StructField.Index {
-			for _, idx := range field.StructField.Index {
+				if fieldIdx >= 0 {
-				if idx >= 0 {
+					v = v.Field(fieldIdx)
-					v = v.Field(idx)
 				} else {
-					v = v.Field(-idx - 1)
+					v = v.Field(-fieldIdx - 1)
-
-					if v.Type().Elem().Kind() != reflect.Struct {
-						return nil, true
-					}
 
 					if !v.IsNil() {
 						v = v.Elem()
@@ -443,35 +462,52 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 					}
 				}
 			}
-			return v.Interface(), v.IsZero()
+
+			fv, zero := v.Interface(), v.IsZero()
+			return fv, zero
 		}
 	}
 
-	// ReflectValueOf
+	if field.Serializer != nil {
-	switch {
+		oldValuerOf := field.ValueOf
-	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1:
+		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
-		field.ReflectValueOf = func(value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+			value, zero := oldValuerOf(ctx, v)
-			return reflect.Indirect(value).Field(field.StructField.Index[0])
+			if zero {
+				return value, zero
+			}
+
+			s, ok := value.(SerializerValuerInterface)
+			if !ok {
+				s = field.Serializer
+			}
+
+			return &serializer{
+				Field:           field,
+				SerializeValuer: s,
+				Destination:     v,
+				Context:         ctx,
+				fieldValue:      value,
+			}, false
 		}
-	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 2 && field.StructField.Index[0] >= 0 && field.FieldType.Kind() != reflect.Ptr:
+	}
-		field.ReflectValueOf = func(value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+
-			return reflect.Indirect(value).Field(field.StructField.Index[0]).Field(field.StructField.Index[1])
+	// ReflectValueOf returns field's reflect value
+	switch {
+	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1 && fieldIndex > 0:
+		field.ReflectValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+			return reflect.Indirect(value).Field(fieldIndex)
 		}
 	default:
-		field.ReflectValueOf = func(value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+		field.ReflectValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
-			v := reflect.Indirect(value)
+			v = reflect.Indirect(v)
 			for idx, fieldIdx := range field.StructField.Index {
 				if fieldIdx >= 0 {
 					v = v.Field(fieldIdx)
 				} else {
 					v = v.Field(-fieldIdx - 1)
-				}
 
-				if v.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+					if v.IsNil() {
-					if v.Type().Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct {
+						v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
-						if v.IsNil() {
-							v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
-						}
 					}
 
 					if idx < len(field.StructField.Index)-1 {
@@ -483,22 +519,25 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 		}
 	}
 
-	fallbackSetter := func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}, setter func(reflect.Value, interface{}) error) (err error) {
+	fallbackSetter := func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}, setter func(context.Context, reflect.Value, interface{}) error) (err error) {
 		if v == nil {
-			field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+			field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
 		} else {
 			reflectV := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 			// Optimal value type acquisition for v
 			reflectValType := reflectV.Type()
 
 			if reflectValType.AssignableTo(field.FieldType) {
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflectV)
+				if reflectV.Kind() == reflect.Ptr && reflectV.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+					reflectV = reflect.Indirect(reflectV)
+				}
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflectV)
 				return
 			} else if reflectValType.ConvertibleTo(field.FieldType) {
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflectV.Convert(field.FieldType))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflectV.Convert(field.FieldType))
 				return
 			} else if field.FieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
-				fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(value)
+				fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value)
 				fieldType := field.FieldType.Elem()
 
 				if reflectValType.AssignableTo(fieldType) {
@@ -521,16 +560,19 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 
 			if reflectV.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 				if reflectV.IsNil() {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+				} else if reflectV.Type().Elem().AssignableTo(field.FieldType) {
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflectV.Elem())
+					return
 				} else {
-					err = setter(value, reflectV.Elem().Interface())
+					err = setter(ctx, value, reflectV.Elem().Interface())
 				}
 			} else if valuer, ok := v.(driver.Valuer); ok {
 				if v, err = valuer.Value(); err == nil {
-					err = setter(value, v)
+					err = setter(ctx, value, v)
 				}
-			} else {
+			} else if _, ok := v.(clause.Expr); !ok {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to set value %+v to field %s", v, field.Name)
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to set value %#v to field %s", v, field.Name)
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -540,191 +582,201 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 	// Set
 	switch field.FieldType.Kind() {
 	case reflect.Bool:
-		field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) error {
+		field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) error {
 			switch data := v.(type) {
+			case **bool:
+				if data != nil && *data != nil {
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetBool(**data)
+				}
 			case bool:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetBool(data)
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetBool(data)
-			case *bool:
-				if data != nil {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetBool(*data)
-				} else {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetBool(false)
-				}
 			case int64:
-				if data > 0 {
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetBool(data > 0)
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetBool(true)
-				} else {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetBool(false)
-				}
 			case string:
 				b, _ := strconv.ParseBool(data)
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetBool(b)
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetBool(b)
 			default:
-				return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+				return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 			}
 			return nil
 		}
 	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
-		field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+		field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
 			switch data := v.(type) {
+			case **int64:
+				if data != nil && *data != nil {
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(**data)
+				}
 			case int64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data)
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data)
 			case int:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case int8:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case int16:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case int32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case uint:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case uint8:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case uint16:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case uint32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case uint64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case float32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case float64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(int64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(int64(data))
 			case []byte:
-				return field.Set(value, string(data))
+				return field.Set(ctx, value, string(data))
 			case string:
 				if i, err := strconv.ParseInt(data, 0, 64); err == nil {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(i)
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(i)
 				} else {
 					return err
 				}
 			case time.Time:
 				if field.AutoCreateTime == UnixNanosecond || field.AutoUpdateTime == UnixNanosecond {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data.UnixNano())
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data.UnixNano())
 				} else if field.AutoCreateTime == UnixMillisecond || field.AutoUpdateTime == UnixMillisecond {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data.UnixNano() / 1e6)
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data.UnixNano() / 1e6)
 				} else {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data.Unix())
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data.Unix())
 				}
 			case *time.Time:
 				if data != nil {
 					if field.AutoCreateTime == UnixNanosecond || field.AutoUpdateTime == UnixNanosecond {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data.UnixNano())
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data.UnixNano())
 					} else if field.AutoCreateTime == UnixMillisecond || field.AutoUpdateTime == UnixMillisecond {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data.UnixNano() / 1e6)
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data.UnixNano() / 1e6)
 					} else {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(data.Unix())
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(data.Unix())
 					}
 				} else {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetInt(0)
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetInt(0)
 				}
 			default:
-				return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+				return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 			}
 			return err
 		}
 	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
-		field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+		field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
 			switch data := v.(type) {
+			case **uint64:
+				if data != nil && *data != nil {
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(**data)
+				}
 			case uint64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(data)
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(data)
 			case uint:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case uint8:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case uint16:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case uint32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case int64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case int:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case int8:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case int16:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case int32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case float32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case float64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data))
 			case []byte:
-				return field.Set(value, string(data))
+				return field.Set(ctx, value, string(data))
 			case time.Time:
 				if field.AutoCreateTime == UnixNanosecond || field.AutoUpdateTime == UnixNanosecond {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data.UnixNano()))
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data.UnixNano()))
 				} else if field.AutoCreateTime == UnixMillisecond || field.AutoUpdateTime == UnixMillisecond {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data.UnixNano() / 1e6))
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data.UnixNano() / 1e6))
 				} else {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(uint64(data.Unix()))
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(uint64(data.Unix()))
 				}
 			case string:
 				if i, err := strconv.ParseUint(data, 0, 64); err == nil {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetUint(i)
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetUint(i)
 				} else {
 					return err
 				}
 			default:
-				return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+				return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 			}
 			return err
 		}
 	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
-		field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+		field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
 			switch data := v.(type) {
+			case **float64:
+				if data != nil && *data != nil {
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(**data)
+				}
 			case float64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(data)
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(data)
 			case float32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case int64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case int:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case int8:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case int16:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case int32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case uint:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case uint8:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case uint16:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case uint32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case uint64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(float64(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(float64(data))
 			case []byte:
-				return field.Set(value, string(data))
+				return field.Set(ctx, value, string(data))
 			case string:
 				if i, err := strconv.ParseFloat(data, 64); err == nil {
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetFloat(i)
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetFloat(i)
 				} else {
 					return err
 				}
 			default:
-				return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+				return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 			}
 			return err
 		}
 	case reflect.String:
-		field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+		field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
 			switch data := v.(type) {
+			case **string:
+				if data != nil && *data != nil {
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetString(**data)
+				}
 			case string:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetString(data)
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetString(data)
 			case []byte:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetString(string(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetString(string(data))
 			case int, int8, int16, int32, int64, uint, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetString(utils.ToString(data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetString(utils.ToString(data))
 			case float64, float32:
-				field.ReflectValueOf(value).SetString(fmt.Sprintf("%."+strconv.Itoa(field.Precision)+"f", data))
+				field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).SetString(fmt.Sprintf("%."+strconv.Itoa(field.Precision)+"f", data))
 			default:
-				return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+				return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 			}
 			return err
 		}
@@ -732,41 +784,49 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 		fieldValue := reflect.New(field.FieldType)
 		switch fieldValue.Elem().Interface().(type) {
 		case time.Time:
-			field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) error {
+			field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) error {
 				switch data := v.(type) {
+				case **time.Time:
+					if data != nil && *data != nil {
+						field.Set(ctx, value, *data)
+					}
 				case time.Time:
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(v))
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(v))
 				case *time.Time:
 					if data != nil {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(data).Elem())
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(data).Elem())
 					} else {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(time.Time{}))
 					}
 				case string:
 					if t, err := now.Parse(data); err == nil {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(t))
 					} else {
 						return fmt.Errorf("failed to set string %v to time.Time field %s, failed to parse it as time, got error %v", v, field.Name, err)
 					}
 				default:
-					return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+					return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 				}
 				return nil
 			}
 		case *time.Time:
-			field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) error {
+			field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) error {
 				switch data := v.(type) {
+				case **time.Time:
+					if data != nil {
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(*data))
+					}
 				case time.Time:
-					fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(value)
+					fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value)
 					if fieldValue.IsNil() {
 						fieldValue.Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType.Elem()))
 					}
 					fieldValue.Elem().Set(reflect.ValueOf(v))
 				case *time.Time:
-					field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(v))
+					field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(v))
 				case string:
 					if t, err := now.Parse(data); err == nil {
-						fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(value)
+						fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value)
 						if fieldValue.IsNil() {
 							if v == "" {
 								return nil
@@ -778,27 +838,27 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 						return fmt.Errorf("failed to set string %v to time.Time field %s, failed to parse it as time, got error %v", v, field.Name, err)
 					}
 				default:
-					return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+					return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 				}
 				return nil
 			}
 		default:
 			if _, ok := fieldValue.Elem().Interface().(sql.Scanner); ok {
 				// pointer scanner
-				field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+				field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
 					reflectV := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 					if !reflectV.IsValid() {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
 					} else if reflectV.Type().AssignableTo(field.FieldType) {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflectV)
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflectV)
 					} else if reflectV.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 						if reflectV.IsNil() || !reflectV.IsValid() {
-							field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+							field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
 						} else {
-							return field.Set(value, reflectV.Elem().Interface())
+							return field.Set(ctx, value, reflectV.Elem().Interface())
 						}
 					} else {
-						fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(value)
+						fieldValue := field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value)
 						if fieldValue.IsNil() {
 							fieldValue.Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType.Elem()))
 						}
@@ -813,32 +873,80 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 				}
 			} else if _, ok := fieldValue.Interface().(sql.Scanner); ok {
 				// struct scanner
-				field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+				field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
 					reflectV := reflect.ValueOf(v)
 					if !reflectV.IsValid() {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
 					} else if reflectV.Type().AssignableTo(field.FieldType) {
-						field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflectV)
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflectV)
 					} else if reflectV.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
 						if reflectV.IsNil() || !reflectV.IsValid() {
-							field.ReflectValueOf(value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
+							field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.New(field.FieldType).Elem())
 						} else {
-							return field.Set(value, reflectV.Elem().Interface())
+							return field.Set(ctx, value, reflectV.Elem().Interface())
 						}
 					} else {
 						if valuer, ok := v.(driver.Valuer); ok {
 							v, _ = valuer.Value()
 						}
 
-						err = field.ReflectValueOf(value).Addr().Interface().(sql.Scanner).Scan(v)
+						err = field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Addr().Interface().(sql.Scanner).Scan(v)
 					}
 					return
 				}
 			} else {
-				field.Set = func(value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+				field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
-					return fallbackSetter(value, v, field.Set)
+					return fallbackSetter(ctx, value, v, field.Set)
 				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	if field.Serializer != nil {
+		var (
+			oldFieldSetter = field.Set
+			sameElemType   bool
+			sameType       = field.FieldType == reflect.ValueOf(field.Serializer).Type()
+		)
+
+		if reflect.ValueOf(field.Serializer).Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+			sameElemType = field.FieldType == reflect.ValueOf(field.Serializer).Type().Elem()
+		}
+
+		field.Set = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value, v interface{}) (err error) {
+			if s, ok := v.(*serializer); ok {
+				if s.fieldValue != nil {
+					err = oldFieldSetter(ctx, value, s.fieldValue)
+				} else if err = s.Serializer.Scan(ctx, field, value, s.value); err == nil {
+					if sameElemType {
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(s.Serializer).Elem())
+						s.Serializer = reflect.New(reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(field.Serializer)).Type()).Interface().(SerializerInterface)
+					} else if sameType {
+						field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value).Set(reflect.ValueOf(s.Serializer))
+						s.Serializer = reflect.New(reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(field.Serializer)).Type()).Interface().(SerializerInterface)
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				err = oldFieldSetter(ctx, value, v)
+			}
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (field *Field) setupNewValuePool() {
+	if field.Serializer != nil {
+		field.NewValuePool = &sync.Pool{
+			New: func() interface{} {
+				return &serializer{
+					Field:      field,
+					Serializer: reflect.New(reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(field.Serializer)).Type()).Interface().(SerializerInterface),
+				}
+			},
+		}
+	}
+
+	if field.NewValuePool == nil {
+		field.NewValuePool = poolInitializer(reflect.PtrTo(field.IndirectFieldType))
+	}
 }

schema/field_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package schema_test
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ func TestFieldValuerAndSetter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for k, v := range newValues {
-		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(reflectValue, v); err != nil {
+		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(context.Background(), reflectValue, v); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("no error should happen when assign value to field %v, but got %v", k, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ func TestFieldValuerAndSetter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for k, v := range newValues2 {
-		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(reflectValue, v); err != nil {
+		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(context.Background(), reflectValue, v); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("no error should happen when assign value to field %v, but got %v", k, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ func TestPointerFieldValuerAndSetter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for k, v := range newValues {
-		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(reflectValue, v); err != nil {
+		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(context.Background(), reflectValue, v); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("no error should happen when assign value to field %v, but got %v", k, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ func TestPointerFieldValuerAndSetter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for k, v := range newValues2 {
-		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(reflectValue, v); err != nil {
+		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(context.Background(), reflectValue, v); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("no error should happen when assign value to field %v, but got %v", k, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -202,7 +203,7 @@ func TestAdvancedDataTypeValuerAndSetter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for k, v := range newValues {
-		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(reflectValue, v); err != nil {
+		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(context.Background(), reflectValue, v); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("no error should happen when assign value to field %v, but got %v", k, err)
 		}
 	}
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ func TestAdvancedDataTypeValuerAndSetter(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	for k, v := range newValues2 {
-		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(reflectValue, v); err != nil {
+		if err := userSchema.FieldsByDBName[k].Set(context.Background(), reflectValue, v); err != nil {
 			t.Errorf("no error should happen when assign value to field %v, but got %v", k, err)
 		}
 	}

schema/index.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package schema
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -31,7 +32,12 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseIndexes() map[string]Index {
 
 	for _, field := range schema.Fields {
 		if field.TagSettings["INDEX"] != "" || field.TagSettings["UNIQUEINDEX"] != "" {
-			for _, index := range parseFieldIndexes(field) {
+			fieldIndexes, err := parseFieldIndexes(field)
+			if err != nil {
+				schema.err = err
+				break
+			}
+			for _, index := range fieldIndexes {
 				idx := indexes[index.Name]
 				idx.Name = index.Name
 				if idx.Class == "" {
@@ -82,18 +88,19 @@ func (schema *Schema) LookIndex(name string) *Index {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index) {
+func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index, err error) {
 	for _, value := range strings.Split(field.Tag.Get("gorm"), ";") {
 		if value != "" {
 			v := strings.Split(value, ":")
 			k := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToUpper(v[0]))
 			if k == "INDEX" || k == "UNIQUEINDEX" {
 				var (
-					name      string
+					name       string
-					tag       = strings.Join(v[1:], ":")
+					tag        = strings.Join(v[1:], ":")
-					idx       = strings.Index(tag, ",")
+					idx        = strings.Index(tag, ",")
-					settings  = ParseTagSetting(tag, ",")
+					tagSetting = strings.Join(strings.Split(tag, ",")[1:], ",")
-					length, _ = strconv.Atoi(settings["LENGTH"])
+					settings   = ParseTagSetting(tagSetting, ",")
+					length, _  = strconv.Atoi(settings["LENGTH"])
 				)
 
 				if idx == -1 {
@@ -105,7 +112,20 @@ func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index) {
 				}
 
 				if name == "" {
-					name = field.Schema.namer.IndexName(field.Schema.Table, field.Name)
+					subName := field.Name
+					const key = "COMPOSITE"
+					if composite, found := settings[key]; found {
+						if len(composite) == 0 || composite == key {
+							err = fmt.Errorf(
+								"The composite tag of %s.%s cannot be empty",
+								field.Schema.Name,
+								field.Name)
+							return
+						}
+						subName = composite
+					}
+					name = field.Schema.namer.IndexName(
+						field.Schema.Table, subName)
 				}
 
 				if (k == "UNIQUEINDEX") || settings["UNIQUE"] != "" {
@@ -137,5 +157,6 @@ func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	err = nil
 	return
 }

schema/index_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,37 @@ type UserIndex struct {
 	Age          int64  `gorm:"index:profile,expression:ABS(age),option:WITH PARSER parser_name"`
 	OID          int64  `gorm:"index:idx_id;index:idx_oid,unique"`
 	MemberNumber string `gorm:"index:idx_id,priority:1"`
+	Name7        string `gorm:"index:type"`
+
+	// Composite Index: Flattened structure.
+	Data0A string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id0"`
+	Data0B string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id0"`
+
+	// Composite Index: Nested structure.
+	Data1A string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id1"`
+	CompIdxLevel1C
+
+	// Composite Index: Unique and priority.
+	Data2A string `gorm:"index:,unique,composite:comp_id2,priority:2"`
+	CompIdxLevel2C
+}
+
+type CompIdxLevel1C struct {
+	CompIdxLevel1B
+	Data1C string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id1"`
+}
+
+type CompIdxLevel1B struct {
+	Data1B string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id1"`
+}
+
+type CompIdxLevel2C struct {
+	CompIdxLevel2B
+	Data2C string `gorm:"index:,unique,composite:comp_id2,priority:1"`
+}
+
+type CompIdxLevel2B struct {
+	Data2B string `gorm:"index:,unique,composite:comp_id2,priority:3"`
 }
 
 func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
@@ -78,6 +109,41 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 			Class:  "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "OID"}}},
 		},
+		"type": {
+			Name:   "type",
+			Type:   "",
+			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name7"}}},
+		},
+		"idx_user_indices_comp_id0": {
+			Name: "idx_user_indices_comp_id0",
+			Type: "",
+			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data0A"},
+			}, {
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data0B"},
+			}},
+		},
+		"idx_user_indices_comp_id1": {
+			Name: "idx_user_indices_comp_id1",
+			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data1A"},
+			}, {
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data1B"},
+			}, {
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data1C"},
+			}},
+		},
+		"idx_user_indices_comp_id2": {
+			Name:  "idx_user_indices_comp_id2",
+			Class: "UNIQUE",
+			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data2C"},
+			}, {
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data2A"},
+			}, {
+				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data2B"},
+			}},
+		},
 	}
 
 	indices := user.ParseIndexes()

schema/interfaces.go

@@ -4,22 +4,33 @@ import (
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
 )
 
+// GormDataTypeInterface gorm data type interface
 type GormDataTypeInterface interface {
 	GormDataType() string
 }
 
+// FieldNewValuePool field new scan value pool
+type FieldNewValuePool interface {
+	Get() interface{}
+	Put(interface{})
+}
+
+// CreateClausesInterface create clauses interface
 type CreateClausesInterface interface {
 	CreateClauses(*Field) []clause.Interface
 }
 
+// QueryClausesInterface query clauses interface
 type QueryClausesInterface interface {
 	QueryClauses(*Field) []clause.Interface
 }
 
+// UpdateClausesInterface update clauses interface
 type UpdateClausesInterface interface {
 	UpdateClauses(*Field) []clause.Interface
 }
 
+// DeleteClausesInterface delete clauses interface
 type DeleteClausesInterface interface {
 	DeleteClauses(*Field) []clause.Interface
 }

schema/naming.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package schema
 import (
 	"crypto/sha1"
 	"encoding/hex"
-	"fmt"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"
@@ -86,16 +85,16 @@ func (ns NamingStrategy) IndexName(table, column string) string {
 }
 
 func (ns NamingStrategy) formatName(prefix, table, name string) string {
-	formattedName := strings.Replace(strings.Join([]string{
+	formattedName := strings.ReplaceAll(strings.Join([]string{
 		prefix, table, name,
-	}, "_"), ".", "_", -1)
+	}, "_"), ".", "_")
 
 	if utf8.RuneCountInString(formattedName) > 64 {
 		h := sha1.New()
 		h.Write([]byte(formattedName))
 		bs := h.Sum(nil)
 
-		formattedName = fmt.Sprintf("%v%v%v", prefix, table, name)[0:56] + hex.EncodeToString(bs)[:8]
+		formattedName = formattedName[0:56] + hex.EncodeToString(bs)[:8]
 	}
 	return formattedName
 }
@@ -120,7 +119,13 @@ func (ns NamingStrategy) toDBName(name string) string {
 	}
 
 	if ns.NameReplacer != nil {
-		name = ns.NameReplacer.Replace(name)
+		tmpName := ns.NameReplacer.Replace(name)
+
+		if tmpName == "" {
+			return name
+		}
+
+		name = tmpName
 	}
 
 	if ns.NoLowerCase {
@@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ func (ns NamingStrategy) toDBName(name string) string {
 }
 
 func (ns NamingStrategy) toSchemaName(name string) string {
-	result := strings.Replace(strings.Title(strings.Replace(name, "_", " ", -1)), " ", "", -1)
+	result := strings.ReplaceAll(strings.Title(strings.ReplaceAll(name, "_", " ")), " ", "")
 	for _, initialism := range commonInitialisms {
 		result = regexp.MustCompile(strings.Title(strings.ToLower(initialism))+"([A-Z]|$|_)").ReplaceAllString(result, initialism+"$1")
 	}

schema/naming_test.go

@@ -193,7 +193,18 @@ func TestFormatNameWithStringLongerThan64Characters(t *testing.T) {
 	ns := NamingStrategy{}
 
 	formattedName := ns.formatName("prefix", "table", "thisIsAVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryLongString")
-	if formattedName != "prefixtablethisIsAVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryLo180f2c67" {
+	if formattedName != "prefix_table_thisIsAVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVery180f2c67" {
 		t.Errorf("invalid formatted name generated, got %v", formattedName)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestReplaceEmptyTableName(t *testing.T) {
+	ns := NamingStrategy{
+		SingularTable: true,
+		NameReplacer:  strings.NewReplacer("Model", ""),
+	}
+	tableName := ns.TableName("Model")
+	if tableName != "Model" {
+		t.Errorf("invalid table name generated, got %v", tableName)
+	}
+}

schema/pool.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package schema
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// sync pools
+var (
+	normalPool      sync.Map
+	poolInitializer = func(reflectType reflect.Type) FieldNewValuePool {
+		v, _ := normalPool.LoadOrStore(reflectType, &sync.Pool{
+			New: func() interface{} {
+				return reflect.New(reflectType).Interface()
+			},
+		})
+		return v.(FieldNewValuePool)
+	}
+)

schema/relationship.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package schema
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -234,7 +235,8 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 			Name:    joinFieldName,
 			PkgPath: ownField.StructField.PkgPath,
 			Type:    ownField.StructField.Type,
-			Tag:     removeSettingFromTag(ownField.StructField.Tag, "column", "autoincrement", "index", "unique", "uniqueindex"),
+			Tag: removeSettingFromTag(appendSettingFromTag(ownField.StructField.Tag, "primaryKey"),
+				"column", "autoincrement", "index", "unique", "uniqueindex"),
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -257,7 +259,8 @@ func (schema *Schema) buildMany2ManyRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Fiel
 			Name:    joinFieldName,
 			PkgPath: relField.StructField.PkgPath,
 			Type:    relField.StructField.Type,
-			Tag:     removeSettingFromTag(relField.StructField.Tag, "column", "autoincrement", "index", "unique", "uniqueindex"),
+			Tag: removeSettingFromTag(appendSettingFromTag(relField.StructField.Tag, "primaryKey"),
+				"column", "autoincrement", "index", "unique", "uniqueindex"),
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -415,6 +418,10 @@ func (schema *Schema) guessRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Field, cgl gu
 		}
 	} else {
 		var primaryFields []*Field
+		var primarySchemaName = primarySchema.Name
+		if primarySchemaName == "" {
+			primarySchemaName = relation.FieldSchema.Name
+		}
 
 		if len(relation.primaryKeys) > 0 {
 			for _, primaryKey := range relation.primaryKeys {
@@ -427,7 +434,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) guessRelation(relation *Relationship, field *Field, cgl gu
 		}
 
 		for _, primaryField := range primaryFields {
-			lookUpName := primarySchema.Name + primaryField.Name
+			lookUpName := primarySchemaName + primaryField.Name
 			if gl == guessBelongs {
 				lookUpName = field.Name + primaryField.Name
 			}
@@ -576,7 +583,7 @@ func (rel *Relationship) ParseConstraint() *Constraint {
 	return &constraint
 }
 
-func (rel *Relationship) ToQueryConditions(reflectValue reflect.Value) (conds []clause.Expression) {
+func (rel *Relationship) ToQueryConditions(ctx context.Context, reflectValue reflect.Value) (conds []clause.Expression) {
 	table := rel.FieldSchema.Table
 	foreignFields := []*Field{}
 	relForeignKeys := []string{}
@@ -616,7 +623,7 @@ func (rel *Relationship) ToQueryConditions(reflectValue reflect.Value) (conds []
 		}
 	}
 
-	_, foreignValues := GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue, foreignFields)
+	_, foreignValues := GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(ctx, reflectValue, foreignFields)
 	column, values := ToQueryValues(table, relForeignKeys, foreignValues)
 
 	conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values})

schema/relationship_test.go

@@ -491,6 +491,26 @@ func TestEmbeddedRelation(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestVariableRelation(t *testing.T) {
+	var result struct {
+		User
+	}
+
+	checkStructRelation(t, &result, Relation{
+		Name: "Account", Type: schema.HasOne, Schema: "", FieldSchema: "Account",
+		References: []Reference{
+			{"ID", "", "UserID", "Account", "", true},
+		},
+	})
+
+	checkStructRelation(t, &result, Relation{
+		Name: "Company", Type: schema.BelongsTo, Schema: "", FieldSchema: "Company",
+		References: []Reference{
+			{"ID", "Company", "CompanyID", "", "", false},
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 func TestSameForeignKey(t *testing.T) {
 	type UserAux struct {
 		gorm.Model
@@ -576,3 +596,39 @@ func TestHasManySameForeignKey(t *testing.T) {
 		References: []Reference{{"ID", "User", "UserRefer", "Profile", "", true}},
 	})
 }
+
+type Author struct {
+	gorm.Model
+}
+
+type Book struct {
+	gorm.Model
+	Author   Author
+	AuthorID uint
+}
+
+func (Book) TableName() string {
+	return "my_schema.a_very_very_very_very_very_very_very_very_long_table_name"
+}
+
+func TestParseConstraintNameWithSchemaQualifiedLongTableName(t *testing.T) {
+	s, err := schema.Parse(
+		&Book{},
+		&sync.Map{},
+		schema.NamingStrategy{},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to parse schema")
+	}
+
+	expectedConstraintName := "fk_my_schema_a_very_very_very_very_very_very_very_very_l4db13eec"
+	constraint := s.Relationships.Relations["Author"].ParseConstraint()
+
+	if constraint.Name != expectedConstraintName {
+		t.Fatalf(
+			"expected constraint name %s, got %s",
+			expectedConstraintName,
+			constraint.Name,
+		)
+	}
+}

schema/schema_helper_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package schema_test
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ func checkSchemaRelation(t *testing.T, s *schema.Schema, relation Relation) {
 func checkField(t *testing.T, s *schema.Schema, value reflect.Value, values map[string]interface{}) {
 	for k, v := range values {
 		t.Run("CheckField/"+k, func(t *testing.T) {
-			fv, _ := s.FieldsByDBName[k].ValueOf(value)
+			fv, _ := s.FieldsByDBName[k].ValueOf(context.Background(), value)
 			tests.AssertEqual(t, v, fv)
 		})
 	}

schema/serializer.go

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package schema
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding/gob"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var serializerMap = sync.Map{}
+
+// RegisterSerializer register serializer
+func RegisterSerializer(name string, serializer SerializerInterface) {
+	serializerMap.Store(strings.ToLower(name), serializer)
+}
+
+// GetSerializer get serializer
+func GetSerializer(name string) (serializer SerializerInterface, ok bool) {
+	v, ok := serializerMap.Load(strings.ToLower(name))
+	if ok {
+		serializer, ok = v.(SerializerInterface)
+	}
+	return serializer, ok
+}
+
+func init() {
+	RegisterSerializer("json", JSONSerializer{})
+	RegisterSerializer("unixtime", UnixSecondSerializer{})
+	RegisterSerializer("gob", GobSerializer{})
+}
+
+// Serializer field value serializer
+type serializer struct {
+	Field           *Field
+	Serializer      SerializerInterface
+	SerializeValuer SerializerValuerInterface
+	Destination     reflect.Value
+	Context         context.Context
+	value           interface{}
+	fieldValue      interface{}
+}
+
+// Scan implements sql.Scanner interface
+func (s *serializer) Scan(value interface{}) error {
+	s.value = value
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements driver.Valuer interface
+func (s serializer) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return s.SerializeValuer.Value(s.Context, s.Field, s.Destination, s.fieldValue)
+}
+
+// SerializerInterface serializer interface
+type SerializerInterface interface {
+	Scan(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, dbValue interface{}) error
+	SerializerValuerInterface
+}
+
+// SerializerValuerInterface serializer valuer interface
+type SerializerValuerInterface interface {
+	Value(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, fieldValue interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+}
+
+// JSONSerializer json serializer
+type JSONSerializer struct {
+}
+
+// Scan implements serializer interface
+func (JSONSerializer) Scan(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, dbValue interface{}) (err error) {
+	fieldValue := reflect.New(field.FieldType)
+
+	if dbValue != nil {
+		var bytes []byte
+		switch v := dbValue.(type) {
+		case []byte:
+			bytes = v
+		case string:
+			bytes = []byte(v)
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal JSONB value: %#v", dbValue)
+		}
+
+		err = json.Unmarshal(bytes, fieldValue.Interface())
+	}
+
+	field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, dst).Set(fieldValue.Elem())
+	return
+}
+
+// Value implements serializer interface
+func (JSONSerializer) Value(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, fieldValue interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+	result, err := json.Marshal(fieldValue)
+	return string(result), err
+}
+
+// UnixSecondSerializer json serializer
+type UnixSecondSerializer struct {
+}
+
+// Scan implements serializer interface
+func (UnixSecondSerializer) Scan(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, dbValue interface{}) (err error) {
+	t := sql.NullTime{}
+	if err = t.Scan(dbValue); err == nil && t.Valid {
+		err = field.Set(ctx, dst, t.Time.Unix())
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+// Value implements serializer interface
+func (UnixSecondSerializer) Value(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, fieldValue interface{}) (result interface{}, err error) {
+	switch v := fieldValue.(type) {
+	case int64, int, uint, uint64, int32, uint32, int16, uint16, *int64, *int, *uint, *uint64, *int32, *uint32, *int16, *uint16:
+		result = time.Unix(reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v)).Int(), 0)
+	default:
+		err = fmt.Errorf("invalid field type %#v for UnixSecondSerializer, only int, uint supported", v)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// GobSerializer gob serializer
+type GobSerializer struct {
+}
+
+// Scan implements serializer interface
+func (GobSerializer) Scan(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, dbValue interface{}) (err error) {
+	fieldValue := reflect.New(field.FieldType)
+
+	if dbValue != nil {
+		var bytesValue []byte
+		switch v := dbValue.(type) {
+		case []byte:
+			bytesValue = v
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to unmarshal gob value: %#v", dbValue)
+		}
+		decoder := gob.NewDecoder(bytes.NewBuffer(bytesValue))
+		err = decoder.Decode(fieldValue.Interface())
+	}
+	field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, dst).Set(fieldValue.Elem())
+	return
+}
+
+// Value implements serializer interface
+func (GobSerializer) Value(ctx context.Context, field *Field, dst reflect.Value, fieldValue interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+	buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	err := gob.NewEncoder(buf).Encode(fieldValue)
+	return buf.Bytes(), err
+}

schema/utils.go

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 package schema
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"regexp"
 	"strings"
@@ -58,14 +60,22 @@ func removeSettingFromTag(tag reflect.StructTag, names ...string) reflect.Struct
 	return tag
 }
 
+func appendSettingFromTag(tag reflect.StructTag, value string) reflect.StructTag {
+	t := tag.Get("gorm")
+	if strings.Contains(t, value) {
+		return tag
+	}
+	return reflect.StructTag(fmt.Sprintf(`gorm:"%s;%s"`, value, t))
+}
+
 // GetRelationsValues get relations's values from a reflect value
-func GetRelationsValues(reflectValue reflect.Value, rels []*Relationship) (reflectResults reflect.Value) {
+func GetRelationsValues(ctx context.Context, reflectValue reflect.Value, rels []*Relationship) (reflectResults reflect.Value) {
 	for _, rel := range rels {
 		reflectResults = reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(reflect.PtrTo(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType)), 0, 1)
 
 		appendToResults := func(value reflect.Value) {
-			if _, isZero := rel.Field.ValueOf(value); !isZero {
+			if _, isZero := rel.Field.ValueOf(ctx, value); !isZero {
-				result := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(value))
+				result := reflect.Indirect(rel.Field.ReflectValueOf(ctx, value))
 				switch result.Kind() {
 				case reflect.Struct:
 					reflectResults = reflect.Append(reflectResults, result.Addr())
@@ -97,7 +107,7 @@ func GetRelationsValues(reflectValue reflect.Value, rels []*Relationship) (refle
 }
 
 // GetIdentityFieldValuesMap get identity map from fields
-func GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue reflect.Value, fields []*Field) (map[string][]reflect.Value, [][]interface{}) {
+func GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(ctx context.Context, reflectValue reflect.Value, fields []*Field) (map[string][]reflect.Value, [][]interface{}) {
 	var (
 		results       = [][]interface{}{}
 		dataResults   = map[string][]reflect.Value{}
@@ -110,7 +120,7 @@ func GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue reflect.Value, fields []*Field) (map
 		results = [][]interface{}{make([]interface{}, len(fields))}
 
 		for idx, field := range fields {
-			results[0][idx], zero = field.ValueOf(reflectValue)
+			results[0][idx], zero = field.ValueOf(ctx, reflectValue)
 			notZero = notZero || !zero
 		}
 
@@ -135,7 +145,7 @@ func GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue reflect.Value, fields []*Field) (map
 			fieldValues := make([]interface{}, len(fields))
 			notZero = false
 			for idx, field := range fields {
-				fieldValues[idx], zero = field.ValueOf(elem)
+				fieldValues[idx], zero = field.ValueOf(ctx, elem)
 				notZero = notZero || !zero
 			}
 
@@ -155,12 +165,12 @@ func GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflectValue reflect.Value, fields []*Field) (map
 }
 
 // GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues get identity map from fields
-func GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(values []interface{}, fields []*Field) (map[string][]reflect.Value, [][]interface{}) {
+func GetIdentityFieldValuesMapFromValues(ctx context.Context, values []interface{}, fields []*Field) (map[string][]reflect.Value, [][]interface{}) {
 	resultsMap := map[string][]reflect.Value{}
 	results := [][]interface{}{}
 
 	for _, v := range values {
-		rm, rs := GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v)), fields)
+		rm, rs := GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(ctx, reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v)), fields)
 		for k, v := range rm {
 			resultsMap[k] = append(resultsMap[k], v...)
 		}

soft_delete.go

@@ -104,9 +104,7 @@ func (sd SoftDeleteUpdateClause) MergeClause(*clause.Clause) {
 
 func (sd SoftDeleteUpdateClause) ModifyStatement(stmt *Statement) {
 	if stmt.SQL.Len() == 0 && !stmt.Statement.Unscoped {
-		if _, ok := stmt.Clauses["WHERE"]; stmt.DB.AllowGlobalUpdate || ok {
+		SoftDeleteQueryClause(sd).ModifyStatement(stmt)
-			SoftDeleteQueryClause(sd).ModifyStatement(stmt)
-		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -135,7 +133,7 @@ func (sd SoftDeleteDeleteClause) ModifyStatement(stmt *Statement) {
 		stmt.SetColumn(sd.Field.DBName, curTime, true)
 
 		if stmt.Schema != nil {
-			_, queryValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(stmt.ReflectValue, stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields)
+			_, queryValues := schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue, stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields)
 			column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(stmt.Table, stmt.Schema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, queryValues)
 
 			if len(values) > 0 {
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ func (sd SoftDeleteDeleteClause) ModifyStatement(stmt *Statement) {
 			}
 
 			if stmt.ReflectValue.CanAddr() && stmt.Dest != stmt.Model && stmt.Model != nil {
-				_, queryValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(reflect.ValueOf(stmt.Model), stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields)
+				_, queryValues = schema.GetIdentityFieldValuesMap(stmt.Context, reflect.ValueOf(stmt.Model), stmt.Schema.PrimaryFields)
 				column, values = schema.ToQueryValues(stmt.Table, stmt.Schema.PrimaryFieldDBNames, queryValues)
 
 				if len(values) > 0 {
@@ -152,12 +150,7 @@ func (sd SoftDeleteDeleteClause) ModifyStatement(stmt *Statement) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		if _, ok := stmt.Clauses["WHERE"]; !stmt.DB.AllowGlobalUpdate && !ok {
+		SoftDeleteQueryClause(sd).ModifyStatement(stmt)
-			stmt.DB.AddError(ErrMissingWhereClause)
-		} else {
-			SoftDeleteQueryClause(sd).ModifyStatement(stmt)
-		}
-
 		stmt.AddClauseIfNotExists(clause.Update{})
 		stmt.Build(stmt.DB.Callback().Update().Clauses...)
 	}

statement.go

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) QuoteTo(writer clause.Writer, field interface{}) {
 		writer.WriteByte('(')
 		for idx, d := range v {
 			if idx > 0 {
-				writer.WriteString(",")
+				writer.WriteByte(',')
 			}
 			stmt.QuoteTo(writer, d)
 		}
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) QuoteTo(writer clause.Writer, field interface{}) {
 		writer.WriteByte('(')
 		for idx, d := range v {
 			if idx > 0 {
-				writer.WriteString(",")
+				writer.WriteByte(',')
 			}
 			stmt.DB.Dialector.QuoteTo(writer, d)
 		}
@@ -179,9 +179,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) AddVar(writer clause.Writer, vars ...interface{}) {
 			} else {
 				stmt.AddVar(writer, v.GormValue(stmt.Context, stmt.DB))
 			}
-		case clause.Expr:
+		case clause.Expression:
-			v.Build(stmt)
-		case *clause.Expr:
 			v.Build(stmt)
 		case driver.Valuer:
 			stmt.Vars = append(stmt.Vars, v)
@@ -314,6 +312,10 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 		case clause.Expression:
 			conds = append(conds, v)
 		case *DB:
+			for _, scope := range v.Statement.scopes {
+				v = scope(v)
+			}
+
 			if cs, ok := v.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"]; ok {
 				if where, ok := cs.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
 					if len(where.Exprs) == 1 {
@@ -391,7 +393,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 					for _, field := range s.Fields {
 						selected := selectedColumns[field.DBName] || selectedColumns[field.Name]
 						if selected || (!restricted && field.Readable) {
-							if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(reflectValue); !isZero || selected {
+							if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, reflectValue); !isZero || selected {
 								if field.DBName != "" {
 									conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: field.DBName}, Value: v})
 								} else if field.DataType != "" {
@@ -405,7 +407,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 						for _, field := range s.Fields {
 							selected := selectedColumns[field.DBName] || selectedColumns[field.Name]
 							if selected || (!restricted && field.Readable) {
-								if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(reflectValue.Index(i)); !isZero || selected {
+								if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, reflectValue.Index(i)); !isZero || selected {
 									if field.DBName != "" {
 										conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: field.DBName}, Value: v})
 									} else if field.DataType != "" {
@@ -564,7 +566,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) SetColumn(name string, value interface{}, fromCallbacks .
 
 				switch destValue.Kind() {
 				case reflect.Struct:
-					field.Set(destValue, value)
+					stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, destValue, value))
 				default:
 					stmt.AddError(ErrInvalidData)
 				}
@@ -574,10 +576,10 @@ func (stmt *Statement) SetColumn(name string, value interface{}, fromCallbacks .
 			case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 				if len(fromCallbacks) > 0 {
 					for i := 0; i < stmt.ReflectValue.Len(); i++ {
-						field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i), value)
+						stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue.Index(i), value))
 					}
 				} else {
-					field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue.Index(stmt.CurDestIndex), value)
+					stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue.Index(stmt.CurDestIndex), value))
 				}
 			case reflect.Struct:
 				if !stmt.ReflectValue.CanAddr() {
@@ -585,7 +587,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) SetColumn(name string, value interface{}, fromCallbacks .
 					return
 				}
 
-				field.Set(stmt.ReflectValue, value)
+				stmt.AddError(field.Set(stmt.Context, stmt.ReflectValue, value))
 			}
 		} else {
 			stmt.AddError(ErrInvalidField)
@@ -605,12 +607,12 @@ func (stmt *Statement) Changed(fields ...string) bool {
 
 	selectColumns, restricted := stmt.SelectAndOmitColumns(false, true)
 	changed := func(field *schema.Field) bool {
-		fieldValue, _ := field.ValueOf(modelValue)
+		fieldValue, _ := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, modelValue)
 		if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
-			if v, ok := stmt.Dest.(map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			if mv, mok := stmt.Dest.(map[string]interface{}); mok {
-				if fv, ok := v[field.Name]; ok {
+				if fv, ok := mv[field.Name]; ok {
 					return !utils.AssertEqual(fv, fieldValue)
-				} else if fv, ok := v[field.DBName]; ok {
+				} else if fv, ok := mv[field.DBName]; ok {
 					return !utils.AssertEqual(fv, fieldValue)
 				}
 			} else {
@@ -619,7 +621,10 @@ func (stmt *Statement) Changed(fields ...string) bool {
 					destValue = destValue.Elem()
 				}
 
-				changedValue, zero := field.ValueOf(destValue)
+				changedValue, zero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, destValue)
+				if v {
+					return !utils.AssertEqual(changedValue, fieldValue)
+				}
 				return !zero && !utils.AssertEqual(changedValue, fieldValue)
 			}
 		}

tests/associations_test.go

@@ -220,3 +220,67 @@ func TestFullSaveAssociations(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Failed to preload AppliesToProduct")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestSaveBelongsCircularReference(t *testing.T) {
+	parent := Parent{}
+	DB.Create(&parent)
+
+	child := Child{ParentID: &parent.ID, Parent: &parent}
+	DB.Create(&child)
+
+	parent.FavChildID = child.ID
+	parent.FavChild = &child
+	DB.Save(&parent)
+
+	var parent1 Parent
+	DB.First(&parent1, parent.ID)
+	AssertObjEqual(t, parent, parent1, "ID", "FavChildID")
+
+	// Save and Updates is the same
+	DB.Updates(&parent)
+	DB.First(&parent1, parent.ID)
+	AssertObjEqual(t, parent, parent1, "ID", "FavChildID")
+}
+
+func TestSaveHasManyCircularReference(t *testing.T) {
+	parent := Parent{}
+	DB.Create(&parent)
+
+	child := Child{ParentID: &parent.ID, Parent: &parent, Name: "HasManyCircularReference"}
+	child1 := Child{ParentID: &parent.ID, Parent: &parent, Name: "HasManyCircularReference1"}
+
+	parent.Children = []*Child{&child, &child1}
+	DB.Save(&parent)
+
+	var children []*Child
+	DB.Where("parent_id = ?", parent.ID).Find(&children)
+	if len(children) != len(parent.Children) ||
+		children[0].ID != parent.Children[0].ID ||
+		children[1].ID != parent.Children[1].ID {
+		t.Errorf("circular reference children save not equal children:%v parent.Children:%v",
+			children, parent.Children)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAssociationError(t *testing.T) {
+	user := *GetUser("TestAssociationError", Config{Pets: 2, Company: true, Account: true, Languages: 2})
+	DB.Create(&user)
+
+	var user1 User
+	DB.Preload("Company").Preload("Pets").Preload("Account").Preload("Languages").First(&user1)
+
+	var emptyUser User
+	var err error
+	// belongs to
+	err = DB.Model(&emptyUser).Association("Company").Delete(&user1.Company)
+	AssertEqual(t, err, gorm.ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
+	// has many
+	err = DB.Model(&emptyUser).Association("Pets").Delete(&user1.Pets)
+	AssertEqual(t, err, gorm.ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
+	// has one
+	err = DB.Model(&emptyUser).Association("Account").Delete(&user1.Account)
+	AssertEqual(t, err, gorm.ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
+	// many to many
+	err = DB.Model(&emptyUser).Association("Languages").Delete(&user1.Languages)
+	AssertEqual(t, err, gorm.ErrPrimaryKeyRequired)
+}

tests/callbacks_test.go

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ func c2(*gorm.DB) {}
 func c3(*gorm.DB) {}
 func c4(*gorm.DB) {}
 func c5(*gorm.DB) {}
+func c6(*gorm.DB) {}
 
 func TestCallbacks(t *testing.T) {
 	type callback struct {
@@ -168,3 +169,37 @@ func TestCallbacks(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestPluginCallbacks(t *testing.T) {
+	db, _ := gorm.Open(nil, nil)
+	createCallback := db.Callback().Create()
+
+	createCallback.Before("*").Register("plugin_1_fn1", c1)
+	createCallback.After("*").Register("plugin_1_fn2", c2)
+
+	if ok, msg := assertCallbacks(createCallback, []string{"c1", "c2"}); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("callbacks tests failed, got %v", msg)
+	}
+
+	// plugin 2
+	createCallback.Before("*").Register("plugin_2_fn1", c3)
+	if ok, msg := assertCallbacks(createCallback, []string{"c3", "c1", "c2"}); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("callbacks tests failed, got %v", msg)
+	}
+
+	createCallback.After("*").Register("plugin_2_fn2", c4)
+	if ok, msg := assertCallbacks(createCallback, []string{"c3", "c1", "c2", "c4"}); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("callbacks tests failed, got %v", msg)
+	}
+
+	// plugin 3
+	createCallback.Before("*").Register("plugin_3_fn1", c5)
+	if ok, msg := assertCallbacks(createCallback, []string{"c5", "c3", "c1", "c2", "c4"}); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("callbacks tests failed, got %v", msg)
+	}
+
+	createCallback.After("*").Register("plugin_3_fn2", c6)
+	if ok, msg := assertCallbacks(createCallback, []string{"c5", "c3", "c1", "c2", "c4", "c6"}); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("callbacks tests failed, got %v", msg)
+	}
+}

tests/connection_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestWithSingleConnection(t *testing.T) {
-	var expectedName = "test"
+	expectedName := "test"
 	var actualName string
 
 	setSQL, getSQL := getSetSQL(DB.Dialector.Name())
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ func TestWithSingleConnection(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf(fmt.Sprintf("WithSingleConnection should work, but got err %v", err))
 	}

tests/connpool_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"os"
+	"reflect"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gorm.io/driver/mysql"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
+)
+
+type wrapperTx struct {
+	*sql.Tx
+	conn *wrapperConnPool
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperTx) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*sql.Stmt, error) {
+	c.conn.got = append(c.conn.got, query)
+	return c.Tx.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperTx) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
+	c.conn.got = append(c.conn.got, query)
+	return c.Tx.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperTx) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	c.conn.got = append(c.conn.got, query)
+	return c.Tx.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperTx) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) *sql.Row {
+	c.conn.got = append(c.conn.got, query)
+	return c.Tx.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+type wrapperConnPool struct {
+	db     *sql.DB
+	got    []string
+	expect []string
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperConnPool) Ping() error {
+	return c.db.Ping()
+}
+
+// If you use BeginTx returned *sql.Tx as shown below then you can't record queries in a transaction.
+// func (c *wrapperConnPool) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions) (*sql.Tx, error) {
+//	 return c.db.BeginTx(ctx, opts)
+// }
+// You should use BeginTx returned gorm.Tx which could wrap *sql.Tx then you can record all queries.
+func (c *wrapperConnPool) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts *sql.TxOptions) (gorm.ConnPool, error) {
+	tx, err := c.db.BeginTx(ctx, opts)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &wrapperTx{Tx: tx, conn: c}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperConnPool) PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*sql.Stmt, error) {
+	c.got = append(c.got, query)
+	return c.db.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperConnPool) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (sql.Result, error) {
+	c.got = append(c.got, query)
+	return c.db.ExecContext(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperConnPool) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	c.got = append(c.got, query)
+	return c.db.QueryContext(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func (c *wrapperConnPool) QueryRowContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ...interface{}) *sql.Row {
+	c.got = append(c.got, query)
+	return c.db.QueryRowContext(ctx, query, args...)
+}
+
+func TestConnPoolWrapper(t *testing.T) {
+	dialect := os.Getenv("GORM_DIALECT")
+	if dialect != "mysql" {
+		t.SkipNow()
+	}
+
+	dbDSN := os.Getenv("GORM_DSN")
+	if dbDSN == "" {
+		dbDSN = "gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
+	}
+	nativeDB, err := sql.Open("mysql", dbDSN)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should open db success, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	conn := &wrapperConnPool{
+		db: nativeDB,
+		expect: []string{
+			"SELECT VERSION()",
+			"INSERT INTO `users` (`created_at`,`updated_at`,`deleted_at`,`name`,`age`,`birthday`,`company_id`,`manager_id`,`active`) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name = ? AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1",
+			"INSERT INTO `users` (`created_at`,`updated_at`,`deleted_at`,`name`,`age`,`birthday`,`company_id`,`manager_id`,`active`) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name = ? AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name = ? AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1",
+			"INSERT INTO `users` (`created_at`,`updated_at`,`deleted_at`,`name`,`age`,`birthday`,`company_id`,`manager_id`,`active`) VALUES (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name = ? AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1",
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE name = ? AND `users`.`deleted_at` IS NULL ORDER BY `users`.`id` LIMIT 1",
+		},
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(conn.got, conn.expect) {
+			t.Errorf("expect %#v but got %#v", conn.expect, conn.got)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{Conn: conn}))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should open db success, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tx := db.Begin()
+	user := *GetUser("transaction", Config{})
+
+	if err = tx.Save(&user).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("No error should raise, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transaction").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should find saved record, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	user1 := *GetUser("transaction1-1", Config{})
+
+	if err = tx.Save(&user1).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("No error should raise, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user1.Name).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should find saved record, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if sqlTx, ok := tx.Statement.ConnPool.(gorm.TxCommitter); !ok || sqlTx == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should return the underlying sql.Tx")
+	}
+
+	tx.Rollback()
+
+	if err = db.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transaction").Error; err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should not find record after rollback, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	txDB := db.Where("fake_name = ?", "fake_name")
+	tx2 := txDB.Session(&gorm.Session{NewDB: true}).Begin()
+	user2 := *GetUser("transaction-2", Config{})
+	if err = tx2.Save(&user2).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("No error should raise, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = tx2.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transaction-2").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should find saved record, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tx2.Commit()
+
+	if err = db.First(&User{}, "name = ?", "transaction-2").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should be able to find committed record, but got %v", err)
+	}
+}

tests/count_test.go

@@ -144,4 +144,22 @@ func TestCount(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Where("name = ?", "count-4").Group("name").Count(&count11).Error; err != nil || count11 != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("Count should be 3, but got count: %v err %v", count11, err)
 	}
+
+	var count12 int64
+	if err := DB.Table("users").
+		Where("name in ?", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name, user3.Name}).
+		Preload("Toys", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+			return db.Table("toys").Select("name")
+		}).Count(&count12).Error; err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("error should raise when using preload without schema")
+	}
+
+	var count13 int64
+	if err := DB.Model(User{}).
+		Where("name in ?", []string{user1.Name, user2.Name, user3.Name}).
+		Preload("Toys", func(db *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+			return db.Table("toys").Select("name")
+		}).Count(&count13).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("no error should raise when using count with preload, but got %v", err)
+	}
 }

tests/create_test.go

@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func TestCreateFromMap(t *testing.T) {
 		{"name": "create_from_map_3", "Age": 20},
 	}
 
-	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Create(datas).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Create(&datas).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to create data from slice of map, got error: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -526,3 +526,17 @@ func TestCreateNilPointer(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("it is not ErrInvalidValue")
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFirstOrCreateRowsAffected(t *testing.T) {
+	user := User{Name: "TestFirstOrCreateRowsAffected"}
+
+	res := DB.FirstOrCreate(&user, "name = ?", user.Name)
+	if res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("first or create rows affect err:%v rows:%d", res.Error, res.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	res = DB.FirstOrCreate(&user, "name = ?", user.Name)
+	if res.Error != nil || res.RowsAffected != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("first or create rows affect err:%v rows:%d", res.Error, res.RowsAffected)
+	}
+}

tests/default_value_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package tests_test
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 )
@@ -9,12 +10,13 @@ import (
 func TestDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
 	type Harumph struct {
 		gorm.Model
-		Email   string `gorm:"not null;index:,unique"`
+		Email   string    `gorm:"not null;index:,unique"`
-		Name    string `gorm:"notNull;default:foo"`
+		Name    string    `gorm:"notNull;default:foo"`
-		Name2   string `gorm:"size:233;not null;default:'foo'"`
+		Name2   string    `gorm:"size:233;not null;default:'foo'"`
-		Name3   string `gorm:"size:233;notNull;default:''"`
+		Name3   string    `gorm:"size:233;notNull;default:''"`
-		Age     int    `gorm:"default:18"`
+		Age     int       `gorm:"default:18"`
-		Enabled bool   `gorm:"default:true"`
+		Created time.Time `gorm:"default:2000-01-02"`
+		Enabled bool      `gorm:"default:true"`
 	}
 
 	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Harumph{})
@@ -26,14 +28,14 @@ func TestDefaultValue(t *testing.T) {
 	harumph := Harumph{Email: "hello@gorm.io"}
 	if err := DB.Create(&harumph).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create data with default value, got error: %v", err)
-	} else if harumph.Name != "foo" || harumph.Name2 != "foo" || harumph.Name3 != "" || harumph.Age != 18 || !harumph.Enabled {
+	} else if harumph.Name != "foo" || harumph.Name2 != "foo" || harumph.Name3 != "" || harumph.Age != 18 || !harumph.Enabled || harumph.Created.Format("20060102") != "20000102" {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to create data with default value, got: %+v", harumph)
 	}
 
 	var result Harumph
 	if err := DB.First(&result, "email = ?", "hello@gorm.io").Error; err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to find created data, got error: %v", err)
-	} else if result.Name != "foo" || result.Name2 != "foo" || result.Name3 != "" || result.Age != 18 || !result.Enabled {
+	} else if result.Name != "foo" || result.Name2 != "foo" || result.Name3 != "" || result.Age != 18 || !result.Enabled || result.Created.Format("20060102") != "20000102" {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to find created data with default data, got %+v", result)
 	}
 }

tests/docker-compose.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ version: '3'
 
 services:
   mysql:
-    image: 'mysql:latest'
+    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:latest'
     ports:
       - 9910:3306
     environment:
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ services:
       - POSTGRES_USER=gorm
       - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=gorm
   mssql:
-    image: 'mcmoe/mssqldocker:latest'
+    image: '${MSSQL_IMAGE:-mcmoe/mssqldocker}:latest'
     ports:
       - 9930:1433
     environment:

tests/go.mod

@@ -3,16 +3,16 @@ module gorm.io/gorm/tests
 go 1.14
 
 require (
+	github.com/golang-sql/civil v0.0.0-20220223132316-b832511892a9 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v4 v4.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
-	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.4
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.5
-	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.4
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220411220226-7b82a4e95df4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211209193657-4570a0811e8b // indirect
+	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.3.3
-	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.2.3
+	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.3.5
-	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.2.3
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.3.2
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.2.6
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.3.2
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.2.1
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.23.4
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.22.4
 )
 
 replace gorm.io/gorm => ../

tests/helper_test.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ type Config struct {
 	Team      int
 	Languages int
 	Friends   int
+	NamedPet  bool
 }
 
 func GetUser(name string, config Config) *User {
@@ -65,6 +66,10 @@ func GetUser(name string, config Config) *User {
 		user.Friends = append(user.Friends, GetUser(name+"_friend_"+strconv.Itoa(i+1), Config{}))
 	}
 
+	if config.NamedPet {
+		user.NamedPet = &Pet{Name: name + "_namepet"}
+	}
+
 	return &user
 }
 

tests/hooks_test.go

@@ -375,13 +375,19 @@ func TestSetColumn(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("invalid data after update, got %+v", product)
 	}
 
+	// Code changed, price should changed
+	DB.Model(&product).Select("Name", "Code", "Price").Updates(Product3{Name: "Product New4", Code: ""})
+	if product.Name != "Product New4" || product.Price != 320 || product.Code != "" {
+		t.Errorf("invalid data after update, got %+v", product)
+	}
+
 	DB.Model(&product).UpdateColumns(Product3{Code: "L1215"})
-	if product.Price != 270 || product.Code != "L1215" {
+	if product.Price != 320 || product.Code != "L1215" {
 		t.Errorf("invalid data after update, got %+v", product)
 	}
 
 	DB.Model(&product).Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Updates(Product3{Code: "L1216"})
-	if product.Price != 270 || product.Code != "L1216" {
+	if product.Price != 320 || product.Code != "L1216" {
 		t.Errorf("invalid data after update, got %+v", product)
 	}
 
@@ -460,8 +466,9 @@ type Product4 struct {
 
 type ProductItem struct {
 	gorm.Model
-	Code       string
+	Code               string
-	Product4ID uint
+	Product4ID         uint
+	AfterFindCallTimes int
 }
 
 func (pi ProductItem) BeforeCreate(*gorm.DB) error {
@@ -471,6 +478,11 @@ func (pi ProductItem) BeforeCreate(*gorm.DB) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (pi *ProductItem) AfterFind(*gorm.DB) error {
+	pi.AfterFindCallTimes = pi.AfterFindCallTimes + 1
+	return nil
+}
+
 func TestFailedToSaveAssociationShouldRollback(t *testing.T) {
 	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Product4{}, &ProductItem{})
 	DB.AutoMigrate(&Product4{}, &ProductItem{})
@@ -492,4 +504,13 @@ func TestFailedToSaveAssociationShouldRollback(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := DB.First(&Product4{}, "name = ?", product.Name).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("should find product, but got error %v", err)
 	}
+
+	var productWithItem Product4
+	if err := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{SkipHooks: true}).Preload("Item").First(&productWithItem, "name = ?", product.Name).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("should find product, but got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if productWithItem.Item.AfterFindCallTimes != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("AfterFind should not be called times:%d", productWithItem.Item.AfterFindCallTimes)
+	}
 }

tests/joins_test.go

@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestJoins(t *testing.T) {
-	user := *GetUser("joins-1", Config{Company: true, Manager: true, Account: true})
+	user := *GetUser("joins-1", Config{Company: true, Manager: true, Account: true, NamedPet: false})
 
 	DB.Create(&user)
 
 	var user2 User
-	if err := DB.Joins("Company").Joins("Manager").Joins("Account").First(&user2, "users.name = ?", user.Name).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := DB.Joins("NamedPet").Joins("Company").Joins("Manager").Joins("Account").First(&user2, "users.name = ?", user.Name).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins, got error: %v", err)
 	}
 
@@ -158,6 +158,22 @@ func TestJoinsWithSelect(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestJoinWithOmit(t *testing.T) {
+	user := *GetUser("joins_with_omit", Config{Pets: 2})
+	DB.Save(&user)
+
+	results := make([]*User, 0)
+
+	if err := DB.Table("users").Omit("name").Where("users.name = ?", "joins_with_omit").Joins("left join pets on pets.user_id = users.id").Find(&results).Error; err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 2 || results[0].Name != "" || results[1].Name != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Should find all two pets with Join omit and should not find user's name, got %+v", results)
+		return
+	}
+}
+
 func TestJoinCount(t *testing.T) {
 	companyA := Company{Name: "A"}
 	companyB := Company{Name: "B"}
@@ -184,3 +200,32 @@ func TestJoinCount(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("result's id, %d, doesn't match user's id, %d", result.ID, user.ID)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestJoinWithSoftDeleted(t *testing.T) {
+	user := GetUser("TestJoinWithSoftDeletedUser", Config{Account: true, NamedPet: true})
+	DB.Create(&user)
+
+	var user1 User
+	DB.Model(&User{}).Joins("NamedPet").Joins("Account").First(&user1, user.ID)
+	if user1.NamedPet == nil || user1.Account.ID == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("joins NamedPet and Account should not empty:%v", user1)
+	}
+
+	// Account should empty
+	DB.Delete(&user1.Account)
+
+	var user2 User
+	DB.Model(&User{}).Joins("NamedPet").Joins("Account").First(&user2, user.ID)
+	if user2.NamedPet == nil || user2.Account.ID != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("joins Account should not empty:%v", user2)
+	}
+
+	// NamedPet should empty
+	DB.Delete(&user1.NamedPet)
+
+	var user3 User
+	DB.Model(&User{}).Joins("NamedPet").Joins("Account").First(&user3, user.ID)
+	if user3.NamedPet != nil || user2.Account.ID != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("joins NamedPet and Account should not empty:%v", user2)
+	}
+}

tests/main_test.go

@@ -43,10 +43,8 @@ func TestExceptionsWithInvalidSql(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSetAndGet(t *testing.T) {
 	if value, ok := DB.Set("hello", "world").Get("hello"); !ok {
 		t.Errorf("Should be able to get setting after set")
-	} else {
+	} else if value.(string) != "world" {
-		if value.(string) != "world" {
+		t.Errorf("Set value should not be changed")
-			t.Errorf("Setted value should not be changed")
-		}
 	}
 
 	if _, ok := DB.Get("non_existing"); ok {

tests/migrate_test.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ func TestMigrate(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for _, m := range allModels {
 		if !DB.Migrator().HasTable(m) {
-			t.Fatalf("Failed to create table for %#v---", m)
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to create table for %#v", m)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func TestAutoMigrateSelfReferential(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestSmartMigrateColumn(t *testing.T) {
-	fullSupported := map[string]bool{"mysql": true}[DB.Dialector.Name()]
+	fullSupported := map[string]bool{"mysql": true, "postgres": true}[DB.Dialector.Name()]
 
 	type UserMigrateColumn struct {
 		ID       uint
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ func TestMigrateTable(t *testing.T) {
 	DB.Migrator().DropTable("new_table_structs")
 
 	if DB.Migrator().HasTable(&NewTableStruct{}) {
-		t.Fatal("should not found droped table")
+		t.Fatal("should not found dropped table")
 	}
 }
 
@@ -313,9 +313,16 @@ func TestMigrateIndexes(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestMigrateColumns(t *testing.T) {
+	sqlite := DB.Dialector.Name() == "sqlite"
+	sqlserver := DB.Dialector.Name() == "sqlserver"
+
 	type ColumnStruct struct {
 		gorm.Model
-		Name string
+		Name  string
+		Age   int    `gorm:"default:18;comment:my age"`
+		Code  string `gorm:"unique;comment:my code;"`
+		Code2 string
+		Code3 string `gorm:"unique"`
 	}
 
 	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&ColumnStruct{})
@@ -326,13 +333,20 @@ func TestMigrateColumns(t *testing.T) {
 
 	type ColumnStruct2 struct {
 		gorm.Model
-		Name string `gorm:"size:100"`
+		Name  string `gorm:"size:100"`
+		Code  string `gorm:"unique;comment:my code2;default:hello"`
+		Code2 string `gorm:"unique"`
+		// Code3 string
 	}
 
-	if err := DB.Table("column_structs").Migrator().AlterColumn(&ColumnStruct2{}, "Name"); err != nil {
+	if err := DB.Table("column_structs").Migrator().AlterColumn(&ColumnStruct{}, "Name"); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("no error should happened when alter column, but got %v", err)
 	}
 
+	if err := DB.Table("column_structs").AutoMigrate(&ColumnStruct2{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no error should happened when auto migrate column, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
 	if columnTypes, err := DB.Migrator().ColumnTypes(&ColumnStruct{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("no error should returns for ColumnTypes")
 	} else {
@@ -340,11 +354,45 @@ func TestMigrateColumns(t *testing.T) {
 		stmt.Parse(&ColumnStruct2{})
 
 		for _, columnType := range columnTypes {
-			if columnType.Name() == "name" {
+			switch columnType.Name() {
+			case "id":
+				if v, ok := columnType.PrimaryKey(); !ok || !v {
+					t.Fatalf("column id primary key should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+			case "name":
 				dataType := DB.Dialector.DataTypeOf(stmt.Schema.LookUpField(columnType.Name()))
 				if !strings.Contains(strings.ToUpper(dataType), strings.ToUpper(columnType.DatabaseTypeName())) {
-					t.Errorf("column type should be correct, name: %v, length: %v, expects: %v", columnType.Name(), columnType.DatabaseTypeName(), dataType)
+					t.Fatalf("column name type should be correct, name: %v, length: %v, expects: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType.DatabaseTypeName(), dataType, columnType)
 				}
+				if length, ok := columnType.Length(); !sqlite && (!ok || length != 100) {
+					t.Fatalf("column name length should be correct, name: %v, length: %v, expects: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), length, 100, columnType)
+				}
+			case "age":
+				if v, ok := columnType.DefaultValue(); !ok || v != "18" {
+					t.Fatalf("column age default value should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+				if v, ok := columnType.Comment(); !sqlite && !sqlserver && (!ok || v != "my age") {
+					t.Fatalf("column age comment should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+			case "code":
+				if v, ok := columnType.Unique(); !ok || !v {
+					t.Fatalf("column code unique should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+				if v, ok := columnType.DefaultValue(); !sqlserver && (!ok || v != "hello") {
+					t.Fatalf("column code default value should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+				if v, ok := columnType.Comment(); !sqlite && !sqlserver && (!ok || v != "my code2") {
+					t.Fatalf("column code comment should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+			case "code2":
+				if v, ok := columnType.Unique(); !sqlserver && (!ok || !v) {
+					t.Fatalf("column code2 unique should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				}
+			case "code3":
+				// TODO
+				// if v, ok := columnType.Unique(); !ok || v {
+				// 	t.Fatalf("column code unique should be correct, name: %v, column: %#v", columnType.Name(), columnType)
+				// }
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -526,3 +574,122 @@ func TestMigrateColumnOrder(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues/5047
+func TestMigrateSerialColumn(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	type Event struct {
+		ID  uint `gorm:"primarykey"`
+		UID uint32
+	}
+
+	type Event1 struct {
+		ID  uint   `gorm:"primarykey"`
+		UID uint32 `gorm:"not null;autoIncrement"`
+	}
+
+	type Event2 struct {
+		ID  uint   `gorm:"primarykey"`
+		UID uint16 `gorm:"not null;autoIncrement"`
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	err = DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Event{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("DropTable err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// create sequence
+	err = DB.Table("events").AutoMigrate(&Event1{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// delete sequence
+	err = DB.Table("events").AutoMigrate(&Event{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// update sequence
+	err = DB.Table("events").AutoMigrate(&Event1{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+	err = DB.Table("events").AutoMigrate(&Event2{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Table("events").Save(&Event2{})
+	DB.Table("events").Save(&Event2{})
+	DB.Table("events").Save(&Event2{})
+
+	events := make([]*Event, 0)
+	DB.Table("events").Find(&events)
+
+	AssertEqual(t, 3, len(events))
+	for _, v := range events {
+		AssertEqual(t, v.ID, v.UID)
+	}
+}
+
+// https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues/5300
+func TestMigrateWithSpecialName(t *testing.T) {
+	var err error
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&Coupon{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+	err = DB.Table("coupon_product_1").AutoMigrate(&CouponProduct{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+	err = DB.Table("coupon_product_2").AutoMigrate(&CouponProduct{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, true, DB.Migrator().HasTable("coupons"))
+	AssertEqual(t, true, DB.Migrator().HasTable("coupon_product_1"))
+	AssertEqual(t, true, DB.Migrator().HasTable("coupon_product_2"))
+}
+
+// https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues/5320
+func TestPrimarykeyID(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	type MissPKLanguage struct {
+		ID   string `gorm:"type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4()"`
+		Name string
+	}
+
+	type MissPKUser struct {
+		ID              string           `gorm:"type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4()"`
+		MissPKLanguages []MissPKLanguage `gorm:"many2many:miss_pk_user_languages;"`
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	err = DB.Migrator().DropTable(&MissPKUser{}, &MissPKLanguage{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("DropTable err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Exec(`CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";`)
+
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&MissPKUser{}, &MissPKLanguage{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// patch
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&MissPKUser{}, &MissPKLanguage{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+}

tests/postgres_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package tests_test
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/lib/pq"
@@ -15,9 +16,11 @@ func TestPostgres(t *testing.T) {
 
 	type Harumph struct {
 		gorm.Model
-		Name   string         `gorm:"check:name_checker,name <> ''"`
+		Name      string         `gorm:"check:name_checker,name <> ''"`
-		Test   uuid.UUID      `gorm:"type:uuid;not null;default:gen_random_uuid()"`
+		Test      uuid.UUID      `gorm:"type:uuid;not null;default:gen_random_uuid()"`
-		Things pq.StringArray `gorm:"type:text[]"`
+		CreatedAt time.Time      `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE"`
+		UpdatedAt time.Time      `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE;default:current_timestamp"`
+		Things    pq.StringArray `gorm:"type:text[]"`
 	}
 
 	if err := DB.Exec("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;").Error; err != nil {
@@ -48,6 +51,15 @@ func TestPostgres(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := DB.Where("id = $1", harumph.ID).First(&Harumph{}).Error; err != nil || harumph.Name != "jinzhu" {
 		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
 	}
+
+	harumph.Name = "jinzhu1"
+	if err := DB.Save(&harumph).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to update date, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", harumph.ID).Error; err != nil || harumph.Name != "jinzhu1" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
 }
 
 type Post struct {

tests/preload_suits_test.go

@@ -1335,7 +1335,7 @@ func TestNilPointerSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got[0], want) && !reflect.DeepEqual(got[1], want) {
-		t.Errorf("got %s; want array containing %s", toJSONString(got), toJSONString(want))
+		t.Fatalf("got %s; want array containing %s", toJSONString(got), toJSONString(want))
 	}
 
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(got[0], want2) && !reflect.DeepEqual(got[1], want2) {

tests/preload_test.go

@@ -251,3 +251,21 @@ func TestPreloadGoroutine(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
 }
+
+func TestPreloadWithDiffModel(t *testing.T) {
+	user := *GetUser("preload_with_diff_model", Config{Account: true})
+
+	if err := DB.Create(&user).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result struct {
+		Something string
+		User
+	}
+
+	DB.Model(User{}).Preload("Account", clause.Eq{Column: "number", Value: user.Account.Number}).Select(
+		"users.*, 'yo' as something").First(&result, "name = ?", user.Name)
+
+	CheckUser(t, user, result.User)
+}

tests/query_test.go

@@ -292,6 +292,68 @@ func TestFindInBatches(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestFindInBatchesWithOffsetLimit(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []User{
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+		*GetUser("find_in_batches_with_offset_limit", Config{}),
+	}
+
+	DB.Create(&users)
+
+	var (
+		sub, results []User
+		lastBatch    int
+	)
+
+	// offset limit
+	if result := DB.Offset(3).Limit(5).Where("name = ?", users[0].Name).FindInBatches(&sub, 2, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		results = append(results, sub...)
+		lastBatch = batch
+		return nil
+	}); result.Error != nil || result.RowsAffected != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to batch find, got error %v, rows affected: %v", result.Error, result.RowsAffected)
+	}
+	if lastBatch != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("incorrect last batch, expected: %v, got: %v", 3, lastBatch)
+	}
+
+	targetUsers := users[3:8]
+	for i := 0; i < len(targetUsers); i++ {
+		AssertEqual(t, results[i], targetUsers[i])
+	}
+
+	var sub1 []User
+	// limit < batchSize
+	if result := DB.Limit(5).Where("name = ?", users[0].Name).FindInBatches(&sub1, 10, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		return nil
+	}); result.Error != nil || result.RowsAffected != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to batch find, got error %v, rows affected: %v", result.Error, result.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	var sub2 []User
+	// only offset
+	if result := DB.Offset(3).Where("name = ?", users[0].Name).FindInBatches(&sub2, 2, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		return nil
+	}); result.Error != nil || result.RowsAffected != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to batch find, got error %v, rows affected: %v", result.Error, result.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	var sub3 []User
+	if result := DB.Limit(4).Where("name = ?", users[0].Name).FindInBatches(&sub3, 2, func(tx *gorm.DB, batch int) error {
+		return nil
+	}); result.Error != nil || result.RowsAffected != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to batch find, got error %v, rows affected: %v", result.Error, result.RowsAffected)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestFindInBatchesWithError(t *testing.T) {
 	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "sqlserver" {
 		t.Skip("skip sqlserver due to it will raise data race for invalid sql")
@@ -512,7 +574,13 @@ func TestNotWithAllFields(t *testing.T) {
 func TestOr(t *testing.T) {
 	dryDB := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true})
 
-	result := dryDB.Where("role = ?", "admin").Where(DB.Or("role = ?", "super_admin")).Find(&User{})
+	var count int64
+	result := dryDB.Model(&User{}).Or("role = ?", "admin").Count(&count)
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT count\\(\\*\\) FROM .*users.* WHERE role = .+ AND .*users.*\\..*deleted_at.* IS NULL").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Fatalf("Build OR condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
+	result = dryDB.Where("role = ?", "admin").Where(DB.Or("role = ?", "super_admin")).Find(&User{})
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* WHERE .*role.* = .+ AND .*role.* = .+").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Fatalf("Build OR condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
@@ -577,7 +645,9 @@ func TestPluck(t *testing.T) {
 	if err := DB.Model(User{}).Where("name like ?", "pluck-user%").Order("name desc").Pluck("name", &names2).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("got error when pluck name: %v", err)
 	}
-	AssertEqual(t, names, sort.Reverse(sort.StringSlice(names2)))
+
+	sort.Slice(names2, func(i, j int) bool { return names2[i] < names2[j] })
+	AssertEqual(t, names, names2)
 
 	var ids []int
 	if err := DB.Model(User{}).Where("name like ?", "pluck-user%").Pluck("id", &ids).Error; err != nil {
@@ -1152,3 +1222,39 @@ func TestQueryWithTableAndConditionsAndAllFields(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("invalid query SQL, got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
 }
+
+type DoubleInt64 struct {
+	data int64
+}
+
+func (t *DoubleInt64) Scan(val interface{}) error {
+	switch v := val.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		t.data = v * 2
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("DoubleInt64 cant not scan with:%v", v)
+	}
+}
+
+// https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues/5091
+func TestQueryScannerWithSingleColumn(t *testing.T) {
+	user := User{Name: "scanner_raw_1", Age: 10}
+	DB.Create(&user)
+
+	var result1 DoubleInt64
+	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Where("name LIKE ?", "scanner_raw_%").Limit(1).Pluck(
+		"age", &result1).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, result1.data, 20)
+
+	var result2 DoubleInt64
+	if err := DB.Model(&User{}).Where("name LIKE ?", "scanner_raw_%").Limit(1).Select(
+		"age").Scan(&result2).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, result2.data, 20)
+}

tests/scan_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,11 @@ import (
 	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
 )
 
+type PersonAddressInfo struct {
+	Person  *Person  `gorm:"embedded"`
+	Address *Address `gorm:"embedded"`
+}
+
 func TestScan(t *testing.T) {
 	user1 := User{Name: "ScanUser1", Age: 1}
 	user2 := User{Name: "ScanUser2", Age: 10}
@@ -156,3 +161,57 @@ func TestScanRows(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to scan ages, got error %v, ages: %v", err, name)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestScanToEmbedded(t *testing.T) {
+	person1 := Person{Name: "person 1"}
+	person2 := Person{Name: "person 2"}
+	DB.Save(&person1).Save(&person2)
+
+	address1 := Address{Name: "address 1"}
+	address2 := Address{Name: "address 2"}
+	DB.Save(&address1).Save(&address2)
+
+	DB.Create(&PersonAddress{PersonID: person1.ID, AddressID: int(address1.ID)})
+	DB.Create(&PersonAddress{PersonID: person1.ID, AddressID: int(address2.ID)})
+	DB.Create(&PersonAddress{PersonID: person2.ID, AddressID: int(address1.ID)})
+
+	var personAddressInfoList []*PersonAddressInfo
+	if err := DB.Select("people.*, addresses.*").
+		Table("people").
+		Joins("inner join person_addresses on people.id = person_addresses.person_id").
+		Joins("inner join addresses on person_addresses.address_id = addresses.id").
+		Find(&personAddressInfoList).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to run join query, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	personMatched := false
+	addressMatched := false
+
+	for _, info := range personAddressInfoList {
+		if info.Person == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed, expected not nil, got person nil")
+		}
+		if info.Address == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed, expected not nil, got address nil")
+		}
+		if info.Person.ID == person1.ID {
+			personMatched = true
+			if info.Person.Name != person1.Name {
+				t.Errorf("Failed, expected %v, got %v", person1.Name, info.Person.Name)
+			}
+		}
+		if info.Address.ID == address1.ID {
+			addressMatched = true
+			if info.Address.Name != address1.Name {
+				t.Errorf("Failed, expected %v, got %v", address1.Name, info.Address.Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !personMatched {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, no person matched")
+	}
+	if !addressMatched {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, no address matched")
+	}
+}

tests/serializer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
+	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
+)
+
+type SerializerStruct struct {
+	gorm.Model
+	Name            []byte                 `gorm:"json"`
+	Roles           Roles                  `gorm:"serializer:json"`
+	Contracts       map[string]interface{} `gorm:"serializer:json"`
+	JobInfo         Job                    `gorm:"type:bytes;serializer:gob"`
+	CreatedTime     int64                  `gorm:"serializer:unixtime;type:time"` // store time in db, use int as field type
+	UpdatedTime     *int64                 `gorm:"serializer:unixtime;type:time"` // store time in db, use int as field type
+	EncryptedString EncryptedString
+}
+
+type Roles []string
+
+type Job struct {
+	Title    string
+	Number   int
+	Location string
+	IsIntern bool
+}
+
+type EncryptedString string
+
+func (es *EncryptedString) Scan(ctx context.Context, field *schema.Field, dst reflect.Value, dbValue interface{}) (err error) {
+	switch value := dbValue.(type) {
+	case []byte:
+		*es = EncryptedString(bytes.TrimPrefix(value, []byte("hello")))
+	case string:
+		*es = EncryptedString(strings.TrimPrefix(value, "hello"))
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported data %#v", dbValue)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (es EncryptedString) Value(ctx context.Context, field *schema.Field, dst reflect.Value, fieldValue interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+	return "hello" + string(es), nil
+}
+
+func TestSerializer(t *testing.T) {
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&SerializerStruct{})
+	if err := DB.Migrator().AutoMigrate(&SerializerStruct{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no error should happen when migrate scanner, valuer struct, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	createdAt := time.Date(2020, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	updatedAt := createdAt.Unix()
+
+	data := SerializerStruct{
+		Name:            []byte("jinzhu"),
+		Roles:           []string{"r1", "r2"},
+		Contracts:       map[string]interface{}{"name": "jinzhu", "age": 10},
+		EncryptedString: EncryptedString("pass"),
+		CreatedTime:     createdAt.Unix(),
+		UpdatedTime:     &updatedAt,
+		JobInfo: Job{
+			Title:    "programmer",
+			Number:   9920,
+			Location: "Kenmawr",
+			IsIntern: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Create(&data).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create data, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result SerializerStruct
+	if err := DB.First(&result, data.ID).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to query data, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, result, data)
+
+}
+
+func TestSerializerAssignFirstOrCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&SerializerStruct{})
+	if err := DB.Migrator().AutoMigrate(&SerializerStruct{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no error should happen when migrate scanner, valuer struct, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	createdAt := time.Date(2020, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+
+	data := SerializerStruct{
+		Name:            []byte("ag9920"),
+		Roles:           []string{"r1", "r2"},
+		Contracts:       map[string]interface{}{"name": "jing1", "age": 11},
+		EncryptedString: EncryptedString("pass"),
+		CreatedTime:     createdAt.Unix(),
+		JobInfo: Job{
+			Title:    "programmer",
+			Number:   9920,
+			Location: "Shadyside",
+			IsIntern: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// first time insert record
+	out := SerializerStruct{}
+	if err := DB.Assign(data).FirstOrCreate(&out).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to FirstOrCreate Assigned data, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result SerializerStruct
+	if err := DB.First(&result, out.ID).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to query data, got error %v", err)
+	}
+	AssertEqual(t, result, out)
+
+	//update record
+	data.Roles = append(data.Roles, "r3")
+	data.JobInfo.Location = "Gates Hillman Complex"
+	if err := DB.Assign(data).FirstOrCreate(&out).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to FirstOrCreate Assigned data, got error %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := DB.First(&result, out.ID).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to query data, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	AssertEqual(t, result.Roles, data.Roles)
+	AssertEqual(t, result.JobInfo.Location, data.JobInfo.Location)
+}

tests/sql_builder_test.go

@@ -168,6 +168,59 @@ func TestDryRun(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+type ageInt int8
+
+func (ageInt) String() string {
+	return "age"
+}
+
+type ageBool bool
+
+func (ageBool) String() string {
+	return "age"
+}
+
+type ageUint64 uint64
+
+func (ageUint64) String() string {
+	return "age"
+}
+
+type ageFloat float64
+
+func (ageFloat) String() string {
+	return "age"
+}
+
+func TestExplainSQL(t *testing.T) {
+	user := *GetUser("explain-sql", Config{})
+	dryRunDB := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true})
+
+	stmt := dryRunDB.Model(&user).Where("id = ?", 1).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"age": ageInt(8)}).Statement
+	sql := DB.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`.*age.*=8,`).MatchString(sql) {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to generate sql, got %v", sql)
+	}
+
+	stmt = dryRunDB.Model(&user).Where("id = ?", 1).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"age": ageUint64(10241024)}).Statement
+	sql = DB.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`.*age.*=10241024,`).MatchString(sql) {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to generate sql, got %v", sql)
+	}
+
+	stmt = dryRunDB.Model(&user).Where("id = ?", 1).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"age": ageBool(false)}).Statement
+	sql = DB.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`.*age.*=false,`).MatchString(sql) {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to generate sql, got %v", sql)
+	}
+
+	stmt = dryRunDB.Model(&user).Where("id = ?", 1).Updates(map[string]interface{}{"age": ageFloat(0.12345678)}).Statement
+	sql = DB.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`.*age.*=0.123457,`).MatchString(sql) {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to generate sql, got %v", sql)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestGroupConditions(t *testing.T) {
 	type Pizza struct {
 		ID   uint
@@ -190,6 +243,21 @@ func TestGroupConditions(t *testing.T) {
 	if !strings.HasSuffix(result, expects) {
 		t.Errorf("expects: %v, got %v", expects, result)
 	}
+
+	stmt2 := dryRunDB.Where(
+		DB.Scopes(NameIn1And2),
+	).Or(
+		DB.Where("pizza = ?", "hawaiian").Where("size = ?", "xlarge"),
+	).Find(&Pizza{}).Statement
+
+	execStmt2 := dryRunDB.Exec(`WHERE name in ? OR (pizza = ? AND size = ?)`, []string{"ScopeUser1", "ScopeUser2"}, "hawaiian", "xlarge").Statement
+
+	result2 := DB.Dialector.Explain(stmt2.SQL.String(), stmt2.Vars...)
+	expects2 := DB.Dialector.Explain(execStmt2.SQL.String(), execStmt2.Vars...)
+
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(result2, expects2) {
+		t.Errorf("expects: %v, got %v", expects2, result2)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestCombineStringConditions(t *testing.T) {
@@ -307,7 +375,7 @@ func TestToSQL(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	assertEqualSQL(t, `SELECT * FROM "users" WHERE id = 100 AND "users"."deleted_at" IS NULL ORDER BY age desc LIMIT 10`, sql)
 
-	// after model chagned
+	// after model changed
 	if DB.Statement.DryRun || DB.DryRun {
 		t.Fatal("Failed expect DB.DryRun and DB.Statement.ToSQL to be false")
 	}
@@ -373,13 +441,13 @@ func TestToSQL(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 	assertEqualSQL(t, `UPDATE "users" SET "name"='Foo',"age"=100 WHERE id = 100 AND "users"."deleted_at" IS NULL`, sql)
 
-	// after model chagned
+	// after model changed
 	if DB.Statement.DryRun || DB.DryRun {
 		t.Fatal("Failed expect DB.DryRun and DB.Statement.ToSQL to be false")
 	}
 }
 
-// assertEqualSQL for assert that the sql is equal, this method will ignore quote, and dialect speicals.
+// assertEqualSQL for assert that the sql is equal, this method will ignore quote, and dialect specials.
 func assertEqualSQL(t *testing.T, expected string, actually string) {
 	t.Helper()
 
@@ -387,7 +455,7 @@ func assertEqualSQL(t *testing.T, expected string, actually string) {
 	expected = replaceQuoteInSQL(expected)
 	actually = replaceQuoteInSQL(actually)
 
-	// ignore updated_at value, becase it's generated in Gorm inernal, can't to mock value on update.
+	// ignore updated_at value, because it's generated in Gorm internal, can't to mock value on update.
 	updatedAtRe := regexp.MustCompile(`(?i)"updated_at"=".+?"`)
 	actually = updatedAtRe.ReplaceAllString(actually, `"updated_at"=?`)
 	expected = updatedAtRe.ReplaceAllString(expected, `"updated_at"=?`)
@@ -407,16 +475,16 @@ func assertEqualSQL(t *testing.T, expected string, actually string) {
 
 func replaceQuoteInSQL(sql string) string {
 	// convert single quote into double quote
-	sql = strings.Replace(sql, `'`, `"`, -1)
+	sql = strings.ReplaceAll(sql, `'`, `"`)
 
-	// convert dialect speical quote into double quote
+	// convert dialect special quote into double quote
 	switch DB.Dialector.Name() {
 	case "postgres":
-		sql = strings.Replace(sql, `"`, `"`, -1)
+		sql = strings.ReplaceAll(sql, `"`, `"`)
 	case "mysql", "sqlite":
-		sql = strings.Replace(sql, "`", `"`, -1)
+		sql = strings.ReplaceAll(sql, "`", `"`)
 	case "sqlserver":
-		sql = strings.Replace(sql, `'`, `"`, -1)
+		sql = strings.ReplaceAll(sql, `'`, `"`)
 	}
 
 	return sql

tests/tests_all.sh

@@ -15,6 +15,25 @@ then
   cd ..
 fi
 
+# SqlServer for Mac M1
+if [[ -z $GITHUB_ACTION ]]; then
+  if [ -d tests ]
+  then
+    cd tests
+    if [[ $(uname -a) == *" arm64" ]]; then
+      MSSQL_IMAGE=mcr.microsoft.com/azure-sql-edge docker-compose start || true
+      go install github.com/microsoft/go-sqlcmd/cmd/sqlcmd@latest || true
+      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "IF DB_ID('gorm') IS NULL CREATE DATABASE gorm" > /dev/null || true
+      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "IF SUSER_ID (N'gorm') IS NULL CREATE LOGIN gorm WITH PASSWORD = 'LoremIpsum86';" > /dev/null || true
+      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "IF USER_ID (N'gorm') IS NULL CREATE USER gorm FROM LOGIN gorm; ALTER SERVER ROLE sysadmin ADD MEMBER [gorm];" > /dev/null || true
+    else
+      docker-compose start
+    fi
+    cd ..
+  fi
+fi
+
+
 for dialect in "${dialects[@]}" ; do
   if [ "$GORM_DIALECT" = "" ] || [ "$GORM_DIALECT" = "${dialect}" ]
   then

tests/tests_test.go

@@ -62,13 +62,14 @@ func OpenTestConnection() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 			PreferSimpleProtocol: true,
 		}), &gorm.Config{})
 	case "sqlserver":
-		// CREATE LOGIN gorm WITH PASSWORD = 'LoremIpsum86';
+		// go install github.com/microsoft/go-sqlcmd/cmd/sqlcmd@latest
+		// SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930
 		// CREATE DATABASE gorm;
-		// USE gorm;
+		// GO
+		// CREATE LOGIN gorm WITH PASSWORD = 'LoremIpsum86';
 		// CREATE USER gorm FROM LOGIN gorm;
-		// sp_changedbowner 'gorm';
+		// ALTER SERVER ROLE sysadmin ADD MEMBER [gorm];
-		// npm install -g sql-cli
+		// GO
-		// mssql -u gorm -p LoremIpsum86 -d gorm -o 9930
 		log.Println("testing sqlserver...")
 		if dbDSN == "" {
 			dbDSN = "sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm"
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ func OpenTestConnection() (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 
 func RunMigrations() {
 	var err error
-	allModels := []interface{}{&User{}, &Account{}, &Pet{}, &Company{}, &Toy{}, &Language{}, &Coupon{}, &CouponProduct{}, &Order{}}
+	allModels := []interface{}{&User{}, &Account{}, &Pet{}, &Company{}, &Toy{}, &Language{}, &Coupon{}, &CouponProduct{}, &Order{}, &Parent{}, &Child{}}
 	rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
 	rand.Shuffle(len(allModels), func(i, j int) { allModels[i], allModels[j] = allModels[j], allModels[i] })
 

tests/update_test.go

@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ func TestSave(t *testing.T) {
 
 	dryDB := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true})
 	stmt := dryDB.Save(&user).Statement
-	if !regexp.MustCompile(`.id. = .* AND .users.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(stmt.SQL.String()) {
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`.users.\..deleted_at. IS NULL`).MatchString(stmt.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Fatalf("invalid updating SQL, got %v", stmt.SQL.String())
 	}
 

tests/upsert_test.go

@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ func TestUpdateWithMissWhere(t *testing.T) {
 	tx := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{DryRun: true}).Save(&user)
 
 	if err := tx.Error; err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("failed to update user,missing where condtion,err=%+v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("failed to update user,missing where condition,err=%+v", err)
 	}
 
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("WHERE .id. = [^ ]+$").MatchString(tx.Statement.SQL.String()) {

utils/tests/dummy_dialecter.go

@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func (DummyDialector) QuoteTo(writer clause.Writer, str string) {
 				shiftDelimiter = 0
 				underQuoted = false
 				continuousBacktick = 0
-				writer.WriteString("`")
+				writer.WriteByte('`')
 			}
 			writer.WriteByte(v)
 			continue
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ func (DummyDialector) QuoteTo(writer clause.Writer, str string) {
 	if continuousBacktick > 0 && !selfQuoted {
 		writer.WriteString("``")
 	}
-	writer.WriteString("`")
+	writer.WriteByte('`')
 }
 
 func (DummyDialector) Explain(sql string, vars ...interface{}) string {

utils/tests/models.go

@@ -80,3 +80,17 @@ type Order struct {
 	Coupon   *Coupon
 	CouponID string
 }
+
+type Parent struct {
+	gorm.Model
+	FavChildID uint
+	FavChild   *Child
+	Children   []*Child
+}
+
+type Child struct {
+	gorm.Model
+	Name     string
+	ParentID *uint
+	Parent   *Parent
+}

utils/tests/utils.go

@@ -83,20 +83,22 @@ func AssertEqual(t *testing.T, got, expect interface{}) {
 		}
 
 		if reflect.ValueOf(got).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-			if reflect.ValueOf(got).NumField() == reflect.ValueOf(expect).NumField() {
+			if reflect.ValueOf(expect).Kind() == reflect.Struct {
-				exported := false
+				if reflect.ValueOf(got).NumField() == reflect.ValueOf(expect).NumField() {
-				for i := 0; i < reflect.ValueOf(got).NumField(); i++ {
+					exported := false
-					if fieldStruct := reflect.ValueOf(got).Type().Field(i); ast.IsExported(fieldStruct.Name) {
+					for i := 0; i < reflect.ValueOf(got).NumField(); i++ {
-						exported = true
+						if fieldStruct := reflect.ValueOf(got).Type().Field(i); ast.IsExported(fieldStruct.Name) {
-						field := reflect.ValueOf(got).Field(i)
+							exported = true
-						t.Run(fieldStruct.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+							field := reflect.ValueOf(got).Field(i)
-							AssertEqual(t, field.Interface(), reflect.ValueOf(expect).Field(i).Interface())
+							t.Run(fieldStruct.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
-						})
+								AssertEqual(t, field.Interface(), reflect.ValueOf(expect).Field(i).Interface())
+							})
+						}
 					}
-				}
 
-				if exported {
+					if exported {
-					return
+						return
+					}
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -107,6 +109,9 @@ func AssertEqual(t *testing.T, got, expect interface{}) {
 		} else if reflect.ValueOf(expect).Type().ConvertibleTo(reflect.ValueOf(got).Type()) {
 			expect = reflect.ValueOf(got).Convert(reflect.ValueOf(got).Type()).Interface()
 			isEqual()
+		} else {
+			t.Errorf("%v: expect: %+v, got %+v", utils.FileWithLineNum(), expect, got)
+			return
 		}
 	}
 }

utils/utils.go

@@ -36,17 +36,14 @@ func IsValidDBNameChar(c rune) bool {
 	return !unicode.IsLetter(c) && !unicode.IsNumber(c) && c != '.' && c != '*' && c != '_' && c != '$' && c != '@'
 }
 
-func CheckTruth(val interface{}) bool {
+// CheckTruth check string true or not
-	if v, ok := val.(bool); ok {
+func CheckTruth(vals ...string) bool {
-		return v
+	for _, val := range vals {
+		if val != "" && !strings.EqualFold(val, "false") {
+			return true
+		}
 	}
-
+	return false
-	if v, ok := val.(string); ok {
-		v = strings.ToLower(v)
-		return v != "false"
-	}
-
-	return !reflect.ValueOf(val).IsZero()
 }
 
 func ToStringKey(values ...interface{}) string {