optimize: field.ReflectValueOf (#7530)

* fix(schema): Check the callback function parameter type

* fix log

* fix

.github/release-drafter.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+name-template: 'v Release $NEXT_PATCH_VERSION 🌈'
+tag-template: 'v$NEXT_PATCH_VERSION'
+categories:
+  - title: '🚀 Features'
+    labels:
+      - 'feature'
+      - 'enhancement'
+  - title: '🐛 Bug Fixes'
+    labels:
+      - 'fix'
+      - 'bugfix'
+      - 'bug'
+  - title: '🧰 Maintenance'
+    label: 'chore'
+change-template: '- $TITLE @$AUTHOR (#$NUMBER)'
+change-title-escapes: '\<*_&'
+template: |
+  ## Changes
+
+  $CHANGES

.github/workflows/create-release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+name: Create Release
+
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - 'v*.*.*'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+  pull-requests: read
+
+jobs:
+  create_release:
+    name: Create Release
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout code
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Generate Release Notes and Publish
+        id: generate_release_notes
+        uses: release-drafter/release-drafter@v6
+        with:
+          config-name: 'release-drafter.yml'
+          name: "Release ${{ github.ref_name }}"
+          tag: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+          publish: true
+          prerelease: false
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+name: golangci-lint
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pull-requests: read
+
+jobs:
+  golangci:
+    name: lint
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: stable
+      - name: golangci-lint
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
+        with:
+          version: v2.0
+          only-new-issues: true

.github/workflows/reviewdog.yml

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-name: reviewdog
-on: [pull_request]
-jobs:
-  golangci-lint:
-    name: runner / golangci-lint
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: reviewdog/action-golangci-lint@v2
-
-      - name: Setup reviewdog
-        uses: reviewdog/action-setup@v1
-
-      - name: gofumpt -s with reviewdog
-        env:
-          REVIEWDOG_GITHUB_API_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        run: |
-          go install mvdan.cc/gofumpt@v0.2.0
-          gofumpt -e -d . | \
-          reviewdog -name="gofumpt" -f=diff -f.diff.strip=0 -reporter=github-pr-review

.github/workflows/tests.yml

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ jobs:
   sqlite:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.22', '1.21', '1.20']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in windows OS
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ jobs:
   mysql:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        dbversion: ['mysql/mysql-server:latest', 'mysql:5.7']
-        go: ['1.22', '1.21', '1.20']
+        dbversion: ['mysql:9', 'mysql:8', 'mysql:5.7']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: [ 'mariadb:latest' ]
-        go: ['1.22', '1.21', '1.20']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
         platform: [ ubuntu-latest ]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: ['postgres:latest', 'postgres:15', 'postgres:14', 'postgres:13']
-        go: ['1.22', '1.21', '1.20']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in macOS and Windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -170,23 +170,21 @@ jobs:
   sqlserver:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.22', '1.21', '1.20']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
         platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run test in macOS and windows
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
     services:
       mssql:
-        image: mcmoe/mssqldocker:latest
+        image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2022-latest
         env:
+          TZ: Asia/Shanghai
           ACCEPT_EULA: Y
-          SA_PASSWORD: LoremIpsum86
-          MSSQL_DB: gorm
-          MSSQL_USER: gorm
-          MSSQL_PASSWORD: LoremIpsum86
+          MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD: LoremIpsum86
         ports:
           - 9930:1433
         options: >-
-          --health-cmd="/opt/mssql-tools/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P LoremIpsum86 -l 30 -Q \"SELECT 1\" || exit 1"
+          --health-cmd="/opt/mssql-tools18/bin/sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P ${MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD} -N -C -l 30 -Q \"SELECT 1\" || exit 1"
           --health-start-period 10s
           --health-interval 10s
           --health-timeout 5s
@@ -208,13 +206,13 @@ jobs:
         key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ matrix.go }}-${{ hashFiles('tests/go.mod') }}
 
     - name: Tests
-      run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=sqlserver GORM_DSN="sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm" ./tests/tests_all.sh
+      run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=sqlserver GORM_DSN="sqlserver://sa:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=master" ./tests/tests_all.sh
 
   tidb:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         dbversion: [ 'v6.5.0' ]
-        go: ['1.22', '1.21', '1.20']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
         platform: [ ubuntu-latest ]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
 
@@ -242,3 +240,71 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Tests
         run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=tidb GORM_DSN="root:@tcp(localhost:9940)/test?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local" ./tests/tests_all.sh
+
+  gaussdb:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        dbversion: ['opengauss/opengauss:7.0.0-RC1.B023']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
+        platform: [ubuntu-latest] # can not run in macOS and Windows
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform }}
+
+    services:
+      gaussdb:
+        image: ${{ matrix.dbversion }}
+        env:
+          # GaussDB has password limitations
+          GS_PASSWORD: Gaussdb@123
+          TZ: Asia/Shanghai
+        ports:
+          - 9950:5432
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Set up Go 1.x
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v4
+        with:
+          go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
+
+      - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Waiting for GaussDB to be ready
+        run: |
+          container_name=$(docker ps --filter "ancestor=opengauss/opengauss:7.0.0-RC1.B023" --format "{{.Names}}")
+          if [ -z "$container_name" ]; then
+            echo "Error: failed to find a container created from the 'opengauss/opengauss:7.0.0-RC1.B023' image."
+            exit 1
+          fi
+          max_retries=12
+          retry_count=0
+          if [ -t 0 ]; then
+            TTY_FLAG="-t"
+          else
+            TTY_FLAG=""
+          fi
+          while [ $retry_count -lt $max_retries ]; do
+            if docker exec -i "${container_name}" bash -c "su - omm -c 'gsql -U omm -c \"select 1;\"'" 
+            then
+              echo "Creating database gorm..."
+              sql_file='/tmp/create_database.sql'
+              echo "CREATE DATABASE gorm DBCOMPATIBILITY 'PG';" > ${sql_file}
+              docker cp "${sql_file}" "${container_name}":"${sql_file}"
+              docker exec -i ${TTY_FLAG} "${container_name}" bash -c "su - omm -c 'gsql -U omm -f ${sql_file}'"
+              echo "Database initialization completed."
+              break
+            fi
+
+            echo "Waiting for database to be ready... (attempt $((retry_count + 1))/$max_retries)"
+            sleep 10
+            ((++retry_count))
+          done
+          exit 0
+
+      - name: go mod package cache
+        uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: ~/go/pkg/mod
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-go-${{ matrix.go }}-${{ hashFiles('tests/go.mod') }}
+
+      - name: Tests
+        run: GITHUB_ACTION=true GORM_DIALECT=gaussdb GORM_DSN="user=gaussdb password=Gaussdb@123 dbname=gorm host=localhost port=9950 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai" ./tests/tests_all.sh

.golangci.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
+version: "2"
+
 linters:
+  default: standard
   enable:
     - cyclop
-    - exportloopref
     - gocritic
     - gosec
     - ineffassign
@@ -9,12 +11,9 @@ linters:
     - prealloc
     - unconvert
     - unparam
-    - goimports
     - whitespace
 
-linters-settings:
-  whitespace:
-    multi-func: true
-  goimports:
-    local-prefixes: gorm.io/gorm
-
+formatters:
+  enable:
+    - gofumpt
+    - goimports

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct
+
+## Our Pledge
+
+We as members, contributors, and leaders pledge to participate in our
+community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body
+size, visible or invisible disability, ethnicity, sex characteristics, gender
+identity and expression, level of experience, education, socio-economic status,
+nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity
+and orientation.
+
+We pledge to act and interact in ways that contribute to an open, welcoming,
+diverse, inclusive, and healthy community.
+
+## Our Standards
+
+Examples of behavior that contributes to a positive environment for our
+community includes:
+
+* Demonstrating empathy and kindness toward other people
+* Being respectful of differing opinions, viewpoints, and experiences
+* Giving and gracefully accepting constructive feedback
+* Accepting responsibility and apologizing to those affected by our mistakes,
+  and learning from the experience
+* Focusing on what is best not just for us as individuals, but for the
+  overall community
+
+Examples of unacceptable behavior include:
+
+* The use of sexualized language or imagery, and sexual attention or
+  advances of any kind
+* Trolling, insulting or derogatory comments, and personal or political attacks
+* Public or private harassment
+* Publishing others' private information, such as a physical or email
+  address, without their explicit permission
+* Other conduct which could reasonably be considered inappropriate in a
+  professional setting
+
+## Enforcement Responsibilities
+
+Community leaders are responsible for clarifying and enforcing our standards of
+acceptable behavior and will take appropriate and fair corrective action in
+response to any behavior that they deem inappropriate, threatening, offensive,
+or harmful.
+
+Community leaders have the right and responsibility to remove, edit, or reject
+comments, commits, code, wiki edits, issues, and other contributions that are
+not aligned to this Code of Conduct, and will communicate reasons for moderation
+decisions when appropriate.
+
+## Scope
+
+This Code of Conduct applies within all community spaces and also applies when
+an individual is officially representing the community in public spaces.
+Examples of representing our community include using an official e-mail address,
+posting via an official social media account, or acting as an appointed
+representative at an online or offline event.
+
+## Enforcement
+
+Instances of abusive, harassing, or otherwise unacceptable behavior may be
+reported to the community leaders responsible for enforcement at
+.
+All complaints will be reviewed and investigated promptly and fairly.
+
+All community leaders are obligated to respect the privacy and security of the
+reporter of any incident.
+
+## Enforcement Guidelines
+
+Community leaders will follow these Community Impact Guidelines in determining
+the consequences for any action they deem in violation of this Code of Conduct:
+
+### 1. Correction
+
+**Community Impact**: Use of inappropriate language or other behavior deemed
+unprofessional or unwelcome in the community.
+
+**Consequence**: A private, written warning from community leaders, providing
+clarity around the nature of the violation and an explanation of why the
+behavior was inappropriate. A public apology may be requested.
+
+### 2. Warning
+
+**Community Impact**: A violation through a single incident or series
+of actions.
+
+**Consequence**: A warning with consequences for continued behavior. No
+interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction with
+those enforcing the Code of Conduct, for a specified period. This
+includes avoiding interactions in community spaces and external channels
+like social media. Violating these terms may lead to a temporary or
+permanent ban.
+
+### 3. Temporary Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: A serious violation of community standards, including
+sustained inappropriate behavior.
+
+**Consequence**: A temporary ban from any interaction or public
+communication with the community for a specified period. No public or
+private interaction with the people involved, including unsolicited interaction
+with those enforcing the Code of Conduct, is allowed during this period.
+Violating these terms may lead to a permanent ban.
+
+### 4. Permanent Ban
+
+**Community Impact**: Demonstrating a pattern of violation of community
+standards, including sustained inappropriate behavior,  harassment of an
+individual, or aggression toward or disparagement of classes of individuals.
+
+**Consequence**: A permanent ban from any sort of public interaction within
+the community.
+
+## Attribution
+
+This Code of Conduct is adapted from the [Contributor Covenant][homepage],
+version 2.0, available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/version/2/0/code_of_conduct.html.
+
+Community Impact Guidelines were inspired by [Mozilla's code of conduct
+enforcement ladder](https://github.com/mozilla/diversity).
+
+[homepage]: https://www.contributor-covenant.org
+
+For answers to common questions about this code of conduct, see the FAQ at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/faq. Translations are available at
+https://www.contributor-covenant.org/translations.

LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License (MIT)
 
-Copyright (c) 2013-NOW  Jinzhu <wosmvp@gmail.com>
+Copyright (c) 2013-present  Jinzhu <wosmvp@gmail.com>
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

callbacks/associations.go

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func SaveBeforeAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					)
 
 					if !isPtr {
-						fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+						fieldType = reflect.PointerTo(fieldType)
 					}
 
 					elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 10)
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					)
 
 					if !isPtr {
-						fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+						fieldType = reflect.PointerTo(fieldType)
 					}
 
 					elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 10)
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				fieldType := rel.Field.IndirectFieldType.Elem()
 				isPtr := fieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr
 				if !isPtr {
-					fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+					fieldType = reflect.PointerTo(fieldType)
 				}
 				elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 10)
 				identityMap := map[string]bool{}
@@ -268,11 +268,11 @@ func SaveAfterAssociations(create bool) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				fieldType := rel.Field.IndirectFieldType.Elem()
 				isPtr := fieldType.Kind() == reflect.Ptr
 				if !isPtr {
-					fieldType = reflect.PtrTo(fieldType)
+					fieldType = reflect.PointerTo(fieldType)
 				}
 				elems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 10)
 				distinctElems := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(fieldType), 0, 10)
-				joins := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(reflect.PtrTo(rel.JoinTable.ModelType)), 0, 10)
+				joins := reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(reflect.PointerTo(rel.JoinTable.ModelType)), 0, 10)
 				objs := []reflect.Value{}
 
 				appendToJoins := func(obj reflect.Value, elem reflect.Value) {

callbacks/create.go

@@ -53,9 +53,13 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				if _, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["RETURNING"]; !ok {
 					fromColumns := make([]clause.Column, 0, len(db.Statement.Schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue))
 					for _, field := range db.Statement.Schema.FieldsWithDefaultDBValue {
-						fromColumns = append(fromColumns, clause.Column{Name: field.DBName})
+						if field.Readable {
+							fromColumns = append(fromColumns, clause.Column{Name: field.DBName})
+						}
+					}
+					if len(fromColumns) > 0 {
+						db.Statement.AddClause(clause.Returning{Columns: fromColumns})
 					}
-					db.Statement.AddClause(clause.Returning{Columns: fromColumns})
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -89,6 +93,10 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					db.AddError(rows.Close())
 				}()
 				gorm.Scan(rows, db, mode)
+
+				if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+					db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+				}
 			}
 
 			return
@@ -103,6 +111,12 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 		}
 
 		db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
+
+		if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+			db.Statement.Result.Result = result
+			db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+		}
+
 		if db.RowsAffected == 0 {
 			return
 		}
@@ -112,6 +126,16 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			pkFieldName = "@id"
 		)
 
+		if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
+			if db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField == nil ||
+				!db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.HasDefaultValue ||
+				!db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.Readable {
+				return
+			}
+			pkField = db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField
+			pkFieldName = db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.DBName
+		}
+
 		insertID, err := result.LastInsertId()
 		insertOk := err == nil && insertID > 0
 
@@ -122,14 +146,6 @@ func Create(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			return
 		}
 
-		if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
-			if db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField == nil || !db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.HasDefaultValue {
-				return
-			}
-			pkField = db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField
-			pkFieldName = db.Statement.Schema.PrioritizedPrimaryField.DBName
-		}
-
 		// append @id column with value for auto-increment primary key
 		// the @id value is correct, when: 1. without setting auto-increment primary key, 2. database AutoIncrementIncrement = 1
 		switch values := db.Statement.Dest.(type) {

callbacks/delete.go

@@ -157,8 +157,14 @@ func Delete(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 			ok, mode := hasReturning(db, supportReturning)
 			if !ok {
 				result, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.ExecContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
+
 				if db.AddError(err) == nil {
 					db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
+
+					if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+						db.Statement.Result.Result = result
+						db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+					}
 				}
 
 				return
@@ -166,6 +172,10 @@ func Delete(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 			if rows, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.QueryContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...); db.AddError(err) == nil {
 				gorm.Scan(rows, db, mode)
+
+				if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+					db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+				}
 				db.AddError(rows.Close())
 			}
 		}

callbacks/preload.go

@@ -103,11 +103,11 @@ func preloadEntryPoint(db *gorm.DB, joins []string, relationships *schema.Relati
 				joined = true
 				continue
 			}
-			joinNames := strings.SplitN(join, ".", 2)
-			if len(joinNames) == 2 {
-				if _, ok := relationships.Relations[joinNames[0]]; ok && name == joinNames[0] {
+			join0, join1, cut := strings.Cut(join, ".")
+			if cut {
+				if _, ok := relationships.Relations[join0]; ok && name == join0 {
 					joined = true
-					nestedJoins = append(nestedJoins, joinNames[1])
+					nestedJoins = append(nestedJoins, join1)
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -275,6 +275,8 @@ func preload(tx *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 	column, values := schema.ToQueryValues(clause.CurrentTable, relForeignKeys, foreignValues)
 
 	if len(values) != 0 {
+		tx = tx.Model(reflectResults.Addr().Interface()).Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values})
+
 		for _, cond := range conds {
 			if fc, ok := cond.(func(*gorm.DB) *gorm.DB); ok {
 				tx = fc(tx)
@@ -283,7 +285,11 @@ func preload(tx *gorm.DB, rel *schema.Relationship, conds []interface{}, preload
 			}
 		}
 
-		if err := tx.Where(clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values}).Find(reflectResults.Addr().Interface(), inlineConds...).Error; err != nil {
+		if len(inlineConds) > 0 {
+			tx = tx.Where(inlineConds[0], inlineConds[1:]...)
+		}
+
+		if err := tx.Find(reflectResults.Addr().Interface()).Error; err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}

callbacks/query.go

@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@ func Query(db *gorm.DB) {
 				db.AddError(rows.Close())
 			}()
 			gorm.Scan(rows, db, 0)
+
+			if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+				db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -110,7 +114,7 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 				}
 			}
 
-			specifiedRelationsName := make(map[string]interface{})
+			specifiedRelationsName := map[string]string{clause.CurrentTable: clause.CurrentTable}
 			for _, join := range db.Statement.Joins {
 				if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
 					var isRelations bool // is relations or raw sql
@@ -124,12 +128,12 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 						nestedJoinNames := strings.Split(join.Name, ".")
 						if len(nestedJoinNames) > 1 {
 							isNestedJoin := true
-							gussNestedRelations := make([]*schema.Relationship, 0, len(nestedJoinNames))
+							guessNestedRelations := make([]*schema.Relationship, 0, len(nestedJoinNames))
 							currentRelations := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations
 							for _, relname := range nestedJoinNames {
 								// incomplete match, only treated as raw sql
 								if relation, ok = currentRelations[relname]; ok {
-									gussNestedRelations = append(gussNestedRelations, relation)
+									guessNestedRelations = append(guessNestedRelations, relation)
 									currentRelations = relation.FieldSchema.Relationships.Relations
 								} else {
 									isNestedJoin = false
@@ -139,18 +143,13 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 
 							if isNestedJoin {
 								isRelations = true
-								relations = gussNestedRelations
+								relations = guessNestedRelations
 							}
 						}
 					}
 
 					if isRelations {
-						genJoinClause := func(joinType clause.JoinType, parentTableName string, relation *schema.Relationship) clause.Join {
-							tableAliasName := relation.Name
-							if parentTableName != clause.CurrentTable {
-								tableAliasName = utils.NestedRelationName(parentTableName, tableAliasName)
-							}
-
+						genJoinClause := func(joinType clause.JoinType, tableAliasName string, parentTableName string, relation *schema.Relationship) clause.Join {
 							columnStmt := gorm.Statement{
 								Table: tableAliasName, DB: db, Schema: relation.FieldSchema,
 								Selects: join.Selects, Omits: join.Omits,
@@ -167,6 +166,13 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 								}
 							}
 
+							if join.Expression != nil {
+								return clause.Join{
+									Type:       join.JoinType,
+									Expression: join.Expression,
+								}
+							}
+
 							exprs := make([]clause.Expression, len(relation.References))
 							for idx, ref := range relation.References {
 								if ref.OwnPrimaryKey {
@@ -226,19 +232,24 @@ func BuildQuerySQL(db *gorm.DB) {
 						}
 
 						parentTableName := clause.CurrentTable
-						for _, rel := range relations {
+						for idx, rel := range relations {
 							// joins table alias like "Manager, Company, Manager__Company"
-							nestedAlias := utils.NestedRelationName(parentTableName, rel.Name)
-							if _, ok := specifiedRelationsName[nestedAlias]; !ok {
-								fromClause.Joins = append(fromClause.Joins, genJoinClause(join.JoinType, parentTableName, rel))
-								specifiedRelationsName[nestedAlias] = nil
+							curAliasName := rel.Name
+							if parentTableName != clause.CurrentTable {
+								curAliasName = utils.NestedRelationName(parentTableName, curAliasName)
 							}
 
-							if parentTableName != clause.CurrentTable {
-								parentTableName = utils.NestedRelationName(parentTableName, rel.Name)
-							} else {
-								parentTableName = rel.Name
+							if _, ok := specifiedRelationsName[curAliasName]; !ok {
+								aliasName := curAliasName
+								if idx == len(relations)-1 && join.Alias != "" {
+									aliasName = join.Alias
+								}
+
+								fromClause.Joins = append(fromClause.Joins, genJoinClause(join.JoinType, aliasName, specifiedRelationsName[parentTableName], rel))
+								specifiedRelationsName[curAliasName] = aliasName
 							}
+
+							parentTableName = curAliasName
 						}
 					} else {
 						fromClause.Joins = append(fromClause.Joins, clause.Join{
@@ -288,7 +299,7 @@ func AfterQuery(db *gorm.DB) {
 	// clear the joins after query because preload need it
 	if v, ok := db.Statement.Clauses["FROM"].Expression.(clause.From); ok {
 		fromClause := db.Statement.Clauses["FROM"]
-		fromClause.Expression = clause.From{Tables: v.Tables, Joins: v.Joins[:len(v.Joins)-len(db.Statement.Joins)]} // keep the original From Joins
+		fromClause.Expression = clause.From{Tables: v.Tables, Joins: utils.RTrimSlice(v.Joins, len(db.Statement.Joins))} // keep the original From Joins
 		db.Statement.Clauses["FROM"] = fromClause
 	}
 	if db.Error == nil && db.Statement.Schema != nil && !db.Statement.SkipHooks && db.Statement.Schema.AfterFind && db.RowsAffected > 0 {

callbacks/raw.go

@@ -13,5 +13,10 @@ func RawExec(db *gorm.DB) {
 		}
 
 		db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
+
+		if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+			db.Statement.Result.Result = result
+			db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+		}
 	}
 }

callbacks/update.go

@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 					gorm.Scan(rows, db, mode)
 					db.Statement.Dest = dest
 					db.AddError(rows.Close())
+
+					if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+						db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+					}
 				}
 			} else {
 				result, err := db.Statement.ConnPool.ExecContext(db.Statement.Context, db.Statement.SQL.String(), db.Statement.Vars...)
@@ -99,6 +103,11 @@ func Update(config *Config) func(db *gorm.DB) {
 				if db.AddError(err) == nil {
 					db.RowsAffected, _ = result.RowsAffected()
 				}
+
+				if db.Statement.Result != nil {
+					db.Statement.Result.Result = result
+					db.Statement.Result.RowsAffected = db.RowsAffected
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}

chainable_api.go

@@ -448,9 +448,10 @@ func (db *DB) Assign(attrs ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
 // Unscoped allows queries to include records marked as deleted,
 // overriding the soft deletion behavior.
 // Example:
-//    var users []User
-//    db.Unscoped().Find(&users)
-//    // Retrieves all users, including deleted ones.
+//
+//	var users []User
+//	db.Unscoped().Find(&users)
+//	// Retrieves all users, including deleted ones.
 func (db *DB) Unscoped() (tx *DB) {
 	tx = db.getInstance()
 	tx.Statement.Unscoped = true

clause/joins.go

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package clause
 
+import "gorm.io/gorm/utils"
+
 type JoinType string
 
 const (
@@ -9,6 +11,30 @@ const (
 	RightJoin JoinType = "RIGHT"
 )
 
+type JoinTarget struct {
+	Type        JoinType
+	Association string
+	Subquery    Expression
+	Table       string
+}
+
+func Has(name string) JoinTarget {
+	return JoinTarget{Type: InnerJoin, Association: name}
+}
+
+func (jt JoinType) Association(name string) JoinTarget {
+	return JoinTarget{Type: jt, Association: name}
+}
+
+func (jt JoinType) AssociationFrom(name string, subquery Expression) JoinTarget {
+	return JoinTarget{Type: jt, Association: name, Subquery: subquery}
+}
+
+func (jt JoinTarget) As(name string) JoinTarget {
+	jt.Table = name
+	return jt
+}
+
 // Join clause for from
 type Join struct {
 	Type       JoinType
@@ -18,6 +44,12 @@ type Join struct {
 	Expression Expression
 }
 
+func JoinTable(names ...string) Table {
+	return Table{
+		Name: utils.JoinNestedRelationNames(names),
+	}
+}
+
 func (join Join) Build(builder Builder) {
 	if join.Expression != nil {
 		join.Expression.Build(builder)

clause/returning.go

@@ -26,9 +26,12 @@ func (returning Returning) Build(builder Builder) {
 
 // MergeClause merge order by clauses
 func (returning Returning) MergeClause(clause *Clause) {
-	if v, ok := clause.Expression.(Returning); ok {
-		returning.Columns = append(v.Columns, returning.Columns...)
+	if v, ok := clause.Expression.(Returning); ok && len(returning.Columns) > 0 {
+		if v.Columns != nil {
+			returning.Columns = append(v.Columns, returning.Columns...)
+		} else {
+			returning.Columns = nil
+		}
 	}
-
 	clause.Expression = returning
 }

clause/returning_test.go

@@ -26,6 +26,22 @@ func TestReturning(t *testing.T) {
 			}},
 			"SELECT * FROM `users` RETURNING `users`.`id`,`name`,`age`", nil,
 		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Returning{
+				[]clause.Column{clause.PrimaryColumn},
+			}, clause.Returning{}, clause.Returning{
+				[]clause.Column{{Name: "name"}, {Name: "age"}},
+			}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` RETURNING *", nil,
+		},
+		{
+			[]clause.Interface{clause.Select{}, clause.From{}, clause.Returning{
+				[]clause.Column{clause.PrimaryColumn},
+			}, clause.Returning{
+				[]clause.Column{{Name: "name"}, {Name: "age"}},
+			}, clause.Returning{}},
+			"SELECT * FROM `users` RETURNING *", nil,
+		},
 	}
 
 	for idx, result := range results {

finisher_api.go

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package gorm
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"hash/maphash"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -623,14 +625,15 @@ func (db *DB) Transaction(fc func(tx *DB) error, opts ...*sql.TxOptions) (err er
 	if committer, ok := db.Statement.ConnPool.(TxCommitter); ok && committer != nil {
 		// nested transaction
 		if !db.DisableNestedTransaction {
-			err = db.SavePoint(fmt.Sprintf("sp%p", fc)).Error
+			spID := new(maphash.Hash).Sum64()
+			err = db.SavePoint(fmt.Sprintf("sp%d", spID)).Error
 			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
 			defer func() {
 				// Make sure to rollback when panic, Block error or Commit error
 				if panicked || err != nil {
-					db.RollbackTo(fmt.Sprintf("sp%p", fc))
+					db.RollbackTo(fmt.Sprintf("sp%d", spID))
 				}
 			}()
 		}
@@ -671,11 +674,18 @@ func (db *DB) Begin(opts ...*sql.TxOptions) *DB {
 		opt = opts[0]
 	}
 
+	ctx := tx.Statement.Context
+	if _, ok := ctx.Deadline(); !ok {
+		if db.Config.DefaultTransactionTimeout > 0 {
+			ctx, _ = context.WithTimeout(ctx, db.Config.DefaultTransactionTimeout)
+		}
+	}
+
 	switch beginner := tx.Statement.ConnPool.(type) {
 	case TxBeginner:
-		tx.Statement.ConnPool, err = beginner.BeginTx(tx.Statement.Context, opt)
+		tx.Statement.ConnPool, err = beginner.BeginTx(ctx, opt)
 	case ConnPoolBeginner:
-		tx.Statement.ConnPool, err = beginner.BeginTx(tx.Statement.Context, opt)
+		tx.Statement.ConnPool, err = beginner.BeginTx(ctx, opt)
 	default:
 		err = ErrInvalidTransaction
 	}

generics.go

@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+package gorm
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
+)
+
+type result struct {
+	Result       sql.Result
+	RowsAffected int64
+}
+
+func (info *result) ModifyStatement(stmt *Statement) {
+	stmt.Result = info
+}
+
+// Build implements clause.Expression interface
+func (result) Build(clause.Builder) {
+}
+
+func WithResult() *result {
+	return &result{}
+}
+
+type Interface[T any] interface {
+	Raw(sql string, values ...interface{}) ExecInterface[T]
+	Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, values ...interface{}) error
+	CreateInterface[T]
+}
+
+type CreateInterface[T any] interface {
+	ChainInterface[T]
+	Table(name string, args ...interface{}) CreateInterface[T]
+	Create(ctx context.Context, r *T) error
+	CreateInBatches(ctx context.Context, r *[]T, batchSize int) error
+}
+
+type ChainInterface[T any] interface {
+	ExecInterface[T]
+	Scopes(scopes ...func(db *Statement)) ChainInterface[T]
+	Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+	Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+	Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+	Limit(offset int) ChainInterface[T]
+	Offset(offset int) ChainInterface[T]
+	Joins(query clause.JoinTarget, on func(db JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error) ChainInterface[T]
+	Preload(association string, query func(db PreloadBuilder) error) ChainInterface[T]
+	Select(query string, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+	Omit(columns ...string) ChainInterface[T]
+	MapColumns(m map[string]string) ChainInterface[T]
+	Distinct(args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+	Group(name string) ChainInterface[T]
+	Having(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+	Order(value interface{}) ChainInterface[T]
+
+	Build(builder clause.Builder)
+
+	Delete(ctx context.Context) (rowsAffected int, err error)
+	Update(ctx context.Context, name string, value any) (rowsAffected int, err error)
+	Updates(ctx context.Context, t T) (rowsAffected int, err error)
+	Count(ctx context.Context, column string) (result int64, err error)
+}
+
+type ExecInterface[T any] interface {
+	Scan(ctx context.Context, r interface{}) error
+	First(context.Context) (T, error)
+	Last(ctx context.Context) (T, error)
+	Take(context.Context) (T, error)
+	Find(ctx context.Context) ([]T, error)
+	FindInBatches(ctx context.Context, batchSize int, fc func(data []T, batch int) error) error
+	Row(ctx context.Context) *sql.Row
+	Rows(ctx context.Context) (*sql.Rows, error)
+}
+
+type JoinBuilder interface {
+	Select(...string) JoinBuilder
+	Omit(...string) JoinBuilder
+	Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) JoinBuilder
+	Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) JoinBuilder
+	Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) JoinBuilder
+}
+
+type PreloadBuilder interface {
+	Select(...string) PreloadBuilder
+	Omit(...string) PreloadBuilder
+	Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) PreloadBuilder
+	Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) PreloadBuilder
+	Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) PreloadBuilder
+	Limit(offset int) PreloadBuilder
+	Offset(offset int) PreloadBuilder
+	Order(value interface{}) PreloadBuilder
+	LimitPerRecord(num int) PreloadBuilder
+}
+
+type op func(*DB) *DB
+
+func G[T any](db *DB, opts ...clause.Expression) Interface[T] {
+	v := &g[T]{
+		db:  db,
+		ops: make([]op, 0, 5),
+	}
+
+	if len(opts) > 0 {
+		v.ops = append(v.ops, func(db *DB) *DB {
+			return db.Clauses(opts...)
+		})
+	}
+
+	v.createG = &createG[T]{
+		chainG: chainG[T]{
+			execG: execG[T]{g: v},
+		},
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+type g[T any] struct {
+	*createG[T]
+	db  *DB
+	ops []op
+}
+
+func (g *g[T]) apply(ctx context.Context) *DB {
+	db := g.db
+	if !db.DryRun {
+		db = db.Session(&Session{NewDB: true, Context: ctx}).getInstance()
+	}
+
+	for _, op := range g.ops {
+		db = op(db)
+	}
+	return db
+}
+
+func (c *g[T]) Raw(sql string, values ...interface{}) ExecInterface[T] {
+	return execG[T]{g: &g[T]{
+		db: c.db,
+		ops: append(c.ops, func(db *DB) *DB {
+			return db.Raw(sql, values...)
+		}),
+	}}
+}
+
+func (c *g[T]) Exec(ctx context.Context, sql string, values ...interface{}) error {
+	return c.apply(ctx).Exec(sql, values...).Error
+}
+
+type createG[T any] struct {
+	chainG[T]
+}
+
+func (c createG[T]) Table(name string, args ...interface{}) CreateInterface[T] {
+	return createG[T]{c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Table(name, args...)
+	})}
+}
+
+func (c createG[T]) Create(ctx context.Context, r *T) error {
+	return c.g.apply(ctx).Create(r).Error
+}
+
+func (c createG[T]) CreateInBatches(ctx context.Context, r *[]T, batchSize int) error {
+	return c.g.apply(ctx).CreateInBatches(r, batchSize).Error
+}
+
+type chainG[T any] struct {
+	execG[T]
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) getInstance() *DB {
+	var r T
+	return c.g.apply(context.Background()).Model(r).getInstance()
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) with(v op) chainG[T] {
+	return chainG[T]{
+		execG: execG[T]{g: &g[T]{
+			db:  c.g.db,
+			ops: append(append([]op(nil), c.g.ops...), v),
+		}},
+	}
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Scopes(scopes ...func(db *Statement)) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		for _, fc := range scopes {
+			fc(db.Statement)
+		}
+		return db
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Table(name string, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Table(name, args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Where(query, args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Not(query, args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Or(query, args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Limit(offset int) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Limit(offset)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Offset(offset int) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Offset(offset)
+	})
+}
+
+type joinBuilder struct {
+	db *DB
+}
+
+func (q *joinBuilder) Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) JoinBuilder {
+	q.db.Where(query, args...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *joinBuilder) Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) JoinBuilder {
+	q.db.Where(query, args...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *joinBuilder) Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) JoinBuilder {
+	q.db.Where(query, args...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *joinBuilder) Select(columns ...string) JoinBuilder {
+	q.db.Select(columns)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *joinBuilder) Omit(columns ...string) JoinBuilder {
+	q.db.Omit(columns...)
+	return q
+}
+
+type preloadBuilder struct {
+	limitPerRecord int
+	db             *DB
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Where(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Where(query, args...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Or(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Where(query, args...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Not(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Where(query, args...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Select(columns ...string) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Select(columns)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Omit(columns ...string) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Omit(columns...)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Limit(limit int) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Limit(limit)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Offset(offset int) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Offset(offset)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) Order(value interface{}) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.db.Order(value)
+	return q
+}
+
+func (q *preloadBuilder) LimitPerRecord(num int) PreloadBuilder {
+	q.limitPerRecord = num
+	return q
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Joins(jt clause.JoinTarget, on func(db JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		if jt.Table == "" {
+			jt.Table = clause.JoinTable(strings.Split(jt.Association, ".")...).Name
+		}
+
+		q := joinBuilder{db: db.Session(&Session{NewDB: true, Initialized: true}).Table(jt.Table)}
+		if on != nil {
+			if err := on(&q, clause.Table{Name: jt.Table}, clause.Table{Name: clause.CurrentTable}); err != nil {
+				db.AddError(err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		j := join{
+			Name:     jt.Association,
+			Alias:    jt.Table,
+			Selects:  q.db.Statement.Selects,
+			Omits:    q.db.Statement.Omits,
+			JoinType: jt.Type,
+		}
+
+		if where, ok := q.db.Statement.Clauses["WHERE"].Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
+			j.On = &where
+		}
+
+		if jt.Subquery != nil {
+			joinType := j.JoinType
+			if joinType == "" {
+				joinType = clause.LeftJoin
+			}
+
+			if db, ok := jt.Subquery.(interface{ getInstance() *DB }); ok {
+				stmt := db.getInstance().Statement
+				if len(j.Selects) == 0 {
+					j.Selects = stmt.Selects
+				}
+				if len(j.Omits) == 0 {
+					j.Omits = stmt.Omits
+				}
+			}
+
+			expr := clause.NamedExpr{SQL: fmt.Sprintf("%s JOIN (?) AS ?", joinType), Vars: []interface{}{jt.Subquery, clause.Table{Name: j.Alias}}}
+
+			if j.On != nil {
+				expr.SQL += " ON ?"
+				expr.Vars = append(expr.Vars, clause.AndConditions{Exprs: j.On.Exprs})
+			}
+
+			j.Expression = expr
+		}
+
+		db.Statement.Joins = append(db.Statement.Joins, j)
+		sort.Slice(db.Statement.Joins, func(i, j int) bool {
+			return db.Statement.Joins[i].Name < db.Statement.Joins[j].Name
+		})
+		return db
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Select(query string, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Select(query, args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Omit(columns ...string) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Omit(columns...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) MapColumns(m map[string]string) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.MapColumns(m)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Distinct(args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Distinct(args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Group(name string) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Group(name)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Having(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Having(query, args...)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Order(value interface{}) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Order(value)
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Preload(association string, query func(db PreloadBuilder) error) ChainInterface[T] {
+	return c.with(func(db *DB) *DB {
+		return db.Preload(association, func(tx *DB) *DB {
+			q := preloadBuilder{db: tx.getInstance()}
+			if query != nil {
+				if err := query(&q); err != nil {
+					db.AddError(err)
+				}
+			}
+
+			relation, ok := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships.Relations[association]
+			if !ok {
+				if preloadFields := strings.Split(association, "."); len(preloadFields) > 1 {
+					relationships := db.Statement.Schema.Relationships
+					for _, field := range preloadFields {
+						var ok bool
+						relation, ok = relationships.Relations[field]
+						if ok {
+							relationships = relation.FieldSchema.Relationships
+						} else {
+							db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("relation %s not found", association))
+							return nil
+						}
+					}
+				} else {
+					db.AddError(fmt.Errorf("relation %s not found", association))
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+
+			if q.limitPerRecord > 0 {
+				if relation.JoinTable != nil {
+					tx.AddError(fmt.Errorf("many2many relation %s don't support LimitPerRecord", association))
+					return tx
+				}
+
+				refColumns := []clause.Column{}
+				for _, rel := range relation.References {
+					if rel.OwnPrimaryKey {
+						refColumns = append(refColumns, clause.Column{Name: rel.ForeignKey.DBName})
+					}
+				}
+
+				if len(refColumns) != 0 {
+					selectExpr := clause.CommaExpression{}
+					for _, column := range q.db.Statement.Selects {
+						selectExpr.Exprs = append(selectExpr.Exprs, clause.Expr{SQL: "?", Vars: []interface{}{clause.Column{Name: column}}})
+					}
+
+					if len(selectExpr.Exprs) == 0 {
+						selectExpr.Exprs = []clause.Expression{clause.Expr{SQL: "*", Vars: []interface{}{}}}
+					}
+
+					partitionBy := clause.CommaExpression{}
+					for _, column := range refColumns {
+						partitionBy.Exprs = append(partitionBy.Exprs, clause.Expr{SQL: "?", Vars: []interface{}{clause.Column{Name: column.Name}}})
+					}
+
+					rnnColumn := clause.Column{Name: "gorm_preload_rnn"}
+					sql := "ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY ? ?)"
+					vars := []interface{}{partitionBy}
+					if orderBy, ok := q.db.Statement.Clauses["ORDER BY"]; ok {
+						vars = append(vars, orderBy)
+					} else {
+						vars = append(vars, clause.Clause{Name: "ORDER BY", Expression: clause.OrderBy{
+							Columns: []clause.OrderByColumn{{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Desc: true}},
+						}})
+					}
+					vars = append(vars, rnnColumn)
+
+					selectExpr.Exprs = append(selectExpr.Exprs, clause.Expr{SQL: sql + " AS ?", Vars: vars})
+
+					q.db.Clauses(clause.Select{Expression: selectExpr})
+
+					return q.db.Session(&Session{NewDB: true}).Unscoped().Table("(?) t", q.db).Where("? <= ?", rnnColumn, q.limitPerRecord)
+				}
+			}
+
+			return q.db
+		})
+	})
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Delete(ctx context.Context) (rowsAffected int, err error) {
+	r := new(T)
+	res := c.g.apply(ctx).Delete(r)
+	return int(res.RowsAffected), res.Error
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Update(ctx context.Context, name string, value any) (rowsAffected int, err error) {
+	var r T
+	res := c.g.apply(ctx).Model(r).Update(name, value)
+	return int(res.RowsAffected), res.Error
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Updates(ctx context.Context, t T) (rowsAffected int, err error) {
+	res := c.g.apply(ctx).Updates(t)
+	return int(res.RowsAffected), res.Error
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Count(ctx context.Context, column string) (result int64, err error) {
+	var r T
+	err = c.g.apply(ctx).Model(r).Select(column).Count(&result).Error
+	return
+}
+
+func (c chainG[T]) Build(builder clause.Builder) {
+	subdb := c.getInstance()
+	subdb.Logger = logger.Discard
+	subdb.DryRun = true
+
+	if stmt, ok := builder.(*Statement); ok {
+		if subdb.Statement.SQL.Len() > 0 {
+			var (
+				vars = subdb.Statement.Vars
+				sql  = subdb.Statement.SQL.String()
+			)
+
+			subdb.Statement.Vars = make([]interface{}, 0, len(vars))
+			for _, vv := range vars {
+				subdb.Statement.Vars = append(subdb.Statement.Vars, vv)
+				bindvar := strings.Builder{}
+				subdb.BindVarTo(&bindvar, subdb.Statement, vv)
+				sql = strings.Replace(sql, bindvar.String(), "?", 1)
+			}
+
+			subdb.Statement.SQL.Reset()
+			subdb.Statement.Vars = stmt.Vars
+			if strings.Contains(sql, "@") {
+				clause.NamedExpr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
+			} else {
+				clause.Expr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
+			}
+		} else {
+			subdb.Statement.Vars = append(stmt.Vars, subdb.Statement.Vars...)
+			subdb.callbacks.Query().Execute(subdb)
+		}
+
+		builder.WriteString(subdb.Statement.SQL.String())
+		stmt.Vars = subdb.Statement.Vars
+	}
+}
+
+type execG[T any] struct {
+	g *g[T]
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) First(ctx context.Context) (T, error) {
+	var r T
+	err := g.g.apply(ctx).First(&r).Error
+	return r, err
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) Scan(ctx context.Context, result interface{}) error {
+	var r T
+	err := g.g.apply(ctx).Model(r).Find(result).Error
+	return err
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) Last(ctx context.Context) (T, error) {
+	var r T
+	err := g.g.apply(ctx).Last(&r).Error
+	return r, err
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) Take(ctx context.Context) (T, error) {
+	var r T
+	err := g.g.apply(ctx).Take(&r).Error
+	return r, err
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) Find(ctx context.Context) ([]T, error) {
+	var r []T
+	err := g.g.apply(ctx).Find(&r).Error
+	return r, err
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) FindInBatches(ctx context.Context, batchSize int, fc func(data []T, batch int) error) error {
+	var data []T
+	return g.g.apply(ctx).FindInBatches(&data, batchSize, func(tx *DB, batch int) error {
+		return fc(data, batch)
+	}).Error
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) Row(ctx context.Context) *sql.Row {
+	return g.g.apply(ctx).Row()
+}
+
+func (g execG[T]) Rows(ctx context.Context) (*sql.Rows, error) {
+	return g.g.apply(ctx).Rows()
+}

go.mod

@@ -5,5 +5,5 @@ go 1.18
 require (
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
-	golang.org/x/text v0.14.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.20.0
 )

go.sum

@@ -2,5 +2,5 @@ github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 h1:K317FqzuhWc8YvSVlFMCCUb36O/S9MCKRDI7QkRKD
 github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0/go.mod h1:h+uFLlag+Qp1Va5pdKtLDYj+kHp5pxUVkryuEj+Srlc=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 h1:/o9tlHleP7gOFmsnYNz3RGnqzefHA47wQpKrrdTIwXQ=
 github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5/go.mod h1:d3SSVoowX0Lcu0IBviAWJpolVfI5UJVZZ7cO71lE/z8=
-golang.org/x/text v0.14.0 h1:ScX5w1eTa3QqT8oi6+ziP7dTV1S2+ALU0bI+0zXKWiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.20.0 h1:gK/Kv2otX8gz+wn7Rmb3vT96ZwuoxnQlY+HlJVj7Qug=
+golang.org/x/text v0.20.0/go.mod h1:D4IsuqiFMhST5bX19pQ9ikHC2GsaKyk/oF+pn3ducp4=

gorm.go

@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ const preparedStmtDBKey = "preparedStmt"
 type Config struct {
 	// GORM perform single create, update, delete operations in transactions by default to ensure database data integrity
 	// You can disable it by setting `SkipDefaultTransaction` to true
-	SkipDefaultTransaction bool
+	SkipDefaultTransaction    bool
+	DefaultTransactionTimeout time.Duration
+
 	// NamingStrategy tables, columns naming strategy
 	NamingStrategy schema.Namer
 	// FullSaveAssociations full save associations
@@ -34,6 +36,11 @@ type Config struct {
 	DryRun bool
 	// PrepareStmt executes the given query in cached statement
 	PrepareStmt bool
+	// PrepareStmt cache support LRU expired,
+	// default maxsize=int64 Max value and ttl=1h
+	PrepareStmtMaxSize int
+	PrepareStmtTTL     time.Duration
+
 	// DisableAutomaticPing
 	DisableAutomaticPing bool
 	// DisableForeignKeyConstraintWhenMigrating
@@ -130,12 +137,24 @@ func Open(dialector Dialector, opts ...Option) (db *DB, err error) {
 		return isConfig && !isConfig2
 	})
 
+	if len(opts) > 0 {
+		if c, ok := opts[0].(*Config); ok {
+			config = c
+		} else {
+			opts = append([]Option{config}, opts...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var skipAfterInitialize bool
 	for _, opt := range opts {
 		if opt != nil {
 			if applyErr := opt.Apply(config); applyErr != nil {
 				return nil, applyErr
 			}
 			defer func(opt Option) {
+				if skipAfterInitialize {
+					return
+				}
 				if errr := opt.AfterInitialize(db); errr != nil {
 					err = errr
 				}
@@ -183,16 +202,25 @@ func Open(dialector Dialector, opts ...Option) (db *DB, err error) {
 
 	if config.Dialector != nil {
 		err = config.Dialector.Initialize(db)
-
 		if err != nil {
 			if db, _ := db.DB(); db != nil {
 				_ = db.Close()
 			}
+
+			// DB is not initialized, so we skip AfterInitialize
+			skipAfterInitialize = true
+			return
+		}
+
+		if config.TranslateError {
+			if _, ok := db.Dialector.(ErrorTranslator); !ok {
+				config.Logger.Warn(context.Background(), "The TranslateError option is enabled, but the Dialector %s does not implement ErrorTranslator.", db.Dialector.Name())
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	if config.PrepareStmt {
-		preparedStmt := NewPreparedStmtDB(db.ConnPool)
+		preparedStmt := NewPreparedStmtDB(db.ConnPool, config.PrepareStmtMaxSize, config.PrepareStmtTTL)
 		db.cacheStore.Store(preparedStmtDBKey, preparedStmt)
 		db.ConnPool = preparedStmt
 	}
@@ -263,7 +291,7 @@ func (db *DB) Session(config *Session) *DB {
 		if v, ok := db.cacheStore.Load(preparedStmtDBKey); ok {
 			preparedStmt = v.(*PreparedStmtDB)
 		} else {
-			preparedStmt = NewPreparedStmtDB(db.ConnPool)
+			preparedStmt = NewPreparedStmtDB(db.ConnPool, db.PrepareStmtMaxSize, db.PrepareStmtTTL)
 			db.cacheStore.Store(preparedStmtDBKey, preparedStmt)
 		}
 
@@ -509,7 +537,7 @@ func (db *DB) Use(plugin Plugin) error {
 //				.First(&User{})
 //	})
 func (db *DB) ToSQL(queryFn func(tx *DB) *DB) string {
-	tx := queryFn(db.Session(&Session{DryRun: true, SkipDefaultTransaction: true}))
+	tx := queryFn(db.Session(&Session{DryRun: true, SkipDefaultTransaction: true}).getInstance())
 	stmt := tx.Statement
 
 	return db.Dialector.Explain(stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)

internal/lru/lru.go

@@ -0,0 +1,493 @@
+package lru
+
+// golang -lru
+// https://github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// EvictCallback is used to get a callback when a cache entry is evicted
+type EvictCallback[K comparable, V any] func(key K, value V)
+
+// LRU implements a thread-safe LRU with expirable entries.
+type LRU[K comparable, V any] struct {
+	size      int
+	evictList *LruList[K, V]
+	items     map[K]*Entry[K, V]
+	onEvict   EvictCallback[K, V]
+
+	// expirable options
+	mu   sync.Mutex
+	ttl  time.Duration
+	done chan struct{}
+
+	// buckets for expiration
+	buckets []bucket[K, V]
+	// uint8 because it's number between 0 and numBuckets
+	nextCleanupBucket uint8
+}
+
+// bucket is a container for holding entries to be expired
+type bucket[K comparable, V any] struct {
+	entries     map[K]*Entry[K, V]
+	newestEntry time.Time
+}
+
+// noEvictionTTL - very long ttl to prevent eviction
+const noEvictionTTL = time.Hour * 24 * 365 * 10
+
+// because of uint8 usage for nextCleanupBucket, should not exceed 256.
+// casting it as uint8 explicitly requires type conversions in multiple places
+const numBuckets = 100
+
+// NewLRU returns a new thread-safe cache with expirable entries.
+//
+// Size parameter set to 0 makes cache of unlimited size, e.g. turns LRU mechanism off.
+//
+// Providing 0 TTL turns expiring off.
+//
+// Delete expired entries every 1/100th of ttl value. Goroutine which deletes expired entries runs indefinitely.
+func NewLRU[K comparable, V any](size int, onEvict EvictCallback[K, V], ttl time.Duration) *LRU[K, V] {
+	if size < 0 {
+		size = 0
+	}
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		ttl = noEvictionTTL
+	}
+
+	res := LRU[K, V]{
+		ttl:       ttl,
+		size:      size,
+		evictList: NewList[K, V](),
+		items:     make(map[K]*Entry[K, V]),
+		onEvict:   onEvict,
+		done:      make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+
+	// initialize the buckets
+	res.buckets = make([]bucket[K, V], numBuckets)
+	for i := 0; i < numBuckets; i++ {
+		res.buckets[i] = bucket[K, V]{entries: make(map[K]*Entry[K, V])}
+	}
+
+	// enable deleteExpired() running in separate goroutine for cache with non-zero TTL
+	//
+	// Important: done channel is never closed, so deleteExpired() goroutine will never exit,
+	// it's decided to add functionality to close it in the version later than v2.
+	if res.ttl != noEvictionTTL {
+		go func(done <-chan struct{}) {
+			ticker := time.NewTicker(res.ttl / numBuckets)
+			defer ticker.Stop()
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-done:
+					return
+				case <-ticker.C:
+					res.deleteExpired()
+				}
+			}
+		}(res.done)
+	}
+	return &res
+}
+
+// Purge clears the cache completely.
+// onEvict is called for each evicted key.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Purge() {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	for k, v := range c.items {
+		if c.onEvict != nil {
+			c.onEvict(k, v.Value)
+		}
+		delete(c.items, k)
+	}
+	for _, b := range c.buckets {
+		for _, ent := range b.entries {
+			delete(b.entries, ent.Key)
+		}
+	}
+	c.evictList.Init()
+}
+
+// Add adds a value to the cache. Returns true if an eviction occurred.
+// Returns false if there was no eviction: the item was already in the cache,
+// or the size was not exceeded.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Add(key K, value V) (evicted bool) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	now := time.Now()
+
+	// Check for existing item
+	if ent, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
+		c.evictList.MoveToFront(ent)
+		c.removeFromBucket(ent) // remove the entry from its current bucket as expiresAt is renewed
+		ent.Value = value
+		ent.ExpiresAt = now.Add(c.ttl)
+		c.addToBucket(ent)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// Add new item
+	ent := c.evictList.PushFrontExpirable(key, value, now.Add(c.ttl))
+	c.items[key] = ent
+	c.addToBucket(ent) // adds the entry to the appropriate bucket and sets entry.expireBucket
+
+	evict := c.size > 0 && c.evictList.Length() > c.size
+	// Verify size not exceeded
+	if evict {
+		c.removeOldest()
+	}
+	return evict
+}
+
+// Get looks up a key's value from the cache.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Get(key K) (value V, ok bool) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	var ent *Entry[K, V]
+	if ent, ok = c.items[key]; ok {
+		// Expired item check
+		if time.Now().After(ent.ExpiresAt) {
+			return value, false
+		}
+		c.evictList.MoveToFront(ent)
+		return ent.Value, true
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Contains checks if a key is in the cache, without updating the recent-ness
+// or deleting it for being stale.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Contains(key K) (ok bool) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	_, ok = c.items[key]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// Peek returns the key value (or undefined if not found) without updating
+// the "recently used"-ness of the key.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Peek(key K) (value V, ok bool) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	var ent *Entry[K, V]
+	if ent, ok = c.items[key]; ok {
+		// Expired item check
+		if time.Now().After(ent.ExpiresAt) {
+			return value, false
+		}
+		return ent.Value, true
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Remove removes the provided key from the cache, returning if the
+// key was contained.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Remove(key K) bool {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if ent, ok := c.items[key]; ok {
+		c.removeElement(ent)
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// RemoveOldest removes the oldest item from the cache.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) RemoveOldest() (key K, value V, ok bool) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if ent := c.evictList.Back(); ent != nil {
+		c.removeElement(ent)
+		return ent.Key, ent.Value, true
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// GetOldest returns the oldest entry
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) GetOldest() (key K, value V, ok bool) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if ent := c.evictList.Back(); ent != nil {
+		return ent.Key, ent.Value, true
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) KeyValues() map[K]V {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	maps := make(map[K]V)
+	now := time.Now()
+	for ent := c.evictList.Back(); ent != nil; ent = ent.PrevEntry() {
+		if now.After(ent.ExpiresAt) {
+			continue
+		}
+		maps[ent.Key] = ent.Value
+		// keys = append(keys, ent.Key)
+	}
+	return maps
+}
+
+// Keys returns a slice of the keys in the cache, from oldest to newest.
+// Expired entries are filtered out.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Keys() []K {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	keys := make([]K, 0, len(c.items))
+	now := time.Now()
+	for ent := c.evictList.Back(); ent != nil; ent = ent.PrevEntry() {
+		if now.After(ent.ExpiresAt) {
+			continue
+		}
+		keys = append(keys, ent.Key)
+	}
+	return keys
+}
+
+// Values returns a slice of the values in the cache, from oldest to newest.
+// Expired entries are filtered out.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Values() []V {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	values := make([]V, 0, len(c.items))
+	now := time.Now()
+	for ent := c.evictList.Back(); ent != nil; ent = ent.PrevEntry() {
+		if now.After(ent.ExpiresAt) {
+			continue
+		}
+		values = append(values, ent.Value)
+	}
+	return values
+}
+
+// Len returns the number of items in the cache.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Len() int {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	return c.evictList.Length()
+}
+
+// Resize changes the cache size. Size of 0 means unlimited.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Resize(size int) (evicted int) {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+	if size <= 0 {
+		c.size = 0
+		return 0
+	}
+	diff := c.evictList.Length() - size
+	if diff < 0 {
+		diff = 0
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < diff; i++ {
+		c.removeOldest()
+	}
+	c.size = size
+	return diff
+}
+
+// Close destroys cleanup goroutine. To clean up the cache, run Purge() before Close().
+// func (c *LRU[K, V]) Close() {
+//	c.mu.Lock()
+//	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+//	select {
+//	case <-c.done:
+//		return
+//	default:
+//	}
+//	close(c.done)
+// }
+
+// removeOldest removes the oldest item from the cache. Has to be called with lock!
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) removeOldest() {
+	if ent := c.evictList.Back(); ent != nil {
+		c.removeElement(ent)
+	}
+}
+
+// removeElement is used to remove a given list element from the cache. Has to be called with lock!
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) removeElement(e *Entry[K, V]) {
+	c.evictList.Remove(e)
+	delete(c.items, e.Key)
+	c.removeFromBucket(e)
+	if c.onEvict != nil {
+		c.onEvict(e.Key, e.Value)
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteExpired deletes expired records from the oldest bucket, waiting for the newest entry
+// in it to expire first.
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) deleteExpired() {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	bucketIdx := c.nextCleanupBucket
+	timeToExpire := time.Until(c.buckets[bucketIdx].newestEntry)
+	// wait for newest entry to expire before cleanup without holding lock
+	if timeToExpire > 0 {
+		c.mu.Unlock()
+		time.Sleep(timeToExpire)
+		c.mu.Lock()
+	}
+	for _, ent := range c.buckets[bucketIdx].entries {
+		c.removeElement(ent)
+	}
+	c.nextCleanupBucket = (c.nextCleanupBucket + 1) % numBuckets
+	c.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// addToBucket adds entry to expire bucket so that it will be cleaned up when the time comes. Has to be called with lock!
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) addToBucket(e *Entry[K, V]) {
+	bucketID := (numBuckets + c.nextCleanupBucket - 1) % numBuckets
+	e.ExpireBucket = bucketID
+	c.buckets[bucketID].entries[e.Key] = e
+	if c.buckets[bucketID].newestEntry.Before(e.ExpiresAt) {
+		c.buckets[bucketID].newestEntry = e.ExpiresAt
+	}
+}
+
+// removeFromBucket removes the entry from its corresponding bucket. Has to be called with lock!
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) removeFromBucket(e *Entry[K, V]) {
+	delete(c.buckets[e.ExpireBucket].entries, e.Key)
+}
+
+// Cap returns the capacity of the cache
+func (c *LRU[K, V]) Cap() int {
+	return c.size
+}
+
+// Entry is an LRU Entry
+type Entry[K comparable, V any] struct {
+	// Next and previous pointers in the doubly-linked list of elements.
+	// To simplify the implementation, internally a list l is implemented
+	// as a ring, such that &l.root is both the next element of the last
+	// list element (l.Back()) and the previous element of the first list
+	// element (l.Front()).
+	next, prev *Entry[K, V]
+
+	// The list to which this element belongs.
+	list *LruList[K, V]
+
+	// The LRU Key of this element.
+	Key K
+
+	// The Value stored with this element.
+	Value V
+
+	// The time this element would be cleaned up, optional
+	ExpiresAt time.Time
+
+	// The expiry bucket item was put in, optional
+	ExpireBucket uint8
+}
+
+// PrevEntry returns the previous list element or nil.
+func (e *Entry[K, V]) PrevEntry() *Entry[K, V] {
+	if p := e.prev; e.list != nil && p != &e.list.root {
+		return p
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// LruList represents a doubly linked list.
+// The zero Value for LruList is an empty list ready to use.
+type LruList[K comparable, V any] struct {
+	root Entry[K, V] // sentinel list element, only &root, root.prev, and root.next are used
+	len  int         // current list Length excluding (this) sentinel element
+}
+
+// Init initializes or clears list l.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) Init() *LruList[K, V] {
+	l.root.next = &l.root
+	l.root.prev = &l.root
+	l.len = 0
+	return l
+}
+
+// NewList returns an initialized list.
+func NewList[K comparable, V any]() *LruList[K, V] { return new(LruList[K, V]).Init() }
+
+// Length returns the number of elements of list l.
+// The complexity is O(1).
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) Length() int { return l.len }
+
+// Back returns the last element of list l or nil if the list is empty.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) Back() *Entry[K, V] {
+	if l.len == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return l.root.prev
+}
+
+// lazyInit lazily initializes a zero List Value.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) lazyInit() {
+	if l.root.next == nil {
+		l.Init()
+	}
+}
+
+// insert inserts e after at, increments l.len, and returns e.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) insert(e, at *Entry[K, V]) *Entry[K, V] {
+	e.prev = at
+	e.next = at.next
+	e.prev.next = e
+	e.next.prev = e
+	e.list = l
+	l.len++
+	return e
+}
+
+// insertValue is a convenience wrapper for insert(&Entry{Value: v, ExpiresAt: ExpiresAt}, at).
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) insertValue(k K, v V, expiresAt time.Time, at *Entry[K, V]) *Entry[K, V] {
+	return l.insert(&Entry[K, V]{Value: v, Key: k, ExpiresAt: expiresAt}, at)
+}
+
+// Remove removes e from its list, decrements l.len
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) Remove(e *Entry[K, V]) V {
+	e.prev.next = e.next
+	e.next.prev = e.prev
+	e.next = nil // avoid memory leaks
+	e.prev = nil // avoid memory leaks
+	e.list = nil
+	l.len--
+
+	return e.Value
+}
+
+// move moves e to next to at.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) move(e, at *Entry[K, V]) {
+	if e == at {
+		return
+	}
+	e.prev.next = e.next
+	e.next.prev = e.prev
+
+	e.prev = at
+	e.next = at.next
+	e.prev.next = e
+	e.next.prev = e
+}
+
+// PushFront inserts a new element e with value v at the front of list l and returns e.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) PushFront(k K, v V) *Entry[K, V] {
+	l.lazyInit()
+	return l.insertValue(k, v, time.Time{}, &l.root)
+}
+
+// PushFrontExpirable inserts a new expirable element e with Value v at the front of list l and returns e.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) PushFrontExpirable(k K, v V, expiresAt time.Time) *Entry[K, V] {
+	l.lazyInit()
+	return l.insertValue(k, v, expiresAt, &l.root)
+}
+
+// MoveToFront moves element e to the front of list l.
+// If e is not an element of l, the list is not modified.
+// The element must not be nil.
+func (l *LruList[K, V]) MoveToFront(e *Entry[K, V]) {
+	if e.list != l || l.root.next == e {
+		return
+	}
+	// see comment in List.Remove about initialization of l
+	l.move(e, &l.root)
+}

internal/stmt_store/stmt_store.go

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+package stmt_store
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"math"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm/internal/lru"
+)
+
+type Stmt struct {
+	*sql.Stmt
+	Transaction bool
+	prepared    chan struct{}
+	prepareErr  error
+}
+
+func (stmt *Stmt) Error() error {
+	return stmt.prepareErr
+}
+
+func (stmt *Stmt) Close() error {
+	<-stmt.prepared
+
+	if stmt.Stmt != nil {
+		return stmt.Stmt.Close()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Store defines an interface for managing the caching operations of SQL statements (Stmt).
+// This interface provides methods for creating new statements, retrieving all cache keys,
+// getting cached statements, setting cached statements, and deleting cached statements.
+type Store interface {
+	// New creates a new Stmt object and caches it.
+	// Parameters:
+	//   ctx: The context for the request, which can carry deadlines, cancellation signals, etc.
+	//   key: The key representing the SQL query, used for caching and preparing the statement.
+	//   isTransaction: Indicates whether this operation is part of a transaction, which may affect the caching strategy.
+	//   connPool: A connection pool that provides database connections.
+	//   locker: A synchronization lock that is unlocked after initialization to avoid deadlocks.
+	// Returns:
+	//   *Stmt: A newly created statement object for executing SQL operations.
+	//   error: An error if the statement preparation fails.
+	New(ctx context.Context, key string, isTransaction bool, connPool ConnPool, locker sync.Locker) (*Stmt, error)
+
+	// Keys returns a slice of all cache keys in the store.
+	Keys() []string
+
+	// Get retrieves a Stmt object from the store based on the given key.
+	// Parameters:
+	//   key: The key used to look up the Stmt object.
+	// Returns:
+	//   *Stmt: The found Stmt object, or nil if not found.
+	//   bool: Indicates whether the corresponding Stmt object was successfully found.
+	Get(key string) (*Stmt, bool)
+
+	// Set stores the given Stmt object in the store and associates it with the specified key.
+	// Parameters:
+	//   key: The key used to associate the Stmt object.
+	//   value: The Stmt object to be stored.
+	Set(key string, value *Stmt)
+
+	// Delete removes the Stmt object corresponding to the specified key from the store.
+	// Parameters:
+	//   key: The key associated with the Stmt object to be deleted.
+	Delete(key string)
+}
+
+// defaultMaxSize defines the default maximum capacity of the cache.
+// Its value is the maximum value of the int64 type, which means that when the cache size is not specified,
+// the cache can theoretically store as many elements as possible.
+// (1 << 63) - 1 is the maximum value that an int64 type can represent.
+const (
+	defaultMaxSize = math.MaxInt
+	// defaultTTL defines the default time-to-live (TTL) for each cache entry.
+	// When the TTL for cache entries is not specified, each cache entry will expire after 24 hours.
+	defaultTTL = time.Hour * 24
+)
+
+// New creates and returns a new Store instance.
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - size: The maximum capacity of the cache. If the provided size is less than or equal to 0,
+//     it defaults to defaultMaxSize.
+//   - ttl: The time-to-live duration for each cache entry. If the provided ttl is less than or equal to 0,
+//     it defaults to defaultTTL.
+//
+// This function defines an onEvicted callback that is invoked when a cache entry is evicted.
+// The callback ensures that if the evicted value (v) is not nil, its Close method is called asynchronously
+// to release associated resources.
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A Store instance implemented by lruStore, which internally uses an LRU cache with the specified size,
+//     eviction callback, and TTL.
+func New(size int, ttl time.Duration) Store {
+	if size <= 0 {
+		size = defaultMaxSize
+	}
+
+	if ttl <= 0 {
+		ttl = defaultTTL
+	}
+
+	onEvicted := func(k string, v *Stmt) {
+		if v != nil {
+			go v.Close()
+		}
+	}
+	return &lruStore{lru: lru.NewLRU[string, *Stmt](size, onEvicted, ttl)}
+}
+
+type lruStore struct {
+	lru *lru.LRU[string, *Stmt]
+}
+
+func (s *lruStore) Keys() []string {
+	return s.lru.Keys()
+}
+
+func (s *lruStore) Get(key string) (*Stmt, bool) {
+	stmt, ok := s.lru.Get(key)
+	if ok && stmt != nil {
+		<-stmt.prepared
+	}
+	return stmt, ok
+}
+
+func (s *lruStore) Set(key string, value *Stmt) {
+	s.lru.Add(key, value)
+}
+
+func (s *lruStore) Delete(key string) {
+	s.lru.Remove(key)
+}
+
+type ConnPool interface {
+	PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (*sql.Stmt, error)
+}
+
+// New creates a new Stmt object for executing SQL queries.
+// It caches the Stmt object for future use and handles preparation and error states.
+// Parameters:
+//
+//	ctx: Context for the request, used to carry deadlines, cancellation signals, etc.
+//	key: The key representing the SQL query, used for caching and preparing the statement.
+//	isTransaction: Indicates whether this operation is part of a transaction, affecting cache strategy.
+//	conn: A connection pool that provides database connections.
+//	locker: A synchronization lock that is unlocked after initialization to avoid deadlocks.
+//
+// Returns:
+//
+//	*Stmt: A newly created statement object for executing SQL operations.
+//	error: An error if the statement preparation fails.
+func (s *lruStore) New(ctx context.Context, key string, isTransaction bool, conn ConnPool, locker sync.Locker) (_ *Stmt, err error) {
+	// Create a Stmt object and set its Transaction property.
+	// The prepared channel is used to synchronize the statement preparation state.
+	cacheStmt := &Stmt{
+		Transaction: isTransaction,
+		prepared:    make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+	// Cache the Stmt object with the associated key.
+	s.Set(key, cacheStmt)
+	// Unlock after completing initialization to prevent deadlocks.
+	locker.Unlock()
+
+	// Ensure the prepared channel is closed after the function execution completes.
+	defer close(cacheStmt.prepared)
+
+	// Prepare the SQL statement using the provided connection.
+	cacheStmt.Stmt, err = conn.PrepareContext(ctx, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		// If statement preparation fails, record the error and remove the invalid Stmt object from the cache.
+		cacheStmt.prepareErr = err
+		s.Delete(key)
+		return &Stmt{}, err
+	}
+
+	// Return the successfully prepared Stmt object.
+	return cacheStmt, nil
+}

logger/logger.go

@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ var (
 	})
 	// Recorder logger records running SQL into a recorder instance
 	Recorder = traceRecorder{Interface: Default, BeginAt: time.Now()}
+
+	// RecorderParamsFilter defaults to no-op, allows to be run-over by a different implementation
+	RecorderParamsFilter = func(ctx context.Context, sql string, params ...interface{}) (string, []interface{}) {
+		return sql, params
+	}
 )
 
 // New initialize logger
@@ -211,3 +216,10 @@ func (l *traceRecorder) Trace(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (s
 	l.SQL, l.RowsAffected = fc()
 	l.Err = err
 }
+
+func (l *traceRecorder) ParamsFilter(ctx context.Context, sql string, params ...interface{}) (string, []interface{}) {
+	if RecorderParamsFilter == nil {
+		return sql, params
+	}
+	return RecorderParamsFilter(ctx, sql, params...)
+}

migrator/migrator.go

@@ -474,7 +474,6 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 	// found, smart migrate
 	fullDataType := strings.TrimSpace(strings.ToLower(m.DB.Migrator().FullDataTypeOf(field).SQL))
 	realDataType := strings.ToLower(columnType.DatabaseTypeName())
-
 	var (
 		alterColumn bool
 		isSameType  = fullDataType == realDataType
@@ -513,8 +512,19 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 				}
 			}
 		}
+	}
 
-		// check precision
+	// check precision
+	if realDataType == "decimal" || realDataType == "numeric" &&
+		regexp.MustCompile(realDataType+`\(.*\)`).FindString(fullDataType) != "" { // if realDataType has no precision,ignore
+		precision, scale, ok := columnType.DecimalSize()
+		if ok {
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(fullDataType, fmt.Sprintf("%s(%d,%d)", realDataType, precision, scale)) &&
+				!strings.HasPrefix(fullDataType, fmt.Sprintf("%s(%d)", realDataType, precision)) {
+				alterColumn = true
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
 		if precision, _, ok := columnType.DecimalSize(); ok && int64(field.Precision) != precision {
 			if regexp.MustCompile(fmt.Sprintf("[^0-9]%d[^0-9]", field.Precision)).MatchString(m.DataTypeOf(field)) {
 				alterColumn = true
@@ -524,8 +534,8 @@ func (m Migrator) MigrateColumn(value interface{}, field *schema.Field, columnTy
 
 	// check nullable
 	if nullable, ok := columnType.Nullable(); ok && nullable == field.NotNull {
-		// not primary key & database is nullable
-		if !field.PrimaryKey && nullable {
+		// not primary key & current database is non-nullable(to be nullable)
+		if !field.PrimaryKey && !nullable {
 			alterColumn = true
 		}
 	}

prepare_stmt.go

@@ -7,31 +7,35 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"reflect"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm/internal/stmt_store"
 )
 
-type Stmt struct {
-	*sql.Stmt
-	Transaction bool
-	prepared    chan struct{}
-	prepareErr  error
-}
-
 type PreparedStmtDB struct {
-	Stmts       map[string]*Stmt
-	PreparedSQL []string
-	Mux         *sync.RWMutex
+	Stmts stmt_store.Store
+	Mux   *sync.RWMutex
 	ConnPool
 }
 
-func NewPreparedStmtDB(connPool ConnPool) *PreparedStmtDB {
+// NewPreparedStmtDB creates and initializes a new instance of PreparedStmtDB.
+//
+// Parameters:
+// - connPool: A connection pool that implements the ConnPool interface, used for managing database connections.
+// - maxSize: The maximum number of prepared statements that can be stored in the statement store.
+// - ttl: The time-to-live duration for each prepared statement in the store. Statements older than this duration will be automatically removed.
+//
+// Returns:
+// - A pointer to a PreparedStmtDB instance, which manages prepared statements using the provided connection pool and configuration.
+func NewPreparedStmtDB(connPool ConnPool, maxSize int, ttl time.Duration) *PreparedStmtDB {
 	return &PreparedStmtDB{
-		ConnPool:    connPool,
-		Stmts:       make(map[string]*Stmt),
-		Mux:         &sync.RWMutex{},
-		PreparedSQL: make([]string, 0, 100),
+		ConnPool: connPool,                     // Assigns the provided connection pool to manage database connections.
+		Stmts:    stmt_store.New(maxSize, ttl), // Initializes a new statement store with the specified maximum size and TTL.
+		Mux:      &sync.RWMutex{},              // Sets up a read-write mutex for synchronizing access to the statement store.
 	}
 }
 
+// GetDBConn returns the underlying *sql.DB connection
 func (db *PreparedStmtDB) GetDBConn() (*sql.DB, error) {
 	if sqldb, ok := db.ConnPool.(*sql.DB); ok {
 		return sqldb, nil
@@ -44,84 +48,41 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) GetDBConn() (*sql.DB, error) {
 	return nil, ErrInvalidDB
 }
 
+// Close closes all prepared statements in the store
 func (db *PreparedStmtDB) Close() {
 	db.Mux.Lock()
 	defer db.Mux.Unlock()
 
-	for _, query := range db.PreparedSQL {
-		if stmt, ok := db.Stmts[query]; ok {
-			delete(db.Stmts, query)
-			go stmt.Close()
-		}
+	for _, key := range db.Stmts.Keys() {
+		db.Stmts.Delete(key)
 	}
 }
 
-func (sdb *PreparedStmtDB) Reset() {
-	sdb.Mux.Lock()
-	defer sdb.Mux.Unlock()
-
-	for _, stmt := range sdb.Stmts {
-		go stmt.Close()
-	}
-	sdb.PreparedSQL = make([]string, 0, 100)
-	sdb.Stmts = make(map[string]*Stmt)
+// Reset Deprecated use Close instead
+func (db *PreparedStmtDB) Reset() {
+	db.Close()
 }
 
-func (db *PreparedStmtDB) prepare(ctx context.Context, conn ConnPool, isTransaction bool, query string) (Stmt, error) {
+func (db *PreparedStmtDB) prepare(ctx context.Context, conn ConnPool, isTransaction bool, query string) (_ *stmt_store.Stmt, err error) {
 	db.Mux.RLock()
-	if stmt, ok := db.Stmts[query]; ok && (!stmt.Transaction || isTransaction) {
-		db.Mux.RUnlock()
-		// wait for other goroutines prepared
-		<-stmt.prepared
-		if stmt.prepareErr != nil {
-			return Stmt{}, stmt.prepareErr
+	if db.Stmts != nil {
+		if stmt, ok := db.Stmts.Get(query); ok && (!stmt.Transaction || isTransaction) {
+			db.Mux.RUnlock()
+			return stmt, stmt.Error()
 		}
-
-		return *stmt, nil
 	}
 	db.Mux.RUnlock()
 
+	// retry
 	db.Mux.Lock()
-	// double check
-	if stmt, ok := db.Stmts[query]; ok && (!stmt.Transaction || isTransaction) {
-		db.Mux.Unlock()
-		// wait for other goroutines prepared
-		<-stmt.prepared
-		if stmt.prepareErr != nil {
-			return Stmt{}, stmt.prepareErr
+	if db.Stmts != nil {
+		if stmt, ok := db.Stmts.Get(query); ok && (!stmt.Transaction || isTransaction) {
+			db.Mux.Unlock()
+			return stmt, stmt.Error()
 		}
-
-		return *stmt, nil
 	}
 
-	// cache preparing stmt first
-	cacheStmt := Stmt{Transaction: isTransaction, prepared: make(chan struct{})}
-	db.Stmts[query] = &cacheStmt
-	db.Mux.Unlock()
-
-	// prepare completed
-	defer close(cacheStmt.prepared)
-
-	// Reason why cannot lock conn.PrepareContext
-	// suppose the maxopen is 1, g1 is creating record and g2 is querying record.
-	// 1. g1 begin tx, g1 is requeue because of waiting for the system call, now `db.ConnPool` db.numOpen == 1.
-	// 2. g2 select lock `conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)`, now db.numOpen == db.maxOpen , wait for release.
-	// 3. g1 tx exec insert, wait for unlock `conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)` to finish tx and release.
-	stmt, err := conn.PrepareContext(ctx, query)
-	if err != nil {
-		cacheStmt.prepareErr = err
-		db.Mux.Lock()
-		delete(db.Stmts, query)
-		db.Mux.Unlock()
-		return Stmt{}, err
-	}
-
-	db.Mux.Lock()
-	cacheStmt.Stmt = stmt
-	db.PreparedSQL = append(db.PreparedSQL, query)
-	db.Mux.Unlock()
-
-	return cacheStmt, nil
+	return db.Stmts.New(ctx, query, isTransaction, conn, db.Mux)
 }
 
 func (db *PreparedStmtDB) BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opt *sql.TxOptions) (ConnPool, error) {
@@ -150,10 +111,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ..
 	if err == nil {
 		result, err = stmt.ExecContext(ctx, args...)
 		if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadConn) {
-			db.Mux.Lock()
-			defer db.Mux.Unlock()
-			go stmt.Close()
-			delete(db.Stmts, query)
+			db.Stmts.Delete(query)
 		}
 	}
 	return result, err
@@ -164,11 +122,7 @@ func (db *PreparedStmtDB) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args .
 	if err == nil {
 		rows, err = stmt.QueryContext(ctx, args...)
 		if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadConn) {
-			db.Mux.Lock()
-			defer db.Mux.Unlock()
-
-			go stmt.Close()
-			delete(db.Stmts, query)
+			db.Stmts.Delete(query)
 		}
 	}
 	return rows, err
@@ -218,11 +172,7 @@ func (tx *PreparedStmtTX) ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args ..
 	if err == nil {
 		result, err = tx.Tx.StmtContext(ctx, stmt.Stmt).ExecContext(ctx, args...)
 		if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadConn) {
-			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Lock()
-			defer tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Unlock()
-
-			go stmt.Close()
-			delete(tx.PreparedStmtDB.Stmts, query)
+			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Stmts.Delete(query)
 		}
 	}
 	return result, err
@@ -233,11 +183,7 @@ func (tx *PreparedStmtTX) QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args .
 	if err == nil {
 		rows, err = tx.Tx.StmtContext(ctx, stmt.Stmt).QueryContext(ctx, args...)
 		if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadConn) {
-			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Lock()
-			defer tx.PreparedStmtDB.Mux.Unlock()
-
-			go stmt.Close()
-			delete(tx.PreparedStmtDB.Stmts, query)
+			tx.PreparedStmtDB.Stmts.Delete(query)
 		}
 	}
 	return rows, err

scan.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"reflect"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ func prepareValues(values []interface{}, db *DB, columnTypes []*sql.ColumnType,
 	if db.Statement.Schema != nil {
 		for idx, name := range columns {
 			if field := db.Statement.Schema.LookUpField(name); field != nil {
-				values[idx] = reflect.New(reflect.PtrTo(field.FieldType)).Interface()
+				values[idx] = reflect.New(reflect.PointerTo(field.FieldType)).Interface()
 				continue
 			}
 			values[idx] = new(interface{})
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ func prepareValues(values []interface{}, db *DB, columnTypes []*sql.ColumnType,
 	} else if len(columnTypes) > 0 {
 		for idx, columnType := range columnTypes {
 			if columnType.ScanType() != nil {
-				values[idx] = reflect.New(reflect.PtrTo(columnType.ScanType())).Interface()
+				values[idx] = reflect.New(reflect.PointerTo(columnType.ScanType())).Interface()
 			} else {
 				values[idx] = new(interface{})
 			}
@@ -244,6 +245,14 @@ func Scan(rows Rows, db *DB, mode ScanMode) {
 							matchedFieldCount[column] = 1
 						}
 					} else if names := utils.SplitNestedRelationName(column); len(names) > 1 { // has nested relation
+						aliasName := utils.JoinNestedRelationNames(names[0 : len(names)-1])
+						for _, join := range db.Statement.Joins {
+							if join.Alias == aliasName {
+								names = append(strings.Split(join.Name, "."), names[len(names)-1])
+								break
+							}
+						}
+
 						if rel, ok := sch.Relationships.Relations[names[0]]; ok {
 							subNameCount := len(names)
 							// nested relation fields

schema/field.go

@@ -318,9 +318,10 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 	}
 
 	if val, ok := field.TagSettings["TYPE"]; ok {
-		switch DataType(strings.ToLower(val)) {
+		lowerVal := DataType(strings.ToLower(val))
+		switch lowerVal {
 		case Bool, Int, Uint, Float, String, Time, Bytes:
-			field.DataType = DataType(strings.ToLower(val))
+			field.DataType = lowerVal
 		default:
 			field.DataType = DataType(val)
 		}
@@ -447,21 +448,30 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseField(fieldStruct reflect.StructField) *Field {
 }
 
 // create valuer, setter when parse struct
-func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
+func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter(modelType reflect.Type) {
 	// Setup NewValuePool
 	field.setupNewValuePool()
 
 	// ValueOf returns field's value and if it is zero
 	fieldIndex := field.StructField.Index[0]
 	switch {
-	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1 && fieldIndex > 0:
-		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
-			fieldValue := reflect.Indirect(value).Field(fieldIndex)
+	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1 && fieldIndex >= 0:
+		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
+			v = reflect.Indirect(v)
+			if v.Type() != modelType {
+				fieldValue := v.FieldByName(field.Name)
+				return fieldValue.Interface(), fieldValue.IsZero()
+			}
+			fieldValue := v.Field(fieldIndex)
 			return fieldValue.Interface(), fieldValue.IsZero()
 		}
 	default:
 		field.ValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) (interface{}, bool) {
 			v = reflect.Indirect(v)
+			if v.Type() != modelType {
+				fieldValue := v.FieldByName(field.Name)
+				return fieldValue.Interface(), fieldValue.IsZero()
+			}
 			for _, fieldIdx := range field.StructField.Index {
 				if fieldIdx >= 0 {
 					v = v.Field(fieldIdx)
@@ -503,13 +513,20 @@ func (field *Field) setupValuerAndSetter() {
 
 	// ReflectValueOf returns field's reflect value
 	switch {
-	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1 && fieldIndex > 0:
-		field.ReflectValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, value reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
-			return reflect.Indirect(value).Field(fieldIndex)
+	case len(field.StructField.Index) == 1 && fieldIndex >= 0:
+		field.ReflectValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+			v = reflect.Indirect(v)
+			if v.Type() != modelType {
+				return v.FieldByName(field.Name)
+			}
+			return v.Field(fieldIndex)
 		}
 	default:
 		field.ReflectValueOf = func(ctx context.Context, v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
 			v = reflect.Indirect(v)
+			if v.Type() != modelType {
+				return v.FieldByName(field.Name)
+			}
 			for idx, fieldIdx := range field.StructField.Index {
 				if fieldIdx >= 0 {
 					v = v.Field(fieldIdx)
@@ -996,6 +1013,6 @@ func (field *Field) setupNewValuePool() {
 	}
 
 	if field.NewValuePool == nil {
-		field.NewValuePool = poolInitializer(reflect.PtrTo(field.IndirectFieldType))
+		field.NewValuePool = poolInitializer(reflect.PointerTo(field.IndirectFieldType))
 	}
 }

schema/index.go

@@ -23,12 +23,13 @@ type IndexOption struct {
 	Sort       string // DESC, ASC
 	Collate    string
 	Length     int
-	priority   int
+	Priority   int
 }
 
 // ParseIndexes parse schema indexes
-func (schema *Schema) ParseIndexes() map[string]Index {
-	indexes := map[string]Index{}
+func (schema *Schema) ParseIndexes() []*Index {
+	indexesByName := map[string]*Index{}
+	indexes := []*Index{}
 
 	for _, field := range schema.Fields {
 		if field.TagSettings["INDEX"] != "" || field.TagSettings["UNIQUEINDEX"] != "" {
@@ -38,7 +39,12 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseIndexes() map[string]Index {
 				break
 			}
 			for _, index := range fieldIndexes {
-				idx := indexes[index.Name]
+				idx := indexesByName[index.Name]
+				if idx == nil {
+					idx = &Index{Name: index.Name}
+					indexesByName[index.Name] = idx
+					indexes = append(indexes, idx)
+				}
 				idx.Name = index.Name
 				if idx.Class == "" {
 					idx.Class = index.Class
@@ -58,10 +64,8 @@ func (schema *Schema) ParseIndexes() map[string]Index {
 
 				idx.Fields = append(idx.Fields, index.Fields...)
 				sort.Slice(idx.Fields, func(i, j int) bool {
-					return idx.Fields[i].priority < idx.Fields[j].priority
+					return idx.Fields[i].Priority < idx.Fields[j].Priority
 				})
-
-				indexes[index.Name] = idx
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -78,12 +82,12 @@ func (schema *Schema) LookIndex(name string) *Index {
 		indexes := schema.ParseIndexes()
 		for _, index := range indexes {
 			if index.Name == name {
-				return &index
+				return index
 			}
 
 			for _, field := range index.Fields {
 				if field.Name == name {
-					return &index
+					return index
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -101,7 +105,7 @@ func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index, err error) {
 				var (
 					name       string
 					tag        = strings.Join(v[1:], ":")
-					idx        = strings.Index(tag, ",")
+					idx        = strings.IndexByte(tag, ',')
 					tagSetting = strings.Join(strings.Split(tag, ",")[1:], ",")
 					settings   = ParseTagSetting(tagSetting, ",")
 					length, _  = strconv.Atoi(settings["LENGTH"])
@@ -111,17 +115,14 @@ func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index, err error) {
 					idx = len(tag)
 				}
 
-				if idx != -1 {
-					name = tag[0:idx]
-				}
-
+				name = tag[0:idx]
 				if name == "" {
 					subName := field.Name
 					const key = "COMPOSITE"
 					if composite, found := settings[key]; found {
 						if len(composite) == 0 || composite == key {
 							err = fmt.Errorf(
-								"The composite tag of %s.%s cannot be empty",
+								"the composite tag of %s.%s cannot be empty",
 								field.Schema.Name,
 								field.Name)
 							return
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ func parseFieldIndexes(field *Field) (indexes []Index, err error) {
 						Sort:       settings["SORT"],
 						Collate:    settings["COLLATE"],
 						Length:     length,
-						priority:   priority,
+						Priority:   priority,
 					}},
 				})
 			}

schema/index_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ type UserIndex struct {
 	Name7        string `gorm:"index:type"`
 	Name8        string `gorm:"index:,length:10;index:,collate:utf8"`
 
+	CompName1 string `gorm:"index:,unique,composite:idx_compname_1,option:NULLS NOT DISTINCT;not null"`
+	CompName2 string `gorm:"index:,composite:idx_compname_1"`
+
 	// Composite Index: Flattened structure.
 	Data0A string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id0"`
 	Data0B string `gorm:"index:,composite:comp_id0"`
@@ -58,17 +61,17 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to parse user index, got error %v", err)
 	}
 
-	results := map[string]schema.Index{
-		"idx_user_indices_name": {
+	results := []*schema.Index{
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_user_indices_name",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name"}}},
 		},
-		"idx_name": {
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_name",
 			Class:  "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name2", UniqueIndex: "idx_name"}}},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_name3": {
+		{
 			Name:  "idx_user_indices_name3",
 			Type:  "btree",
 			Where: "name3 != 'jinzhu'",
@@ -79,19 +82,19 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 				Length:  10,
 			}},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_name4": {
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_user_indices_name4",
 			Class:  "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name4", UniqueIndex: "idx_user_indices_name4"}}},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_name5": {
+		{
 			Name:    "idx_user_indices_name5",
 			Class:   "FULLTEXT",
 			Comment: "hello , world",
 			Where:   "age > 10",
 			Fields:  []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name5"}}},
 		},
-		"profile": {
+		{
 			Name:    "profile",
 			Comment: "hello , world",
 			Where:   "age > 10",
@@ -101,21 +104,21 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 				Expression: "ABS(age)",
 			}},
 		},
-		"idx_id": {
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_id",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "MemberNumber"}}, {Field: &schema.Field{Name: "OID", UniqueIndex: "idx_oid"}}},
 		},
-		"idx_oid": {
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_oid",
 			Class:  "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "OID", UniqueIndex: "idx_oid"}}},
 		},
-		"type": {
+		{
 			Name:   "type",
 			Type:   "",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name7"}}},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_name8": {
+		{
 			Name: "idx_user_indices_name8",
 			Type: "",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{
@@ -124,7 +127,16 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Name8"}, Collate: "utf8"},
 			},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_comp_id0": {
+		{
+			Class:  "UNIQUE",
+			Name:   "idx_user_indices_idx_compname_1",
+			Option: "NULLS NOT DISTINCT",
+			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{
+				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "CompName1", NotNull: true}},
+				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "CompName2"}},
+			},
+		},
+		{
 			Name: "idx_user_indices_comp_id0",
 			Type: "",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{
@@ -133,7 +145,7 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data0B"},
 			}},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_comp_id1": {
+		{
 			Name: "idx_user_indices_comp_id1",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{
 				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data1A"},
@@ -143,7 +155,7 @@ func TestParseIndex(t *testing.T) {
 				Field: &schema.Field{Name: "Data1C"},
 			}},
 		},
-		"idx_user_indices_comp_id2": {
+		{
 			Name:  "idx_user_indices_comp_id2",
 			Class: "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{
@@ -183,17 +195,17 @@ func TestParseIndexWithUniqueIndexAndUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to parse user index, got error %v", err)
 	}
 	indices := indexSchema.ParseIndexes()
-	CheckIndices(t, map[string]schema.Index{
-		"idx_index_tests_field_a": {
+	expectedIndices := []*schema.Index{
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_index_tests_field_a",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldA", Unique: true}}},
 		},
-		"idx_index_tests_field_c": {
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_index_tests_field_c",
 			Class:  "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldC", UniqueIndex: "idx_index_tests_field_c"}}},
 		},
-		"idx_index_tests_field_d": {
+		{
 			Name:  "idx_index_tests_field_d",
 			Class: "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{
@@ -202,7 +214,7 @@ func TestParseIndexWithUniqueIndexAndUnique(t *testing.T) {
 				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldD"}},
 			},
 		},
-		"uniq_field_e1_e2": {
+		{
 			Name:  "uniq_field_e1_e2",
 			Class: "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{
@@ -210,11 +222,7 @@ func TestParseIndexWithUniqueIndexAndUnique(t *testing.T) {
 				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldE2"}},
 			},
 		},
-		"idx_index_tests_field_f1": {
-			Name:   "idx_index_tests_field_f1",
-			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldF1"}}},
-		},
-		"uniq_field_f1_f2": {
+		{
 			Name:  "uniq_field_f1_f2",
 			Class: "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{
@@ -222,12 +230,16 @@ func TestParseIndexWithUniqueIndexAndUnique(t *testing.T) {
 				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldF2"}},
 			},
 		},
-		"idx_index_tests_field_g": {
+		{
+			Name:   "idx_index_tests_field_f1",
+			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldF1"}}},
+		},
+		{
 			Name:   "idx_index_tests_field_g",
 			Class:  "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldG", Unique: true, UniqueIndex: "idx_index_tests_field_g"}}},
 		},
-		"uniq_field_h1_h2": {
+		{
 			Name:  "uniq_field_h1_h2",
 			Class: "UNIQUE",
 			Fields: []schema.IndexOption{
@@ -235,30 +247,29 @@ func TestParseIndexWithUniqueIndexAndUnique(t *testing.T) {
 				{Field: &schema.Field{Name: "FieldH2"}},
 			},
 		},
-	}, indices)
+	}
+	CheckIndices(t, expectedIndices, indices)
 }
 
-func CheckIndices(t *testing.T, expected, actual map[string]schema.Index) {
-	for k, ei := range expected {
-		t.Run(k, func(t *testing.T) {
-			ai, ok := actual[k]
-			if !ok {
-				t.Errorf("expected index %q but actual missing", k)
-				return
-			}
+func CheckIndices(t *testing.T, expected, actual []*schema.Index) {
+	if len(expected) != len(actual) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d indices, but got %d", len(expected), len(actual))
+		return
+	}
+
+	for i, ei := range expected {
+		t.Run(ei.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			ai := actual[i]
 			tests.AssertObjEqual(t, ai, ei, "Name", "Class", "Type", "Where", "Comment", "Option")
+
 			if len(ei.Fields) != len(ai.Fields) {
-				t.Errorf("expected index %q field length is %d but actual %d", k, len(ei.Fields), len(ai.Fields))
+				t.Errorf("expected index %q field length is %d but actual %d", ei.Name, len(ei.Fields), len(ai.Fields))
 				return
 			}
 			for i, ef := range ei.Fields {
 				af := ai.Fields[i]
-				tests.AssertObjEqual(t, af, ef, "Name", "Unique", "UniqueIndex", "Expression", "Sort", "Collate", "Length")
+				tests.AssertObjEqual(t, af, ef, "Name", "Unique", "UniqueIndex", "Expression", "Sort", "Collate", "Length", "NotNull")
 			}
 		})
-		delete(actual, k)
-	}
-	for k := range actual {
-		t.Errorf("unexpected index %q", k)
 	}
 }

schema/relationship.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/jinzhu/inflection"
 	"golang.org/x/text/cases"
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ type Relationships struct {
 	Relations map[string]*Relationship
 
 	EmbeddedRelations map[string]*Relationships
+
+	Mux sync.RWMutex
 }
 
 type Relationship struct {
@@ -75,7 +78,7 @@ func (schema *Schema) parseRelation(field *Field) *Relationship {
 	cacheStore := schema.cacheStore
 
 	if relation.FieldSchema, err = getOrParse(fieldValue, cacheStore, schema.namer); err != nil {
-		schema.err = err
+		schema.err = fmt.Errorf("failed to parse field: %s, error: %w", field.Name, err)
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -98,9 +101,10 @@ func (schema *Schema) parseRelation(field *Field) *Relationship {
 	}
 
 	if relation.Type == has {
-		// don't add relations to embedded schema, which might be shared
 		if relation.FieldSchema != relation.Schema && relation.Polymorphic == nil && field.OwnerSchema == nil {
+			relation.FieldSchema.Relationships.Mux.Lock()
 			relation.FieldSchema.Relationships.Relations["_"+relation.Schema.Name+"_"+relation.Name] = relation
+			relation.FieldSchema.Relationships.Mux.Unlock()
 		}
 
 		switch field.IndirectFieldType.Kind() {
@@ -659,6 +663,7 @@ func (rel *Relationship) ParseConstraint() *Constraint {
 					if !(rel.References[idx].PrimaryKey == ref.PrimaryKey && rel.References[idx].ForeignKey == ref.ForeignKey &&
 						rel.References[idx].PrimaryValue == ref.PrimaryValue) {
 						matched = false
+						break
 					}
 				}
 
@@ -671,7 +676,7 @@ func (rel *Relationship) ParseConstraint() *Constraint {
 
 	var (
 		name     string
-		idx      = strings.Index(str, ",")
+		idx      = strings.IndexByte(str, ',')
 		settings = ParseTagSetting(str, ",")
 	)
 
@@ -758,8 +763,9 @@ func (rel *Relationship) ToQueryConditions(ctx context.Context, reflectValue ref
 }
 
 func copyableDataType(str DataType) bool {
+	lowerStr := strings.ToLower(string(str))
 	for _, s := range []string{"auto_increment", "primary key"} {
-		if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(string(str)), s) {
+		if strings.Contains(lowerStr, s) {
 			return false
 		}
 	}

schema/schema.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"go/ast"
+	"path"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -247,7 +248,7 @@ func ParseWithSpecialTableName(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Nam
 			schema.FieldsByBindName[bindName] = field
 		}
 
-		field.setupValuerAndSetter()
+		field.setupValuerAndSetter(modelType)
 	}
 
 	prioritizedPrimaryField := schema.LookUpField("id")
@@ -313,8 +314,14 @@ func ParseWithSpecialTableName(dest interface{}, cacheStore *sync.Map, namer Nam
 	for _, cbName := range callbackTypes {
 		if methodValue := callBackToMethodValue(modelValue, cbName); methodValue.IsValid() {
 			switch methodValue.Type().String() {
-			case "func(*gorm.DB) error": // TODO hack
-				reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(schema)).FieldByName(string(cbName)).SetBool(true)
+			case "func(*gorm.DB) error":
+				expectedPkgPath := path.Dir(reflect.TypeOf(schema).Elem().PkgPath())
+				if inVarPkg := methodValue.Type().In(0).Elem().PkgPath(); inVarPkg == expectedPkgPath {
+					reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(schema)).FieldByName(string(cbName)).SetBool(true)
+				} else {
+					logger.Default.Warn(context.Background(), "In model %v, the hook function `%v(*gorm.DB) error` has an incorrect parameter type. The expected parameter type is `%v`, but the provided type is `%v`.", schema, cbName, expectedPkgPath, inVarPkg)
+					// PASS
+				}
 			default:
 				logger.Default.Warn(context.Background(), "Model %v don't match %vInterface, should be `%v(*gorm.DB) error`. Please see https://gorm.io/docs/hooks.html", schema, cbName, cbName)
 			}

schema/utils.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func appendSettingFromTag(tag reflect.StructTag, value string) reflect.StructTag
 // GetRelationsValues get relations's values from a reflect value
 func GetRelationsValues(ctx context.Context, reflectValue reflect.Value, rels []*Relationship) (reflectResults reflect.Value) {
 	for _, rel := range rels {
-		reflectResults = reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(reflect.PtrTo(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType)), 0, 1)
+		reflectResults = reflect.MakeSlice(reflect.SliceOf(reflect.PointerTo(rel.FieldSchema.ModelType)), 0, 1)
 
 		appendToResults := func(value reflect.Value) {
 			if _, isZero := rel.Field.ValueOf(ctx, value); !isZero {

statement.go

@@ -47,15 +47,18 @@ type Statement struct {
 	attrs                []interface{}
 	assigns              []interface{}
 	scopes               []func(*DB) *DB
+	Result               *result
 }
 
 type join struct {
-	Name     string
-	Conds    []interface{}
-	On       *clause.Where
-	Selects  []string
-	Omits    []string
-	JoinType clause.JoinType
+	Name       string
+	Alias      string
+	Conds      []interface{}
+	On         *clause.Where
+	Selects    []string
+	Omits      []string
+	Expression clause.Expression
+	JoinType   clause.JoinType
 }
 
 // StatementModifier statement modifier interface
@@ -205,19 +208,21 @@ func (stmt *Statement) AddVar(writer clause.Writer, vars ...interface{}) {
 			} else {
 				writer.WriteString("(NULL)")
 			}
-		case *DB:
-			subdb := v.Session(&Session{Logger: logger.Discard, DryRun: true}).getInstance()
-			if v.Statement.SQL.Len() > 0 {
+		case interface{ getInstance() *DB }:
+			cv := v.getInstance()
+
+			subdb := cv.Session(&Session{Logger: logger.Discard, DryRun: true}).getInstance()
+			if cv.Statement.SQL.Len() > 0 {
 				var (
 					vars = subdb.Statement.Vars
-					sql  = v.Statement.SQL.String()
+					sql  = cv.Statement.SQL.String()
 				)
 
 				subdb.Statement.Vars = make([]interface{}, 0, len(vars))
 				for _, vv := range vars {
 					subdb.Statement.Vars = append(subdb.Statement.Vars, vv)
 					bindvar := strings.Builder{}
-					v.Dialector.BindVarTo(&bindvar, subdb.Statement, vv)
+					cv.BindVarTo(&bindvar, subdb.Statement, vv)
 					sql = strings.Replace(sql, bindvar.String(), "?", 1)
 				}
 
@@ -321,6 +326,11 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 			arg, _ = valuer.Value()
 		}
 
+		curTable := stmt.Table
+		if curTable == "" {
+			curTable = clause.CurrentTable
+		}
+
 		switch v := arg.(type) {
 		case clause.Expression:
 			conds = append(conds, v)
@@ -331,7 +341,9 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 				if where, ok := cs.Expression.(clause.Where); ok {
 					if len(where.Exprs) == 1 {
 						if orConds, ok := where.Exprs[0].(clause.OrConditions); ok {
-							where.Exprs[0] = clause.AndConditions(orConds)
+							if len(orConds.Exprs) == 1 {
+								where.Exprs[0] = clause.AndConditions(orConds)
+							}
 						}
 					}
 					conds = append(conds, clause.And(where.Exprs...))
@@ -351,7 +363,11 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 			sort.Strings(keys)
 
 			for _, key := range keys {
-				conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: key, Value: v[key]})
+				column := clause.Column{Name: key, Table: curTable}
+				if strings.Contains(key, ".") {
+					column = clause.Column{Name: key}
+				}
+				conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: column, Value: v[key]})
 			}
 		case map[string]interface{}:
 			keys := make([]string, 0, len(v))
@@ -362,12 +378,16 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 
 			for _, key := range keys {
 				reflectValue := reflect.Indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v[key]))
+				column := clause.Column{Name: key, Table: curTable}
+				if strings.Contains(key, ".") {
+					column = clause.Column{Name: key}
+				}
 				switch reflectValue.Kind() {
 				case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:
 					if _, ok := v[key].(driver.Valuer); ok {
-						conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: key, Value: v[key]})
+						conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: column, Value: v[key]})
 					} else if _, ok := v[key].(Valuer); ok {
-						conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: key, Value: v[key]})
+						conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: column, Value: v[key]})
 					} else {
 						// optimize reflect value length
 						valueLen := reflectValue.Len()
@@ -376,10 +396,10 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 							values[i] = reflectValue.Index(i).Interface()
 						}
 
-						conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: key, Values: values})
+						conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: column, Values: values})
 					}
 				default:
-					conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: key, Value: v[key]})
+					conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: column, Value: v[key]})
 				}
 			}
 		default:
@@ -406,9 +426,9 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 						if selected || (!restricted && field.Readable) {
 							if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, reflectValue); !isZero || selected {
 								if field.DBName != "" {
-									conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: field.DBName}, Value: v})
+									conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: curTable, Name: field.DBName}, Value: v})
 								} else if field.DataType != "" {
-									conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: field.Name}, Value: v})
+									conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: curTable, Name: field.Name}, Value: v})
 								}
 							}
 						}
@@ -420,9 +440,9 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 							if selected || (!restricted && field.Readable) {
 								if v, isZero := field.ValueOf(stmt.Context, reflectValue.Index(i)); !isZero || selected {
 									if field.DBName != "" {
-										conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: field.DBName}, Value: v})
+										conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: curTable, Name: field.DBName}, Value: v})
 									} else if field.DataType != "" {
-										conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: clause.CurrentTable, Name: field.Name}, Value: v})
+										conds = append(conds, clause.Eq{Column: clause.Column{Table: curTable, Name: field.Name}, Value: v})
 									}
 								}
 							}
@@ -447,14 +467,14 @@ func (stmt *Statement) BuildCondition(query interface{}, args ...interface{}) []
 						}
 
 						if len(values) > 0 {
-							conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Values: values})
+							conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: clause.Column{Table: curTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey}, Values: values})
 							return []clause.Expression{clause.And(conds...)}
 						}
 						return nil
 					}
 				}
 
-				conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: clause.PrimaryColumn, Values: args})
+				conds = append(conds, clause.IN{Column: clause.Column{Table: curTable, Name: clause.PrimaryKey}, Values: args})
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -521,6 +541,7 @@ func (stmt *Statement) clone() *Statement {
 		Context:              stmt.Context,
 		RaiseErrorOnNotFound: stmt.RaiseErrorOnNotFound,
 		SkipHooks:            stmt.SkipHooks,
+		Result:               stmt.Result,
 	}
 
 	if stmt.SQL.Len() > 0 {

tests/check_subset_model_change_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+)
+
+type Man struct {
+	ID     int
+	Age    int
+	Name   string
+	Detail string
+}
+
+// Panic-safe BeforeUpdate hook that checks for Changed("age")
+func (m *Man) BeforeUpdate(tx *gorm.DB) (err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("panic in BeforeUpdate: %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if !tx.Statement.Changed("age") {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (m *Man) update(data interface{}) error {
+	return DB.Set("data", data).Model(m).Where("id = ?", m.ID).Updates(data).Error
+}
+
+func TestBeforeUpdateStatementChanged(t *testing.T) {
+	DB.AutoMigrate(&Man{})
+	type TestCase struct {
+		BaseObjects Man
+		change      interface{}
+		expectError bool
+	}
+
+	testCases := []TestCase{
+		{
+			BaseObjects: Man{ID: 1, Age: 18, Name: "random-name"},
+			change: struct {
+				Age int
+			}{Age: 20},
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			BaseObjects: Man{ID: 2, Age: 18, Name: "random-name"},
+			change: struct {
+				Name string
+			}{Name: "name-only"},
+			expectError: true,
+		},
+		{
+			BaseObjects: Man{ID: 2, Age: 18, Name: "random-name"},
+			change: struct {
+				Name string
+				Age int
+			}{Name: "name-only", Age: 20},
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range testCases {
+		DB.Create(&test.BaseObjects)
+
+		// below comment is stored for future reference
+		// err := DB.Set("data", test.change).Model(&test.BaseObjects).Where("id = ?", test.BaseObjects.ID).Updates(test.change).Error
+		err := test.BaseObjects.update(test.change)
+		if strings.Contains(fmt.Sprint(err), "panic in BeforeUpdate") {
+			if !test.expectError {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected panic in BeforeUpdate for input: %+v\nerror: %v", test.change, err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if test.expectError {
+				t.Errorf("expected panic did not occur for input: %+v", test.change)
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected GORM error: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

tests/compose.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-version: '3'
-
 services:
   mysql:
-    image: 'mysql/mysql-server:latest'
+    image: 'mysql:latest'
     ports:
       - "127.0.0.1:9910:3306"
     environment:
@@ -20,16 +18,13 @@ services:
       - POSTGRES_USER=gorm
       - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=gorm
   mssql:
-    image: '${MSSQL_IMAGE:-mcmoe/mssqldocker}:latest'
+    image: '${MSSQL_IMAGE}:latest'
     ports:
       - "127.0.0.1:9930:1433"
     environment:
       - TZ=Asia/Shanghai
       - ACCEPT_EULA=Y
-      - SA_PASSWORD=LoremIpsum86
-      - MSSQL_DB=gorm
-      - MSSQL_USER=gorm
-      - MSSQL_PASSWORD=LoremIpsum86
+      - MSSQL_SA_PASSWORD=LoremIpsum86
   tidb:
     image: 'pingcap/tidb:v6.5.0'
     ports:

tests/connpool_test.go

@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@ func TestConnPoolWrapper(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	db, err := gorm.Open(mysql.New(mysql.Config{Conn: conn, DisableWithReturning: true}))
+	db.Logger = DB.Logger
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Should open db success, but got %v", err)
 	}

tests/create_test.go

@@ -14,31 +14,48 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCreate(t *testing.T) {
-	user := *GetUser("create", Config{})
+	u1 := *GetUser("create", Config{})
 
-	if results := DB.Create(&user); results.Error != nil {
+	if results := DB.Create(&u1); results.Error != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", results.Error)
 	} else if results.RowsAffected != 1 {
 		t.Fatalf("rows affected expects: %v, got %v", 1, results.RowsAffected)
 	}
 
-	if user.ID == 0 {
-		t.Errorf("user's primary key should has value after create, got : %v", user.ID)
+	if u1.ID == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("user's primary key should has value after create, got : %v", u1.ID)
 	}
 
-	if user.CreatedAt.IsZero() {
+	if u1.CreatedAt.IsZero() {
 		t.Errorf("user's created at should be not zero")
 	}
 
-	if user.UpdatedAt.IsZero() {
+	if u1.UpdatedAt.IsZero() {
 		t.Errorf("user's updated at should be not zero")
 	}
 
 	var newUser User
-	if err := DB.Where("id = ?", user.ID).First(&newUser).Error; err != nil {
+	if err := DB.Where("id = ?", u1.ID).First(&newUser).Error; err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("errors happened when query: %v", err)
 	} else {
-		CheckUser(t, newUser, user)
+		CheckUser(t, newUser, u1)
+	}
+
+	type user struct {
+		ID   int `gorm:"primaryKey;->:false"`
+		Name string
+		Age  int
+	}
+
+	var u2 user
+	if results := DB.Create(&u2); results.Error != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", results.Error)
+	} else if results.RowsAffected != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("rows affected expects: %v, got %v", 1, results.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	if u2.ID != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("don't have the permission to read primary key from db, but got %v", u2.ID)
 	}
 }
 

tests/delete_test.go

@@ -206,9 +206,9 @@ func TestDeleteSliceWithAssociations(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// only sqlite, postgres, sqlserver support returning
+// only sqlite, postgres, gaussdb, sqlserver support returning
 func TestSoftDeleteReturning(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func TestSoftDeleteReturning(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDeleteReturning(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
 		return
 	}
 

tests/error_translator_test.go

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ func TestSupportedDialectorWithErrDuplicatedKey(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to connect database, got error %v", err)
 	}
 
-	dialectors := map[string]bool{"sqlite": true, "postgres": true, "mysql": true, "sqlserver": true}
+	dialectors := map[string]bool{"sqlite": true, "postgres": true, "gaussdb": true, "mysql": true, "sqlserver": true}
 	if supported, found := dialectors[db.Dialector.Name()]; !(found && supported) {
 		return
 	}
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func TestSupportedDialectorWithErrForeignKeyViolated(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("failed to connect database, got error %v", err)
 	}
 
-	dialectors := map[string]bool{"sqlite": true, "postgres": true, "mysql": true, "sqlserver": true}
+	dialectors := map[string]bool{"sqlite": true, "postgres": true, "gaussdb": true, "mysql": true, "sqlserver": true}
 	if supported, found := dialectors[db.Dialector.Name()]; !(found && supported) {
 		return
 	}

tests/gaussdb_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
+)
+
+func TestGaussDBReturningIDWhichHasStringType(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skipf("This test case skipped, because of gaussdb not support pgcrypto extension and gen_random_uuid() function")
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	type Yasuo struct {
+		// TODO: function gen_random_uuid() does not exist
+		ID        string `gorm:"default:gen_random_uuid()"`
+		Name      string
+		CreatedAt time.Time `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE"`
+		UpdatedAt time.Time `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE;default:current_timestamp"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Exec("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to create extension pgcrypto, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Yasuo{})
+
+	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&Yasuo{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to migrate for uuid default value, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	yasuo := Yasuo{Name: "jinzhu"}
+	if err := DB.Create(&yasuo).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("should be able to create data, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if yasuo.ID == "" {
+		t.Fatal("should be able to has ID, but got zero value")
+	}
+
+	var result Yasuo
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", yasuo.ID).Error; err != nil || yasuo.Name != "jinzhu" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Where("id = $1", yasuo.ID).First(&Yasuo{}).Error; err != nil || yasuo.Name != "jinzhu" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	yasuo.Name = "jinzhu1"
+	if err := DB.Save(&yasuo).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to update date, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", yasuo.ID).Error; err != nil || yasuo.Name != "jinzhu1" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGaussDB(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skipf("This test case skipped, because of gaussdb not support pgcrypto extension and gen_random_uuid() function")
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	type Harumph struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		Name string `gorm:"check:name_checker,name <> ''"`
+		// TODO: function gen_random_uuid() does not exist
+		Test      uuid.UUID      `gorm:"type:uuid;not null;default:gen_random_uuid()"`
+		CreatedAt time.Time      `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE"`
+		UpdatedAt time.Time      `gorm:"type:TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE;default:current_timestamp"`
+		Things    pq.StringArray `gorm:"type:text[]"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Exec("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pgcrypto;").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to create extension pgcrypto, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Harumph{})
+
+	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&Harumph{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to migrate for uuid default value, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	harumph := Harumph{}
+	if err := DB.Create(&harumph).Error; err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("should failed to create data, name can't be blank")
+	}
+
+	harumph = Harumph{Name: "jinzhu"}
+	if err := DB.Create(&harumph).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("should be able to create data, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var result Harumph
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", harumph.ID).Error; err != nil || harumph.Name != "jinzhu" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Where("id = $1", harumph.ID).First(&Harumph{}).Error; err != nil || harumph.Name != "jinzhu" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	harumph.Name = "jinzhu1"
+	if err := DB.Save(&harumph).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to update date, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&result, "id = ?", harumph.ID).Error; err != nil || harumph.Name != "jinzhu1" {
+		t.Errorf("No error should happen, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable("log_usage")
+
+	if err := DB.Exec(`
+CREATE TABLE public.log_usage (
+    log_id bigint NOT NULL
+);
+
+ALTER TABLE public.log_usage ALTER COLUMN log_id ADD GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (
+    SEQUENCE NAME public.log_usage_log_id_seq
+    START WITH 1
+    INCREMENT BY 1
+    NO MINVALUE
+    NO MAXVALUE
+    CACHE 1
+);
+	`).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create table, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	columns, err := DB.Migrator().ColumnTypes("log_usage")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get columns, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	hasLogID := false
+	for _, column := range columns {
+		if column.Name() == "log_id" {
+			hasLogID = true
+			autoIncrement, ok := column.AutoIncrement()
+			if !ok || !autoIncrement {
+				t.Fatalf("column log_id should be auto incrementment")
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if !hasLogID {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to found column log_id")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGaussDBMany2ManyWithDefaultValueUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skipf("This test case skipped, because of gaussdb does not have 'uuid-ossp' extension")
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Exec(`create extension if not exists "uuid-ossp"`).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to create 'uuid-ossp' extension, but got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Post{}, &Category{}, "post_categories")
+	DB.AutoMigrate(&Post{}, &Category{})
+
+	post := Post{
+		Title: "Hello World",
+		Categories: []*Category{
+			{Title: "Coding"},
+			{Title: "Golang"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Create(&post).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGaussDBOnConstraint(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skipf("This test case skipped, because of gaussdb not support 'ON CONSTRAINT' statement")
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	type Thing struct {
+		gorm.Model
+		SomeID  string
+		OtherID string
+		Data    string
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Thing{})
+	DB.Migrator().CreateTable(&Thing{})
+	if err := DB.Exec("ALTER TABLE things ADD CONSTRAINT some_id_other_id_unique UNIQUE (some_id, other_id)").Error; err != nil {
+		t.Error(err)
+	}
+
+	thing := Thing{
+		SomeID:  "1234",
+		OtherID: "1234",
+		Data:    "something",
+	}
+
+	DB.Create(&thing)
+
+	thing2 := Thing{
+		SomeID:  "1234",
+		OtherID: "1234",
+		Data:    "something else",
+	}
+
+	result := DB.Clauses(clause.OnConflict{
+		OnConstraint: "some_id_other_id_unique",
+		UpdateAll:    true,
+	}).Create(&thing2)
+	if result.Error != nil {
+		t.Errorf("creating second thing: %v", result.Error)
+	}
+
+	var things []Thing
+	if err := DB.Find(&things).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(things) > 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 thing got more")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGaussDBAlterColumnDataType(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Company{})
+	DB.AutoMigrate(Company{})
+	if err := DB.Table("companies").Migrator().AlterColumn(CompanyNew{}, "name"); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to alter column from string to int, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	DB.AutoMigrate(Company{})
+}

tests/generics_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"gorm.io/driver/mysql"
+	"gorm.io/gorm"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
+	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
+)
+
+func TestGenericsCreate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	user := User{Name: "TestGenericsCreate", Age: 18}
+	err := gorm.G[User](DB).Create(ctx, &user)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Create failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if user.ID == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("no primary key found for %v", user)
+	}
+
+	if u, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name = ?", user.Name).First(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if u.Name != user.Name || u.ID != user.ID {
+		t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", u, user)
+	}
+
+	if u, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name = ?", user.Name).Take(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if u.Name != user.Name || u.ID != user.ID {
+		t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", u, user)
+	}
+
+	if u, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Select("name").Where("name = ?", user.Name).First(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if u.Name != user.Name || u.Age != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", u, user)
+	}
+
+	if u, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Omit("name").Where("name = ?", user.Name).First(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if u.Name != "" || u.Age != user.Age {
+		t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", u, user)
+	}
+
+	result := struct {
+		ID   int
+		Name string
+	}{}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name = ?", user.Name).Scan(ctx, &result); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to scan user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if result.Name != user.Name || uint(result.ID) != user.ID {
+		t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", result, user)
+	}
+
+	mapResult, err := gorm.G[map[string]interface{}](DB).Table("users").Where("name = ?", user.Name).MapColumns(map[string]string{"name": "user_name"}).Take(ctx)
+	if v := mapResult["user_name"]; fmt.Sprint(v) != user.Name {
+		t.Errorf("failed to find map results, got %v, err %v", mapResult, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsCreateInBatches(t *testing.T) {
+	batch := []User{
+		{Name: "GenericsCreateInBatches1"},
+		{Name: "GenericsCreateInBatches2"},
+		{Name: "GenericsCreateInBatches3"},
+	}
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &batch, 2); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, u := range batch {
+		if u.ID == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("no primary key found for %v", u)
+		}
+	}
+
+	count, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "GenericsCreateInBatches%").Count(ctx, "*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Count failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if count != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 3 records, got %d", count)
+	}
+
+	found, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Raw("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name LIKE ?", "GenericsCreateInBatches%").Find(ctx)
+	if len(found) != len(batch) {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d from Raw Find, got %d", len(batch), len(found))
+	}
+
+	found, err = gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "GenericsCreateInBatches%").Limit(2).Find(ctx)
+	if len(found) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d from Raw Find, got %d", 2, len(found))
+	}
+
+	found, err = gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "GenericsCreateInBatches%").Offset(2).Limit(2).Find(ctx)
+	if len(found) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected %d from Raw Find, got %d", 1, len(found))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsExecAndUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	name := "GenericsExec"
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).Exec(ctx, "INSERT INTO users(name) VALUES(?)", name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Exec insert failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	u, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Table("users as u").Where("u.name = ?", name).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if u.Name != name || u.ID == 0 {
+		t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v", u)
+	}
+
+	name += "Update"
+	rows, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("id = ?", u.ID).Update(ctx, "name", name)
+	if rows != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get affected rows, got %d, should be %d", rows, 1)
+	}
+
+	nu, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name = ?", name).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if nu.Name != name || u.ID != nu.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", nu.ID, u.ID)
+	}
+
+	rows, err = gorm.G[User](DB).Where("id = ?", u.ID).Updates(ctx, User{Name: "GenericsExecUpdates", Age: 18})
+	if rows != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get affected rows, got %d, should be %d", rows, 1)
+	}
+
+	nu, err = gorm.G[User](DB).Where("id = ?", u.ID).Last(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if nu.Name != "GenericsExecUpdates" || nu.Age != 18 || u.ID != nu.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", nu.ID, u.ID)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsRow(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	user := User{Name: "GenericsRow"}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).Create(ctx, &user); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Create failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	row := gorm.G[User](DB).Raw("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id = ?", user.ID).Row(ctx)
+	var name string
+	if err := row.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Row scan failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if name != user.Name {
+		t.Errorf("expected %s, got %s", user.Name, name)
+	}
+
+	user2 := User{Name: "GenericsRow2"}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).Create(ctx, &user2); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Create failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	rows, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Raw("SELECT name FROM users WHERE id IN ?", []uint{user.ID, user2.ID}).Rows(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Rows failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	count := 0
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var name string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&name); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("rows.Scan failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		count++
+	}
+	if count != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 2 rows, got %d", count)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsDelete(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	u := User{Name: "GenericsDelete"}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).Create(ctx, &u); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Create failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	rows, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("id = ?", u.ID).Delete(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Delete failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if rows != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 row deleted, got %d", rows)
+	}
+
+	_, err = gorm.G[User](DB).Where("id = ?", u.ID).First(ctx)
+	if err != gorm.ErrRecordNotFound {
+		t.Fatalf("User after delete failed: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsFindInBatches(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	users := []User{
+		{Name: "GenericsFindBatchA"},
+		{Name: "GenericsFindBatchB"},
+		{Name: "GenericsFindBatchC"},
+		{Name: "GenericsFindBatchD"},
+		{Name: "GenericsFindBatchE"},
+	}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, len(users)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	total := 0
+	err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "GenericsFindBatch%").FindInBatches(ctx, 2, func(chunk []User, batch int) error {
+		if len(chunk) > 2 {
+			t.Errorf("batch size exceed 2: got %d", len(chunk))
+		}
+
+		total += len(chunk)
+		return nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("FindInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if total != len(users) {
+		t.Errorf("expected total %d, got %d", len(users), total)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsScopes(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	users := []User{{Name: "GenericsScopes1"}, {Name: "GenericsScopes2"}, {Name: "GenericsScopes3"}}
+	err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, len(users))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	filterName1 := func(stmt *gorm.Statement) {
+		stmt.Where("name = ?", "GenericsScopes1")
+	}
+
+	results, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Scopes(filterName1).Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Scopes failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(results) != 1 || results[0].Name != "GenericsScopes1" {
+		t.Fatalf("Scopes expected 1, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	notResult, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "GenericsScopes%").Not("name = ?", "GenericsScopes1").Order("name").Find(ctx)
+	if len(notResult) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 results, got %d", len(notResult))
+	} else if notResult[0].Name != "GenericsScopes2" || notResult[1].Name != "GenericsScopes3" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected names 'GenericsScopes2' and 'GenericsScopes3', got %s and %s", notResult[0].Name, notResult[1].Name)
+	}
+
+	orResult, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Or("name = ?", "GenericsScopes1").Or("name = ?", "GenericsScopes2").Order("name").Find(ctx)
+	if len(orResult) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 results, got %d", len(notResult))
+	} else if orResult[0].Name != "GenericsScopes1" || orResult[1].Name != "GenericsScopes2" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected names 'GenericsScopes2' and 'GenericsScopes3', got %s and %s", orResult[0].Name, orResult[1].Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsJoins(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	db := gorm.G[User](DB)
+
+	u := User{Name: "GenericsJoins", Company: Company{Name: "GenericsCompany"}}
+	u2 := User{Name: "GenericsJoins_2", Company: Company{Name: "GenericsCompany_2"}}
+	u3 := User{Name: "GenericsJoins_3", Company: Company{Name: "GenericsCompany_3"}}
+	db.CreateInBatches(ctx, &[]User{u3, u, u2}, 10)
+
+	// Inner JOIN + WHERE
+	result, err := db.Joins(clause.Has("Company"), func(db gorm.JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error {
+		db.Where("?.name = ?", joinTable, u.Company.Name)
+		return nil
+	}).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Name != u.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	// Inner JOIN + WHERE with map
+	result, err = db.Joins(clause.Has("Company"), func(db gorm.JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error {
+		db.Where(map[string]any{"name": u.Company.Name})
+		return nil
+	}).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Name != u.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	// Left JOIN w/o WHERE
+	result, err = db.Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("Company"), nil).Where(map[string]any{"name": u.Name}).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Name != u.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	// Left JOIN + Alias WHERE
+	result, err = db.Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("Company").As("t"), func(db gorm.JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error {
+		if joinTable.Name != "t" {
+			t.Fatalf("Join table should be t, but got %v", joinTable.Name)
+		}
+		db.Where("?.name = ?", joinTable, u.Company.Name)
+		return nil
+	}).Where(map[string]any{"name": u.Name}).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Name != u.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	// Raw Subquery JOIN + WHERE
+	result, err = db.Joins(clause.LeftJoin.AssociationFrom("Company", gorm.G[Company](DB)).As("t"),
+		func(db gorm.JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error {
+			if joinTable.Name != "t" {
+				t.Fatalf("Join table should be t, but got %v", joinTable.Name)
+			}
+			db.Where("?.name = ?", joinTable, u.Company.Name)
+			return nil
+		},
+	).Where(map[string]any{"name": u2.Name}).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Raw subquery join failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Name != u2.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name || result.Company.ID == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	// Raw Subquery JOIN + WHERE + Select
+	result, err = db.Joins(clause.LeftJoin.AssociationFrom("Company", gorm.G[Company](DB).Select("Name")).As("t"),
+		func(db gorm.JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error {
+			if joinTable.Name != "t" {
+				t.Fatalf("Join table should be t, but got %v", joinTable.Name)
+			}
+			db.Where("?.name = ?", joinTable, u.Company.Name)
+			return nil
+		},
+	).Where(map[string]any{"name": u2.Name}).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Raw subquery join failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if result.Name != u2.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name || result.Company.ID != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Joins(clause.Has("Company"), func(db gorm.JoinBuilder, joinTable clause.Table, curTable clause.Table) error {
+		return errors.New("join error")
+	}).First(ctx)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Joins should got error, but got nil")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsNestedJoins(t *testing.T) {
+	users := []User{
+		{
+			Name: "generics-nested-joins-1",
+			Manager: &User{
+				Name: "generics-nested-joins-manager-1",
+				Company: Company{
+					Name: "generics-nested-joins-manager-company-1",
+				},
+				NamedPet: &Pet{
+					Name: "generics-nested-joins-manager-namepet-1",
+					Toy: Toy{
+						Name: "generics-nested-joins-manager-namepet-toy-1",
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			NamedPet: &Pet{Name: "generics-nested-joins-namepet-1", Toy: Toy{Name: "generics-nested-joins-namepet-toy-1"}},
+		},
+		{
+			Name:     "generics-nested-joins-2",
+			Manager:  GetUser("generics-nested-joins-manager-2", Config{Company: true, NamedPet: true}),
+			NamedPet: &Pet{Name: "generics-nested-joins-namepet-2", Toy: Toy{Name: "generics-nested-joins-namepet-toy-2"}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	db := gorm.G[User](DB)
+	db.CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, 100)
+
+	var userIDs []uint
+	for _, user := range users {
+		userIDs = append(userIDs, user.ID)
+	}
+
+	users2, err := db.Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("Manager"), nil).
+		Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("Manager.Company"), nil).
+		Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("Manager.NamedPet.Toy"), nil).
+		Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("NamedPet.Toy"), nil).
+		Joins(clause.LeftJoin.Association("NamedPet").As("t"), nil).
+		Where(map[string]any{"id": userIDs}).Find(ctx)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load with joins, got error: %v", err)
+	} else if len(users2) != len(users) {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed to load join users, got: %v, expect: %v", len(users2), len(users))
+	}
+
+	sort.Slice(users2, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return users2[i].ID > users2[j].ID
+	})
+
+	sort.Slice(users, func(i, j int) bool {
+		return users[i].ID > users[j].ID
+	})
+
+	for idx, user := range users {
+		// user
+		CheckUser(t, user, users2[idx])
+		if users2[idx].Manager == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to load Manager")
+		}
+		// manager
+		CheckUser(t, *user.Manager, *users2[idx].Manager)
+		// user pet
+		if users2[idx].NamedPet == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to load NamedPet")
+		}
+		CheckPet(t, *user.NamedPet, *users2[idx].NamedPet)
+		// manager pet
+		if users2[idx].Manager.NamedPet == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Failed to load NamedPet")
+		}
+		CheckPet(t, *user.Manager.NamedPet, *users2[idx].Manager.NamedPet)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsPreloads(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	db := gorm.G[User](DB)
+
+	u := *GetUser("GenericsPreloads_1", Config{Company: true, Pets: 3, Friends: 7})
+	u2 := *GetUser("GenericsPreloads_2", Config{Company: true, Pets: 5, Friends: 5})
+	u3 := *GetUser("GenericsPreloads_3", Config{Company: true, Pets: 7, Friends: 3})
+	names := []string{u.Name, u2.Name, u3.Name}
+
+	db.CreateInBatches(ctx, &[]User{u3, u, u2}, 10)
+
+	result, err := db.Preload("Company", nil).Preload("Pets", nil).Where("name = ?", u.Name).First(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Preload failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if result.Name != u.Name || result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name || len(result.Pets) != len(u.Pets) {
+		t.Fatalf("Preload expected %s, got %+v", u.Name, result)
+	}
+
+	results, err := db.Preload("Company", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		db.Where("name = ?", u.Company.Name)
+		return nil
+	}).Where("name in ?", names).Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Preload failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, result := range results {
+		if result.Name == u.Name {
+			if result.Company.Name != u.Company.Name {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v company should be %v, but got %+v", u.Name, u.Company.Name, result.Company.Name)
+			}
+		} else if result.Company.Name != "" {
+			t.Fatalf("Preload other company should not loaded, user %v company expect %v but got %+v", u.Name, u.Company.Name, result.Company.Name)
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, err = db.Preload("Company", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		return errors.New("preload error")
+	}).Where("name in ?", names).Find(ctx)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Preload should failed, but got nil")
+	}
+
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "mysql" {
+		// mysql 5.7 doesn't support row_number()
+		if strings.HasPrefix(DB.Dialector.(*mysql.Dialector).ServerVersion, "5.7") {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	results, err = db.Preload("Pets", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		db.LimitPerRecord(5)
+		return nil
+	}).Where("name in ?", names).Find(ctx)
+
+	for _, result := range results {
+		if result.Name == u.Name {
+			if len(result.Pets) != len(u.Pets) {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be %v, but got %+v", u.Name, u.Pets, result.Pets)
+			}
+		} else if len(result.Pets) != 5 {
+			t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be 5, but got %+v", result.Name, result.Pets)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "sqlserver" {
+		// sqlserver doesn't support order by in subquery
+		return
+	}
+	results, err = db.Preload("Pets", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		db.Order("name desc").LimitPerRecord(5)
+		return nil
+	}).Where("name in ?", names).Find(ctx)
+
+	for _, result := range results {
+		if result.Name == u.Name {
+			if len(result.Pets) != len(u.Pets) {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be %v, but got %+v", u.Name, u.Pets, result.Pets)
+			}
+		} else if len(result.Pets) != 5 {
+			t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be 5, but got %+v", result.Name, result.Pets)
+		}
+		for i := 1; i < len(result.Pets); i++ {
+			if result.Pets[i-1].Name < result.Pets[i].Name {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets not ordered correctly, last %v, cur %v", result.Name, result.Pets[i-1], result.Pets[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	results, err = db.Preload("Pets", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		db.Order("name").LimitPerRecord(5)
+		return nil
+	}).Preload("Friends", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		db.Order("name")
+		return nil
+	}).Where("name in ?", names).Find(ctx)
+
+	for _, result := range results {
+		if result.Name == u.Name {
+			if len(result.Pets) != len(u.Pets) {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be %v, but got %+v", u.Name, u.Pets, result.Pets)
+			}
+			if len(result.Friends) != len(u.Friends) {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be %v, but got %+v", u.Name, u.Pets, result.Pets)
+			}
+		} else if len(result.Pets) != 5 || len(result.Friends) == 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets should be 5, but got %+v", result.Name, result.Pets)
+		}
+		for i := 1; i < len(result.Pets); i++ {
+			if result.Pets[i-1].Name > result.Pets[i].Name {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v pets not ordered correctly, last %v, cur %v", result.Name, result.Pets[i-1], result.Pets[i])
+			}
+		}
+		for i := 1; i < len(result.Pets); i++ {
+			if result.Pets[i-1].Name > result.Pets[i].Name {
+				t.Fatalf("Preload user %v friends not ordered correctly, last %v, cur %v", result.Name, result.Pets[i-1], result.Pets[i])
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsNestedPreloads(t *testing.T) {
+	user := *GetUser("generics_nested_preload", Config{Pets: 2})
+	user.Friends = []*User{GetUser("generics_nested_preload", Config{Pets: 5})}
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	db := gorm.G[User](DB)
+
+	for idx, pet := range user.Pets {
+		pet.Toy = Toy{Name: "toy_nested_preload_" + strconv.Itoa(idx+1)}
+	}
+
+	if err := db.Create(ctx, &user); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("errors happened when create: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	user2, err := db.Preload("Pets.Toy", nil).Preload("Friends.Pets", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		return nil
+	}).Where(user.ID).Take(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to nested preload user")
+	}
+	CheckUser(t, user2, user)
+	if len(user.Pets) == 0 || len(user.Friends) == 0 || len(user.Friends[0].Pets) == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to nested preload")
+	}
+
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "mysql" {
+		// mysql 5.7 doesn't support row_number()
+		if strings.HasPrefix(DB.Dialector.(*mysql.Dialector).ServerVersion, "5.7") {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "sqlserver" {
+		// sqlserver doesn't support order by in subquery
+		return
+	}
+
+	user3, err := db.Preload("Pets.Toy", nil).Preload("Friends.Pets", func(db gorm.PreloadBuilder) error {
+		db.LimitPerRecord(3)
+		return nil
+	}).Where(user.ID).Take(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to nested preload user")
+	}
+	CheckUser(t, user3, user)
+
+	if len(user3.Friends) != 1 || len(user3.Friends[0].Pets) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("failed to nested preload with limit per record")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsDistinct(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	batch := []User{
+		{Name: "GenericsDistinctDup"},
+		{Name: "GenericsDistinctDup"},
+		{Name: "GenericsDistinctUnique"},
+	}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &batch, len(batch)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	results, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "GenericsDistinct%").Distinct("name").Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Distinct Find failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 2 distinct names, got %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	var names []string
+	for _, u := range results {
+		names = append(names, u.Name)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(names)
+	expected := []string{"GenericsDistinctDup", "GenericsDistinctUnique"}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(names, expected) {
+		t.Errorf("expected names %v, got %v", expected, names)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsGroupHaving(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	batch := []User{
+		{Name: "GenericsGroupHavingMulti"},
+		{Name: "GenericsGroupHavingMulti"},
+		{Name: "GenericsGroupHavingSingle"},
+	}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &batch, len(batch)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	grouped, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Select("name").Where("name like ?", "GenericsGroupHaving%").Group("name").Having("COUNT(id) > ?", 1).Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Group+Having Find failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(grouped) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 1 group with count>1, got %d", len(grouped))
+	} else if grouped[0].Name != "GenericsGroupHavingMulti" {
+		t.Errorf("expected group name 'GenericsGroupHavingMulti', got '%s'", grouped[0].Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsSubQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	users := []User{
+		{Name: "GenericsSubquery_1", Age: 10},
+		{Name: "GenericsSubquery_2", Age: 20},
+		{Name: "GenericsSubquery_3", Age: 30},
+		{Name: "GenericsSubquery_4", Age: 40},
+	}
+
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, len(users)); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	results, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name IN (?)", gorm.G[User](DB).Select("name").Where("name LIKE ?", "GenericsSubquery%")).Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("Four users should be found, instead found %d", len(results))
+	}
+
+	results, err = gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name IN (?)", gorm.G[User](DB).Select("name").Where("name IN ?", []string{"GenericsSubquery_1", "GenericsSubquery_2"}).Or("name = ?", "GenericsSubquery_3")).Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if len(results) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Three users should be found, instead found %d", len(results))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsUpsert(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	lang := Language{Code: "upsert", Name: "Upsert"}
+
+	if err := gorm.G[Language](DB, clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(ctx, &lang); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to upsert, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	lang2 := Language{Code: "upsert", Name: "Upsert"}
+	if err := gorm.G[Language](DB, clause.OnConflict{DoNothing: true}).Create(ctx, &lang2); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to upsert, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	langs, err := gorm.G[Language](DB).Where("code = ?", lang.Code).Find(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("no error should happen when find languages with code, but got %v", err)
+	} else if len(langs) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("should only find only 1 languages, but got %+v", langs)
+	}
+
+	lang3 := Language{Code: "upsert", Name: "Upsert"}
+	if err := gorm.G[Language](DB, clause.OnConflict{
+		Columns:   []clause.Column{{Name: "code"}},
+		DoUpdates: clause.Assignments(map[string]interface{}{"name": "upsert-new"}),
+	}).Create(ctx, &lang3); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to upsert, got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if langs, err := gorm.G[Language](DB).Where("code = ?", lang.Code).Find(ctx); err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("no error should happen when find languages with code, but got %v", err)
+	} else if len(langs) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("should only find only 1 languages, but got %+v", langs)
+	} else if langs[0].Name != "upsert-new" {
+		t.Errorf("should update name on conflict, but got name %+v", langs[0].Name)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsWithResult(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	users := []User{{Name: "TestGenericsWithResult", Age: 18}, {Name: "TestGenericsWithResult2", Age: 18}}
+
+	result := gorm.WithResult()
+	err := gorm.G[User](DB, result).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, 2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to create users WithResult")
+	}
+
+	if result.RowsAffected != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("failed to get affected rows, got %d, should be %d", result.RowsAffected, 2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsReuse(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	users := []User{{Name: "TestGenericsReuse1", Age: 18}, {Name: "TestGenericsReuse2", Age: 18}}
+
+	err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, 2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("failed to create users")
+	}
+
+	reusedb := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "TestGenericsReuse%")
+
+	sg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		sg.Add(1)
+
+		go func() {
+			if u1, err := reusedb.Where("id = ?", users[0].ID).First(ctx); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+			} else if u1.Name != users[0].Name || u1.ID != users[0].ID {
+				t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", u1, users[0])
+			}
+
+			if u2, err := reusedb.Where("id = ?", users[1].ID).First(ctx); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+			} else if u2.Name != users[1].Name || u2.ID != users[1].ID {
+				t.Errorf("found invalid user, got %v, expect %v", u2, users[1])
+			}
+
+			if users, err := reusedb.Where("id IN ?", []uint{users[0].ID, users[1].ID}).Find(ctx); err != nil {
+				t.Errorf("failed to find user, got error: %v", err)
+			} else if len(users) != 2 {
+				t.Errorf("should find 2 users, but got %d", len(users))
+			}
+			sg.Done()
+		}()
+	}
+	sg.Wait()
+}
+
+func TestGenericsWithTransaction(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	tx := DB.Begin()
+	if tx.Error != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to begin transaction: %v", tx.Error)
+	}
+
+	users := []User{{Name: "TestGenericsTransaction", Age: 18}, {Name: "TestGenericsTransaction2", Age: 18}}
+	err := gorm.G[User](tx).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, 2)
+
+	count, err := gorm.G[User](tx).Where("name like ?", "TestGenericsTransaction%").Count(ctx, "*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Count failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if count != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 2 records, got %d", count)
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Rollback().Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to rollback transaction: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	count2, err := gorm.G[User](DB).Where("name like ?", "TestGenericsTransaction%").Count(ctx, "*")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Count failed: %v", err)
+	}
+	if count2 != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("expected 0 records after rollback, got %d", count2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsToSQL(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	sql := DB.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {
+		gorm.G[User](tx).Limit(10).Find(ctx)
+		return tx
+	})
+
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .users..* 10").MatchString(sql) {
+		t.Errorf("ToSQL: got wrong sql with Generics API %v", sql)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGenericsScanUUID(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	users := []User{
+		{Name: uuid.NewString(), Age: 21},
+		{Name: uuid.NewString(), Age: 22},
+		{Name: uuid.NewString(), Age: 23},
+	}
+
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).CreateInBatches(ctx, &users, 2); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("CreateInBatches failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	userIds := []uuid.UUID{}
+	if err := gorm.G[User](DB).Select("name").Where("id in ?", []uint{users[0].ID, users[1].ID, users[2].ID}).Order("age").Scan(ctx, &userIds); err != nil || len(users) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("Scan failed: %v, userids %v", err, userIds)
+	}
+
+	if userIds[0].String() != users[0].Name || userIds[1].String() != users[1].Name || userIds[2].String() != users[2].Name {
+		t.Fatalf("wrong uuid scanned")
+	}
+}

tests/go.mod

@@ -1,41 +1,40 @@
 module gorm.io/gorm/tests
 
-go 1.18
+go 1.23.0
 
 require (
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5
 	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
-	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.7
-	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.9
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.5.6
-	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.5.3
-	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.10
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	gorm.io/driver/gaussdb v0.1.0
+	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.6.0
+	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.6.0
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.6.0
+	gorm.io/driver/sqlserver v1.6.1
+	gorm.io/gorm v1.30.0
 )
 
 require (
 	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/HuaweiCloudDeveloper/gaussdb-go v1.0.0-rc1 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-sql/civil v0.0.0-20220223132316-b832511892a9 // indirect
 	github.com/golang-sql/sqlexp v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
-	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.5 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.22 // indirect
-	github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb v1.7.2 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28 // indirect
+	github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb v1.9.2 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.12.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.24.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.16.0 // indirect
+	github.com/tjfoc/gmsm v1.4.1 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
 
 replace gorm.io/gorm => ../
-
-replace github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 => github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.4.3
-
-replace github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb => github.com/microsoft/go-mssqldb v1.7.0

tests/joins_test.go

@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ func TestJoinsPreload_Issue7013(t *testing.T) {
 	var entries []User
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
 		assert.NoError(t,
-			DB.Debug().Preload("Manager.Team").
+			DB.Preload("Manager.Team").
 				Joins("Manager.Company").
 				Find(&entries).Error)
 	})
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ func TestJoinsPreload_Issue7013_RelationEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	var entries []Building
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
 		assert.NoError(t,
-			DB.Debug().Preload("Owner.Furnitures").
+			DB.Preload("Owner.Furnitures").
 				Joins("Owner.Company").
 				Find(&entries).Error)
 	})
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@ func TestJoinsPreload_Issue7013_NoEntries(t *testing.T) {
 	var entries []User
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
 		assert.NoError(t,
-			DB.Debug().Preload("Manager.Team").
+			DB.Preload("Manager.Team").
 				Joins("Manager.Company").
 				Where("1 <> 1").
 				Find(&entries).Error)

tests/lru_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,529 @@
+package tests_test
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"fmt"
+	"gorm.io/gorm/internal/lru"
+	"math"
+	"math/big"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestLRU_Add_ExistingKey_UpdatesValueAndExpiresAt(t *testing.T) {
+	lru := lru.NewLRU[string, int](10, nil, time.Hour)
+	lru.Add("key1", 1)
+	lru.Add("key1", 2)
+
+	if value, ok := lru.Get("key1"); !ok || value != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected value to be updated to 2, got %v", value)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRU_Add_NewKey_AddsEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	lru := lru.NewLRU[string, int](10, nil, time.Hour)
+	lru.Add("key1", 1)
+
+	if value, ok := lru.Get("key1"); !ok || value != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected key1 to be added with value 1, got %v", value)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRU_Add_ExceedsSize_RemovesOldest(t *testing.T) {
+	lru := lru.NewLRU[string, int](2, nil, time.Hour)
+	lru.Add("key1", 1)
+	lru.Add("key2", 2)
+	lru.Add("key3", 3)
+
+	if _, ok := lru.Get("key1"); ok {
+		t.Errorf("Expected key1 to be removed, but it still exists")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRU_Add_UnlimitedSize_NoEviction(t *testing.T) {
+	lru := lru.NewLRU[string, int](0, nil, time.Hour)
+	lru.Add("key1", 1)
+	lru.Add("key2", 2)
+	lru.Add("key3", 3)
+
+	if _, ok := lru.Get("key1"); !ok {
+		t.Errorf("Expected key1 to exist, but it was evicted")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRU_Add_Eviction(t *testing.T) {
+	lru := lru.NewLRU[string, int](0, nil, time.Second*2)
+	lru.Add("key1", 1)
+	lru.Add("key2", 2)
+	lru.Add("key3", 3)
+	time.Sleep(time.Second * 3)
+	if lru.Cap() != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected lru to be empty, but it was not")
+	}
+
+}
+
+func BenchmarkLRU_Rand_NoExpire(b *testing.B) {
+	l := lru.NewLRU[int64, int64](8192, nil, 0)
+
+	trace := make([]int64, b.N*2)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N*2; i++ {
+		trace[i] = getRand(b) % 32768
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	var hit, miss int
+	for i := 0; i < 2*b.N; i++ {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			l.Add(trace[i], trace[i])
+		} else {
+			if _, ok := l.Get(trace[i]); ok {
+				hit++
+			} else {
+				miss++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	b.Logf("hit: %d miss: %d ratio: %f", hit, miss, float64(hit)/float64(hit+miss))
+}
+
+func BenchmarkLRU_Freq_NoExpire(b *testing.B) {
+	l := lru.NewLRU[int64, int64](8192, nil, 0)
+
+	trace := make([]int64, b.N*2)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N*2; i++ {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			trace[i] = getRand(b) % 16384
+		} else {
+			trace[i] = getRand(b) % 32768
+		}
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		l.Add(trace[i], trace[i])
+	}
+	var hit, miss int
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		if _, ok := l.Get(trace[i]); ok {
+			hit++
+		} else {
+			miss++
+		}
+	}
+	b.Logf("hit: %d miss: %d ratio: %f", hit, miss, float64(hit)/float64(hit+miss))
+}
+
+func BenchmarkLRU_Rand_WithExpire(b *testing.B) {
+	l := lru.NewLRU[int64, int64](8192, nil, time.Millisecond*10)
+
+	trace := make([]int64, b.N*2)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N*2; i++ {
+		trace[i] = getRand(b) % 32768
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	var hit, miss int
+	for i := 0; i < 2*b.N; i++ {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			l.Add(trace[i], trace[i])
+		} else {
+			if _, ok := l.Get(trace[i]); ok {
+				hit++
+			} else {
+				miss++
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	b.Logf("hit: %d miss: %d ratio: %f", hit, miss, float64(hit)/float64(hit+miss))
+}
+
+func BenchmarkLRU_Freq_WithExpire(b *testing.B) {
+	l := lru.NewLRU[int64, int64](8192, nil, time.Millisecond*10)
+
+	trace := make([]int64, b.N*2)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N*2; i++ {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			trace[i] = getRand(b) % 16384
+		} else {
+			trace[i] = getRand(b) % 32768
+		}
+	}
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		l.Add(trace[i], trace[i])
+	}
+	var hit, miss int
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		if _, ok := l.Get(trace[i]); ok {
+			hit++
+		} else {
+			miss++
+		}
+	}
+	b.Logf("hit: %d miss: %d ratio: %f", hit, miss, float64(hit)/float64(hit+miss))
+}
+
+func TestLRUNoPurge(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, string](10, nil, 0)
+
+	lc.Add("key1", "val1")
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	v, ok := lc.Peek("key1")
+	if v != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+
+	if !lc.Contains("key1") {
+		t.Fatalf("should contain key1")
+	}
+	if lc.Contains("key2") {
+		t.Fatalf("should not contain key2")
+	}
+
+	v, ok = lc.Peek("key2")
+	if v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(lc.Keys(), []string{"key1"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	if lc.Resize(0) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("evicted count differs from expected")
+	}
+	if lc.Resize(2) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("evicted count differs from expected")
+	}
+	lc.Add("key2", "val2")
+	if lc.Resize(1) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("evicted count differs from expected")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRUEdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, *string](2, nil, 0)
+
+	// Adding a nil value
+	lc.Add("key1", nil)
+
+	value, exists := lc.Get("key1")
+	if value != nil || !exists {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected value or existence flag for key1: value=%v, exists=%v", value, exists)
+	}
+
+	// Adding an entry with the same key but different value
+	newVal := "val1"
+	lc.Add("key1", &newVal)
+
+	value, exists = lc.Get("key1")
+	if value != &newVal || !exists {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected value or existence flag for key1: value=%v, exists=%v", value, exists)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRU_Values(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, string](3, nil, 0)
+
+	lc.Add("key1", "val1")
+	lc.Add("key2", "val2")
+	lc.Add("key3", "val3")
+
+	values := lc.Values()
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(values, []string{"val1", "val2", "val3"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("values differs from expected")
+	}
+}
+
+// func TestExpirableMultipleClose(_ *testing.T) {
+//	lc :=lru.NewLRU[string, string](10, nil, 0)
+//	lc.Close()
+//	// should not panic
+//	lc.Close()
+// }
+
+func TestLRUWithPurge(t *testing.T) {
+	var evicted []string
+	lc := lru.NewLRU(10, func(key string, value string) { evicted = append(evicted, key, value) }, 150*time.Millisecond)
+
+	k, v, ok := lc.GetOldest()
+	if k != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+
+	lc.Add("key1", "val1")
+
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond) // not enough to expire
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	v, ok = lc.Get("key1")
+	if v != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond) // expire
+	v, ok = lc.Get("key1")
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+	if v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be nil")
+	}
+
+	if lc.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(evicted, []string{"key1", "val1"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	// add new entry
+	lc.Add("key2", "val2")
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	k, v, ok = lc.GetOldest()
+	if k != "key2" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if v != "val2" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+
+}
+
+func TestLRUWithPurgeEnforcedBySize(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, string](10, nil, time.Hour)
+
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		i := i
+		lc.Add(fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i), fmt.Sprintf("val%d", i))
+		v, ok := lc.Get(fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i))
+		if v != fmt.Sprintf("val%d", i) {
+			t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			t.Fatalf("should be true")
+		}
+		if lc.Len() > 20 {
+			t.Fatalf("length should be less than 20")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if lc.Len() != 10 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRUConcurrency(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, string](0, nil, 0)
+	wg := sync.WaitGroup{}
+	wg.Add(1000)
+	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
+		go func(i int) {
+			lc.Add(fmt.Sprintf("key-%d", i/10), fmt.Sprintf("val-%d", i/10))
+			wg.Done()
+		}(i)
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	if lc.Len() != 100 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRUInvalidateAndEvict(t *testing.T) {
+	var evicted int
+	lc := lru.NewLRU(-1, func(_, _ string) { evicted++ }, 0)
+
+	lc.Add("key1", "val1")
+	lc.Add("key2", "val2")
+
+	val, ok := lc.Get("key1")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+	if val != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if evicted != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	lc.Remove("key1")
+	if evicted != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	val, ok = lc.Get("key1")
+	if val != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLoadingExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, string](0, nil, time.Millisecond*5)
+
+	lc.Add("key1", "val1")
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	v, ok := lc.Peek("key1")
+	if v != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+
+	v, ok = lc.Get("key1")
+	if v != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+
+	for {
+		result, ok := lc.Get("key1")
+		if ok && result == "" {
+			t.Fatalf("ok should return a result")
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 100) // wait for expiration reaper
+	if lc.Len() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	v, ok = lc.Peek("key1")
+	if v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+
+	v, ok = lc.Get("key1")
+	if v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLRURemoveOldest(t *testing.T) {
+	lc := lru.NewLRU[string, string](2, nil, 0)
+
+	if lc.Cap() != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expect cap is 2")
+	}
+
+	k, v, ok := lc.RemoveOldest()
+	if k != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if v != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("should be empty")
+	}
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+
+	ok = lc.Remove("non_existent")
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be false")
+	}
+
+	lc.Add("key1", "val1")
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	v, ok = lc.Get("key1")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+	if v != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(lc.Keys(), []string{"key1"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	lc.Add("key2", "val2")
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(lc.Keys(), []string{"key1", "key2"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if lc.Len() != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+
+	k, v, ok = lc.RemoveOldest()
+	if k != "key1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if v != "val1" {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should be true")
+	}
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(lc.Keys(), []string{"key2"}) {
+		t.Fatalf("value differs from expected")
+	}
+	if lc.Len() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("length differs from expected")
+	}
+}
+
+func getRand(tb testing.TB) int64 {
+	out, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, big.NewInt(math.MaxInt64))
+	if err != nil {
+		tb.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return out.Int64()
+}

tests/migrate_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"database/sql"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
-	"os"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -13,11 +12,11 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
 	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/clause"
-	"gorm.io/gorm/logger"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/migrator"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/utils"
@@ -84,8 +83,8 @@ func TestMigrate(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestAutoMigrateInt8PG(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+func TestAutoMigrateInt8PGAndGaussDB(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -141,8 +140,137 @@ func TestAutoMigrateSelfReferential(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestAutoMigrateNullable(t *testing.T) {
+	type MigrateNullableColumn struct {
+		ID    uint
+		Bonus float64 `gorm:"not null"`
+		Stock float64
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&MigrateNullableColumn{})
+
+	DB.AutoMigrate(&MigrateNullableColumn{})
+
+	type MigrateNullableColumn2 struct {
+		ID    uint
+		Bonus float64
+		Stock float64 `gorm:"not null"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Table("migrate_nullable_columns").AutoMigrate(&MigrateNullableColumn2{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to auto migrate, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	columnTypes, err := DB.Table("migrate_nullable_columns").Migrator().ColumnTypes(&MigrateNullableColumn{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get column types, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, columnType := range columnTypes {
+		switch columnType.Name() {
+		case "bonus":
+			// allow to change non-nullable to nullable
+			if nullable, _ := columnType.Nullable(); !nullable {
+				t.Fatalf("bonus's nullable should be true, bug got %t", nullable)
+			}
+		case "stock":
+			// do not allow to change nullable to non-nullable
+			if nullable, _ := columnType.Nullable(); !nullable {
+				t.Fatalf("stock's nullable should be true, bug got %t", nullable)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestSmartMigrateColumn(t *testing.T) {
-	fullSupported := map[string]bool{"mysql": true, "postgres": true}[DB.Dialector.Name()]
+	fullSupported := map[string]bool{"mysql": true, "postgres": true, "gaussdb": true}[DB.Dialector.Name()]
+
+	type UserMigrateColumn struct {
+		ID       uint
+		Name     string
+		Salary   float64
+		Birthday time.Time `gorm:"precision:4"`
+	}
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&UserMigrateColumn{})
+
+	DB.AutoMigrate(&UserMigrateColumn{})
+
+	type UserMigrateColumn2 struct {
+		ID                  uint
+		Name                string    `gorm:"size:128"`
+		Salary              float64   `gorm:"precision:2"`
+		Birthday            time.Time `gorm:"precision:2"`
+		NameIgnoreMigration string    `gorm:"size:100"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Table("user_migrate_columns").AutoMigrate(&UserMigrateColumn2{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to auto migrate, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	columnTypes, err := DB.Table("user_migrate_columns").Migrator().ColumnTypes(&UserMigrateColumn{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get column types, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, columnType := range columnTypes {
+		switch columnType.Name() {
+		case "name":
+			if length, _ := columnType.Length(); (fullSupported || length != 0) && length != 128 {
+				t.Fatalf("name's length should be 128, but got %v", length)
+			}
+		case "salary":
+			if precision, o, _ := columnType.DecimalSize(); (fullSupported || precision != 0) && precision != 2 {
+				t.Fatalf("salary's precision should be 2, but got %v %v", precision, o)
+			}
+		case "birthday":
+			if precision, _, _ := columnType.DecimalSize(); (fullSupported || precision != 0) && precision != 2 {
+				t.Fatalf("birthday's precision should be 2, but got %v", precision)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	type UserMigrateColumn3 struct {
+		ID                  uint
+		Name                string    `gorm:"size:256"`
+		Salary              float64   `gorm:"precision:3"`
+		Birthday            time.Time `gorm:"precision:3"`
+		NameIgnoreMigration string    `gorm:"size:128;-:migration"`
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.Table("user_migrate_columns").AutoMigrate(&UserMigrateColumn3{}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to auto migrate, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	columnTypes, err = DB.Table("user_migrate_columns").Migrator().ColumnTypes(&UserMigrateColumn{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get column types, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, columnType := range columnTypes {
+		switch columnType.Name() {
+		case "name":
+			if length, _ := columnType.Length(); (fullSupported || length != 0) && length != 256 {
+				t.Fatalf("name's length should be 128, but got %v", length)
+			}
+		case "salary":
+			if precision, _, _ := columnType.DecimalSize(); (fullSupported || precision != 0) && precision != 3 {
+				t.Fatalf("salary's precision should be 2, but got %v", precision)
+			}
+		case "birthday":
+			if precision, _, _ := columnType.DecimalSize(); (fullSupported || precision != 0) && precision != 3 {
+				t.Fatalf("birthday's precision should be 2, but got %v", precision)
+			}
+		case "name_ignore_migration":
+			if length, _ := columnType.Length(); (fullSupported || length != 0) && length != 100 {
+				t.Fatalf("name_ignore_migration's length should still be 100 but got %v", length)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSmartMigrateColumnGaussDB(t *testing.T) {
+	fullSupported := map[string]bool{"mysql": true, "gaussdb": true}[DB.Dialector.Name()]
 
 	type UserMigrateColumn struct {
 		ID       uint
@@ -810,7 +938,7 @@ func TestMigrateColumnOrder(t *testing.T) {
 
 // https://github.com/go-gorm/gorm/issues/5047
 func TestMigrateSerialColumn(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -969,6 +1097,42 @@ func TestPrimarykeyID(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestPrimarykeyIDGaussDB(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skipf("This test case skipped, because of gaussdb not support uuid-ossp plugin (SQLSTATE 58P01)")
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	type MissPKLanguage struct {
+		ID   string `gorm:"type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4()"`
+		Name string
+	}
+
+	type MissPKUser struct {
+		ID              string           `gorm:"type:uuid;default:uuid_generate_v4()"`
+		MissPKLanguages []MissPKLanguage `gorm:"many2many:miss_pk_user_languages;"`
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	err = DB.Migrator().DropTable(&MissPKUser{}, &MissPKLanguage{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("DropTable err:%v", err)
+	}
+	// TODO: ERROR: could not open extension control file: No such file or directory (SQLSTATE 58P01)
+	DB.Exec(`CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS "uuid-ossp";`)
+
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&MissPKUser{}, &MissPKLanguage{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+
+	// patch
+	err = DB.AutoMigrate(&MissPKUser{}, &MissPKLanguage{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCurrentTimestamp(t *testing.T) {
 	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "mysql" {
 		return
@@ -1169,35 +1333,24 @@ func TestInvalidCachedPlanSimpleProtocol(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestInvalidCachedPlanPrepareStmt(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+// TODO: ERROR: must have at least one column (SQLSTATE 0A000)
+func TestInvalidCachedPlanSimpleProtocolGaussDB(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Skipf("This test case skipped, because of gaussdb not support creaing empty table(SQLSTATE 0A000)")
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
 		return
 	}
 
-	db, err := gorm.Open(postgres.Open(postgresDSN), &gorm.Config{PrepareStmt: true})
+	db, err := gorm.Open(gaussdb.Open(gaussdbDSN), &gorm.Config{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Open err:%v", err)
 	}
-	if debug := os.Getenv("DEBUG"); debug == "true" {
-		db.Logger = db.Logger.LogMode(logger.Info)
-	} else if debug == "false" {
-		db.Logger = db.Logger.LogMode(logger.Silent)
-	}
 
-	type Object1 struct {
-		ID uint
-	}
+	type Object1 struct{}
 	type Object2 struct {
-		ID     uint
-		Field1 int `gorm:"type:int8"`
+		Field1 string
 	}
 	type Object3 struct {
-		ID     uint
-		Field1 int `gorm:"type:int4"`
-	}
-	type Object4 struct {
-		ID     uint
-		Field2 int
+		Field2 string
 	}
 	db.Migrator().DropTable("objects")
 
@@ -1205,63 +1358,16 @@ func TestInvalidCachedPlanPrepareStmt(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
 	}
-	err = db.Table("objects").Create(&Object1{}).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("create err:%v", err)
-	}
 
-	// AddColumn
 	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object2{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
 	}
 
-	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object2{}).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	// AlterColumn
 	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object3{})
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
 	}
-
-	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object3{}).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	// AddColumn
-	err = db.Table("objects").AutoMigrate(&Object4{})
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("AutoMigrate err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object4{}).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	db.Table("objects").Migrator().RenameColumn(&Object4{}, "field2", "field3")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("RenameColumn err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object4{}).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	db.Table("objects").Migrator().DropColumn(&Object4{}, "field3")
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("RenameColumn err:%v", err)
-	}
-
-	err = db.Table("objects").Take(&Object4{}).Error
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Errorf("take err:%v", err)
-	}
 }
 
 func TestDifferentTypeWithoutDeclaredLength(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1304,7 +1410,7 @@ func TestDifferentTypeWithoutDeclaredLength(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestMigrateArrayTypeModel(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1626,8 +1732,8 @@ func TestMigrateView(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestMigrateExistingBoolColumnPG(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" {
+func TestMigrateExistingBoolColumnPGAndGaussDB(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -1945,3 +2051,114 @@ func TestMigrateWithUniqueIndexAndUnique(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func testAutoMigrateDecimal(t *testing.T, model1, model2 any) []string {
+	tracer := Tracer{
+		Logger: DB.Config.Logger,
+		Test: func(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error) {
+			sql, _ := fc()
+			if strings.HasPrefix(sql, "ALTER TABLE ") {
+				t.Fatalf("shouldn't execute ALTER COLUMN TYPE if decimal is not change: sql: %s", sql)
+			}
+		},
+	}
+	session := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{Logger: tracer})
+
+	DB.Migrator().DropTable(model1)
+	var modifySql []string
+	if err := session.AutoMigrate(model1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to auto migrate, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if err := session.AutoMigrate(model1); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to auto migrate, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	tracer2 := Tracer{
+		Logger: DB.Config.Logger,
+		Test: func(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error) {
+			sql, _ := fc()
+			modifySql = append(modifySql, sql)
+		},
+	}
+	session2 := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{Logger: tracer2})
+	err := session2.Table("migrate_decimal_columns").Migrator().AutoMigrate(model2)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to get column types, got error: %v", err)
+	}
+	return modifySql
+}
+
+func decimalColumnsTest[T, T2 any](t *testing.T, expectedSql []string) {
+	var t1 T
+	var t2 T2
+	modSql := testAutoMigrateDecimal(t, t1, t2)
+	var alterSQL []string
+	for _, sql := range modSql {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(sql, "ALTER TABLE ") {
+			alterSQL = append(alterSQL, sql)
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(alterSQL) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("decimal changed error,expected: %+v,got: %+v.", expectedSql, alterSQL)
+	}
+	for i := range alterSQL {
+		if alterSQL[i] != expectedSql[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("decimal changed error,expected: %+v,got: %+v.", expectedSql, alterSQL)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAutoMigrateDecimal(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "sqlserver" { // database/sql will replace numeric to decimal. so only support decimal.
+		type MigrateDecimalColumn struct {
+			RecID1 int64 `gorm:"column:recid1;type:decimal(9,0);not null" json:"recid1"`
+			RecID2 int64 `gorm:"column:recid2;type:decimal(8);not null" json:"recid2"`
+			RecID3 int64 `gorm:"column:recid3;type:decimal(8,1);not null" json:"recid3"`
+		}
+		type MigrateDecimalColumn2 struct {
+			RecID1 int64 `gorm:"column:recid1;type:decimal(8);not null" json:"recid1"`
+			RecID2 int64 `gorm:"column:recid2;type:decimal(9,1);not null" json:"recid2"`
+			RecID3 int64 `gorm:"column:recid3;type:decimal(9,2);not null" json:"recid3"`
+		}
+		expectedSql := []string{
+			`ALTER TABLE "migrate_decimal_columns" ALTER COLUMN "recid1" decimal(8) NOT NULL`,
+			`ALTER TABLE "migrate_decimal_columns" ALTER COLUMN "recid2" decimal(9,1) NOT NULL`,
+			`ALTER TABLE "migrate_decimal_columns" ALTER COLUMN "recid3" decimal(9,2) NOT NULL`,
+		}
+		decimalColumnsTest[MigrateDecimalColumn, MigrateDecimalColumn2](t, expectedSql)
+	} else if DB.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" || DB.Dialector.Name() == "gaussdb" {
+		type MigrateDecimalColumn struct {
+			RecID1 int64 `gorm:"column:recid1;type:numeric(9,0);not null" json:"recid1"`
+			RecID2 int64 `gorm:"column:recid2;type:numeric(8);not null" json:"recid2"`
+			RecID3 int64 `gorm:"column:recid3;type:numeric(8,1);not null" json:"recid3"`
+		}
+		type MigrateDecimalColumn2 struct {
+			RecID1 int64 `gorm:"column:recid1;type:numeric(8);not null" json:"recid1"`
+			RecID2 int64 `gorm:"column:recid2;type:numeric(9,1);not null" json:"recid2"`
+			RecID3 int64 `gorm:"column:recid3;type:numeric(9,2);not null" json:"recid3"`
+		}
+		expectedSql := []string{
+			`ALTER TABLE "migrate_decimal_columns" ALTER COLUMN "recid1" TYPE numeric(8) USING "recid1"::numeric(8)`,
+			`ALTER TABLE "migrate_decimal_columns" ALTER COLUMN "recid2" TYPE numeric(9,1) USING "recid2"::numeric(9,1)`,
+			`ALTER TABLE "migrate_decimal_columns" ALTER COLUMN "recid3" TYPE numeric(9,2) USING "recid3"::numeric(9,2)`,
+		}
+		decimalColumnsTest[MigrateDecimalColumn, MigrateDecimalColumn2](t, expectedSql)
+	} else if DB.Dialector.Name() == "mysql" {
+		type MigrateDecimalColumn struct {
+			RecID1 int64 `gorm:"column:recid1;type:decimal(9,0);not null" json:"recid1"`
+			RecID2 int64 `gorm:"column:recid2;type:decimal(8);not null" json:"recid2"`
+			RecID3 int64 `gorm:"column:recid3;type:decimal(8,1);not null" json:"recid3"`
+		}
+		type MigrateDecimalColumn2 struct {
+			RecID1 int64 `gorm:"column:recid1;type:decimal(8);not null" json:"recid1"`
+			RecID2 int64 `gorm:"column:recid2;type:decimal(9,1);not null" json:"recid2"`
+			RecID3 int64 `gorm:"column:recid3;type:decimal(9,2);not null" json:"recid3"`
+		}
+		expectedSql := []string{
+			"ALTER TABLE `migrate_decimal_columns` MODIFY COLUMN `recid1` decimal(8) NOT NULL",
+			"ALTER TABLE `migrate_decimal_columns` MODIFY COLUMN `recid2` decimal(9,1) NOT NULL",
+			"ALTER TABLE `migrate_decimal_columns` MODIFY COLUMN `recid3` decimal(9,2) NOT NULL",
+		}
+		decimalColumnsTest[MigrateDecimalColumn, MigrateDecimalColumn2](t, expectedSql)
+	}
+}

tests/multi_primary_keys_test.go

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func TestManyToManyWithMultiPrimaryKeys(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skip sqlite, sqlserver due to it doesn't support multiple primary keys with auto increment")
 	}
 
-	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "postgres" {
+	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "postgres" || name == "mysql" || name == "gaussdb" {
 		stmt := gorm.Statement{DB: DB}
 		stmt.Parse(&Blog{})
 		stmt.Schema.LookUpField("ID").Unique = true
@@ -142,6 +142,9 @@ func TestManyToManyWithCustomizedForeignKeys(t *testing.T) {
 	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "postgres" {
 		t.Skip("skip postgres due to it only allow unique constraint matching given keys")
 	}
+	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip("skip gaussdb due to it only allow unique constraint matching given keys")
+	}
 
 	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Blog{}, &Tag{}, "blog_tags", "locale_blog_tags", "shared_blog_tags")
 	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&Blog{}, &Tag{}); err != nil {
@@ -264,10 +267,14 @@ func TestManyToManyWithCustomizedForeignKeys2(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skip sqlite, sqlserver due to it doesn't support multiple primary keys with auto increment")
 	}
 
-	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "postgres" {
+	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "postgres" || name == "mysql" {
 		t.Skip("skip postgres due to it only allow unique constraint matching given keys")
 	}
 
+	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "gaussdb" {
+		t.Skip("skip gaussdb due to it only allow unique constraint matching given keys")
+	}
+
 	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&Blog{}, &Tag{}, "blog_tags", "locale_blog_tags", "shared_blog_tags")
 	if err := DB.AutoMigrate(&Blog{}, &Tag{}); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("Failed to auto migrate, got error: %v", err)
@@ -332,7 +339,7 @@ func TestManyToManyWithCustomizedForeignKeys2(t *testing.T) {
 
 	DB.Model(&blog2).Association("LocaleTags").Find(&tags)
 	if !compareTags(tags, []string{"tag4"}) {
-		t.Fatalf("Should find 1 tags  for EN Blog")
+		t.Fatalf("Should find 1 tags for EN Blog, but got %v", tags)
 	}
 
 	// Replace

tests/preload_suits_test.go

@@ -696,6 +696,10 @@ func TestManyToManyPreloadWithMultiPrimaryKeys(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skip("skip sqlite, sqlserver due to it doesn't support multiple primary keys with auto increment")
 	}
 
+	if name := DB.Dialector.Name(); name == "mysql" {
+		t.Skip("skip mysql due to it only allow unique constraint matching given keys")
+	}
+
 	type (
 		Level1 struct {
 			ID           uint   `gorm:"primary_key;"`

tests/prepared_stmt_test.go

@@ -91,6 +91,65 @@ func TestPreparedStmtFromTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	tx2.Commit()
 }
 
+func TestPreparedStmtLruFromTransaction(t *testing.T) {
+	db, _ := OpenTestConnection(&gorm.Config{PrepareStmt: true, PrepareStmtMaxSize: 10, PrepareStmtTTL: 20 * time.Second})
+
+	tx := db.Begin()
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			tx.Rollback()
+		}
+	}()
+	if err := tx.Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to start transaction, got error %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Where("name=?", "zzjin").Delete(&User{}).Error; err != nil {
+		tx.Rollback()
+		t.Errorf("Failed to run one transaction, got error %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Create(&User{Name: "zzjin"}).Error; err != nil {
+		tx.Rollback()
+		t.Errorf("Failed to run one transaction, got error %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := tx.Commit().Error; err != nil {
+		t.Errorf("Failed to commit transaction, got error %v\n", err)
+	}
+
+	if result := db.Where("name=?", "zzjin").Delete(&User{}); result.Error != nil || result.RowsAffected != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed, got error: %v, rows affected: %v", result.Error, result.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	tx2 := db.Begin()
+	if result := tx2.Where("name=?", "zzjin").Delete(&User{}); result.Error != nil || result.RowsAffected != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Failed, got error: %v, rows affected: %v", result.Error, result.RowsAffected)
+	}
+
+	tx2.Commit()
+	// Attempt to convert the connection pool of tx to the *gorm.PreparedStmtDB type.
+	// If the conversion is successful, ok will be true and conn will be the converted object;
+	// otherwise, ok will be false and conn will be nil.
+	conn, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
+	// Get the number of statement keys stored in the PreparedStmtDB.
+	lens := len(conn.Stmts.Keys())
+	// Check if the number of stored statement keys is 0.
+	if lens == 0 {
+		// If the number is 0, it means there are no statements stored in the LRU cache.
+		// The test fails and an error message is output.
+		t.Fatalf("lru should not be empty")
+	}
+	// Wait for 40 seconds to give the statements in the cache enough time to expire.
+	time.Sleep(time.Second * 40)
+	// Assert whether the connection pool of tx is successfully converted to the *gorm.PreparedStmtDB type.
+	AssertEqual(t, ok, true)
+	// Assert whether the number of statement keys stored in the PreparedStmtDB is 0 after 40 seconds.
+	// If it is not 0, it means the statements in the cache have not expired as expected.
+	AssertEqual(t, len(conn.Stmts.Keys()), 0)
+
+}
+
 func TestPreparedStmtDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 	tx, err := OpenTestConnection(&gorm.Config{})
 	AssertEqual(t, err, nil)
@@ -116,9 +175,9 @@ func TestPreparedStmtDeadlock(t *testing.T) {
 
 	conn, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
 	AssertEqual(t, ok, true)
-	AssertEqual(t, len(conn.Stmts), 2)
-	for _, stmt := range conn.Stmts {
-		if stmt == nil {
+	AssertEqual(t, len(conn.Stmts.Keys()), 2)
+	for _, stmt := range conn.Stmts.Keys() {
+		if stmt == "" {
 			t.Fatalf("stmt cannot bee nil")
 		}
 	}
@@ -142,10 +201,10 @@ func TestPreparedStmtInTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestPreparedStmtReset(t *testing.T) {
+func TestPreparedStmtClose(t *testing.T) {
 	tx := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{PrepareStmt: true})
 
-	user := *GetUser("prepared_stmt_reset", Config{})
+	user := *GetUser("prepared_stmt_close", Config{})
 	tx = tx.Create(&user)
 
 	pdb, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
@@ -154,16 +213,77 @@ func TestPreparedStmtReset(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	pdb.Mux.Lock()
-	if len(pdb.Stmts) == 0 {
+	if len(pdb.Stmts.Keys()) == 0 {
 		pdb.Mux.Unlock()
 		t.Fatalf("prepared stmt can not be empty")
 	}
 	pdb.Mux.Unlock()
 
-	pdb.Reset()
+	pdb.Close()
 	pdb.Mux.Lock()
 	defer pdb.Mux.Unlock()
-	if len(pdb.Stmts) != 0 {
+	if len(pdb.Stmts.Keys()) != 0 {
 		t.Fatalf("prepared stmt should be empty")
 	}
 }
+
+func isUsingClosedConnError(err error) bool {
+	// https://github.com/golang/go/blob/e705a2d16e4ece77e08e80c168382cdb02890f5b/src/database/sql/sql.go#L2717
+	return err.Error() == "sql: statement is closed"
+}
+
+// TestPreparedStmtConcurrentClose test calling close and executing SQL concurrently
+// this test making sure that the gorm would not get a Segmentation Fault, and the only error cause by this is using a closed Stmt
+func TestPreparedStmtConcurrentClose(t *testing.T) {
+	name := "prepared_stmt_concurrent_close"
+	user := *GetUser(name, Config{})
+	createTx := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{}).Create(&user)
+	if createTx.Error != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to prepare record due to %s, test cannot be continue", createTx.Error)
+	}
+
+	// create a new connection to keep away from other tests
+	tx, err := OpenTestConnection(&gorm.Config{PrepareStmt: true})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to open test connection due to %s", err)
+	}
+	pdb, ok := tx.ConnPool.(*gorm.PreparedStmtDB)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("should assign PreparedStatement Manager back to database when using PrepareStmt mode")
+	}
+
+	loopCount := 100
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	var unexpectedError bool
+	writerFinish := make(chan struct{})
+
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func(id uint) {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		defer close(writerFinish)
+
+		for j := 0; j < loopCount; j++ {
+			var tmp User
+			err := tx.Session(&gorm.Session{}).First(&tmp, id).Error
+			if err == nil || isUsingClosedConnError(err) {
+				continue
+			}
+			t.Errorf("failed to read user of id %d due to %s, there should not be error", id, err)
+			unexpectedError = true
+			break
+		}
+	}(user.ID)
+
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		<-writerFinish
+		pdb.Close()
+	}()
+
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if unexpectedError {
+		t.Fatalf("should is a unexpected error")
+	}
+}

tests/query_test.go

@@ -632,6 +632,21 @@ func TestOr(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("Build OR condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
 	}
 
+	sub := dryDB.Clauses(clause.Where{
+		Exprs: []clause.Expression{
+			clause.OrConditions{
+				Exprs: []clause.Expression{
+					clause.Expr{SQL: "role = ?", Vars: []interface{}{"super_admin"}},
+					clause.Expr{SQL: "role = ?", Vars: []interface{}{"admin"}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	result = dryDB.Where(sub).Find(&User{})
+	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* WHERE .*role.* = .+ OR .*role.* = .+").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
+		t.Fatalf("Build OR condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
+	}
+
 	result = dryDB.Where("role = ?", "admin").Or("role = ?", "super_admin").Find(&User{})
 	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM .*users.* WHERE .*role.* = .+ OR .*role.* = .+").MatchString(result.Statement.SQL.String()) {
 		t.Fatalf("Build OR condition, but got %v", result.Statement.SQL.String())
@@ -1112,6 +1127,10 @@ func TestSearchWithMap(t *testing.T) {
 	DB.First(&user, map[string]interface{}{"name": users[0].Name})
 	CheckUser(t, user, users[0])
 
+	user = User{}
+	DB.First(&user, map[string]interface{}{"users.name": users[0].Name})
+	CheckUser(t, user, users[0])
+
 	user = User{}
 	DB.Where(map[string]interface{}{"name": users[1].Name}).First(&user)
 	CheckUser(t, user, users[1])

tests/serializer_test.go

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ type SerializerPostgresStruct struct {
 func (*SerializerPostgresStruct) TableName() string { return "serializer_structs" }
 
 func adaptorSerializerModel(s *SerializerStruct) interface{} {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() == "postgres" || DB.Dialector.Name() == "gaussdb" {
 		sps := SerializerPostgresStruct(*s)
 		return &sps
 	}

tests/sql_builder_test.go

@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ func replaceQuoteInSQL(sql string) string {
 
 	// convert dialect special quote into double quote
 	switch DB.Dialector.Name() {
-	case "postgres":
+	case "postgres", "gaussdb":
 		sql = strings.ReplaceAll(sql, `"`, `"`)
 	case "mysql", "sqlite":
 		sql = strings.ReplaceAll(sql, "`", `"`)

tests/table_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
+	"gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
 	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	"gorm.io/gorm/schema"
@@ -251,6 +252,82 @@ func TestPostgresTableWithIdentifierLength(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestGaussDBTableWithIdentifierLength(t *testing.T) {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" {
+		return
+	}
+
+	type LongString struct {
+		ThisIsAVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryVeryLongString string `gorm:"unique"`
+	}
+
+	t.Run("default", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db, _ := gorm.Open(gaussdb.Open(gaussdbDSN), &gorm.Config{})
+		user, err := schema.Parse(&LongString{}, &sync.Map{}, db.Config.NamingStrategy)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse user unique, got error %v", err)
+		}
+
+		constraints := user.ParseUniqueConstraints()
+		if len(constraints) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to find unique constraint, got %v", constraints)
+		}
+
+		for key := range constraints {
+			if len(key) != 63 {
+				t.Errorf("failed to find unique constraint, got %v", constraints)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("naming strategy", func(t *testing.T) {
+		db, _ := gorm.Open(gaussdb.Open(gaussdbDSN), &gorm.Config{
+			NamingStrategy: schema.NamingStrategy{},
+		})
+
+		user, err := schema.Parse(&LongString{}, &sync.Map{}, db.Config.NamingStrategy)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse user unique, got error %v", err)
+		}
+
+		constraints := user.ParseUniqueConstraints()
+		if len(constraints) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to find unique constraint, got %v", constraints)
+		}
+
+		for key := range constraints {
+			if len(key) != 63 {
+				t.Errorf("failed to find unique constraint, got %v", constraints)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("namer", func(t *testing.T) {
+		uname := "custom_unique_name"
+		db, _ := gorm.Open(gaussdb.Open(gaussdbDSN), &gorm.Config{
+			NamingStrategy: mockUniqueNamingStrategy{
+				UName: uname,
+			},
+		})
+
+		user, err := schema.Parse(&LongString{}, &sync.Map{}, db.Config.NamingStrategy)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to parse user unique, got error %v", err)
+		}
+
+		constraints := user.ParseUniqueConstraints()
+		if len(constraints) != 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to find unique constraint, got %v", constraints)
+		}
+
+		for key := range constraints {
+			if key != uname {
+				t.Errorf("failed to find unique constraint, got %v", constraints)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
 type mockUniqueNamingStrategy struct {
 	UName string
 	schema.NamingStrategy

tests/tests_all.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash -e
 
-dialects=("sqlite" "mysql" "postgres" "sqlserver" "tidb")
+dialects=("sqlite" "mysql" "postgres" "gaussdb" "sqlserver" "tidb")
 
 if [[ $(pwd) == *"gorm/tests"* ]]; then
   cd ..
@@ -16,21 +16,22 @@ then
 fi
 
 # SqlServer for Mac M1
-if [[ -z $GITHUB_ACTION ]]; then
-  if [ -d tests ]
-  then
-    cd tests
-    if [[ $(uname -a) == *" arm64" ]]; then
-      MSSQL_IMAGE=mcr.microsoft.com/azure-sql-edge docker-compose start || true
-      go install github.com/microsoft/go-sqlcmd/cmd/sqlcmd@latest || true
-      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "IF DB_ID('gorm') IS NULL CREATE DATABASE gorm" > /dev/null || true
-      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "IF SUSER_ID (N'gorm') IS NULL CREATE LOGIN gorm WITH PASSWORD = 'LoremIpsum86';" > /dev/null || true
-      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "IF USER_ID (N'gorm') IS NULL CREATE USER gorm FROM LOGIN gorm; ALTER SERVER ROLE sysadmin ADD MEMBER [gorm];" > /dev/null || true
-    else
-      docker-compose start
-    fi
-    cd ..
+if [[ -z $GITHUB_ACTION && -d tests ]]; then
+  cd tests
+  if [[ $(uname -a) == *" arm64" ]]; then
+    MSSQL_IMAGE=mcr.microsoft.com/azure-sql-edge docker compose up -d --wait
+    go install github.com/microsoft/go-sqlcmd/cmd/sqlcmd@latest || true
+    for query in \
+      "IF DB_ID('gorm') IS NULL CREATE DATABASE gorm" \
+      "IF SUSER_ID (N'gorm') IS NULL CREATE LOGIN gorm WITH PASSWORD = 'LoremIpsum86';" \
+      "IF USER_ID (N'gorm') IS NULL CREATE USER gorm FROM LOGIN gorm; ALTER SERVER ROLE sysadmin ADD MEMBER [gorm];"
+    do
+      SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930 -Q "$query" > /dev/null || true
+    done
+  else
+    MSSQL_IMAGE=mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server docker compose up -d --wait
   fi
+  cd ..
 fi
 
 

tests/tests_test.go

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//go:debug x509negativeserial=1
 package tests_test
 
 import (
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"time"
 
+	"gorm.io/driver/gaussdb"
 	"gorm.io/driver/mysql"
 	"gorm.io/driver/postgres"
 	"gorm.io/driver/sqlite"
@@ -20,7 +22,8 @@ var DB *gorm.DB
 var (
 	mysqlDSN     = "gorm:gorm@tcp(localhost:9910)/gorm?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
 	postgresDSN  = "user=gorm password=gorm dbname=gorm host=localhost port=9920 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
-	sqlserverDSN = "sqlserver://gorm:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=gorm"
+	gaussdbDSN   = "user=gaussdb password=Gaussdb@123 dbname=gorm host=localhost port=9950 sslmode=disable TimeZone=Asia/Shanghai"
+	sqlserverDSN = "sqlserver://sa:LoremIpsum86@localhost:9930?database=master"
 	tidbDSN      = "root:@tcp(localhost:9940)/test?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local"
 )
 
@@ -64,6 +67,15 @@ func OpenTestConnection(cfg *gorm.Config) (db *gorm.DB, err error) {
 			DSN:                  dbDSN,
 			PreferSimpleProtocol: true,
 		}), cfg)
+	case "gaussdb":
+		log.Println("testing gaussdb...")
+		if dbDSN == "" {
+			dbDSN = gaussdbDSN
+		}
+		db, err = gorm.Open(gaussdb.New(gaussdb.Config{
+			DSN:                  dbDSN,
+			PreferSimpleProtocol: true,
+		}), cfg)
 	case "sqlserver":
 		// go install github.com/microsoft/go-sqlcmd/cmd/sqlcmd@latest
 		// SQLCMDPASSWORD=LoremIpsum86 sqlcmd -U sa -S localhost:9930

tests/transaction_test.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"gorm.io/gorm"
 	. "gorm.io/gorm/utils/tests"
@@ -297,6 +298,74 @@ func TestNestedTransactionWithBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestDeeplyNestedTransactionWithBlockAndWrappedCallback(t *testing.T) {
+	transaction := func(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB, callback func(ctx context.Context, db *gorm.DB) error) error {
+		return db.WithContext(ctx).Transaction(func(tx *gorm.DB) error {
+			return callback(ctx, tx)
+		})
+	}
+	var (
+		user  = *GetUser("transaction-nested", Config{})
+		user1 = *GetUser("transaction-nested-1", Config{})
+		user2 = *GetUser("transaction-nested-2", Config{})
+	)
+
+	if err := transaction(context.Background(), DB, func(ctx context.Context, tx *gorm.DB) error {
+		tx.Create(&user)
+
+		if err := tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user.Name).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Should find saved record")
+		}
+
+		if err := transaction(ctx, tx, func(ctx context.Context, tx1 *gorm.DB) error {
+			tx1.Create(&user1)
+
+			if err := tx1.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user1.Name).Error; err != nil {
+				t.Fatalf("Should find saved record")
+			}
+
+			if err := transaction(ctx, tx1, func(ctx context.Context, tx2 *gorm.DB) error {
+				tx2.Create(&user2)
+
+				if err := tx2.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user2.Name).Error; err != nil {
+					t.Fatalf("Should find saved record")
+				}
+
+				return errors.New("inner rollback")
+			}); err == nil {
+				t.Fatalf("nested transaction has no error")
+			}
+
+			return errors.New("rollback")
+		}); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("nested transaction should returns error")
+		}
+
+		if err := tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user1.Name).Error; err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Should not find rollbacked record")
+		}
+
+		if err := tx.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user2.Name).Error; err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("Should find saved record")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("no error should return, but got %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user.Name).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should find saved record")
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user1.Name).Error; err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should not find rollbacked parent record")
+	}
+
+	if err := DB.First(&User{}, "name = ?", user2.Name).Error; err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Should not find rollbacked nested record")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestDisabledNestedTransaction(t *testing.T) {
 	var (
 		user  = *GetUser("transaction-nested", Config{})
@@ -391,7 +460,6 @@ func TestTransactionWithHooks(t *testing.T) {
 			return tx2.Scan(&User{}).Error
 		})
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
@@ -405,8 +473,20 @@ func TestTransactionWithHooks(t *testing.T) {
 			return tx3.Where("user_id", user.ID).Delete(&Account{}).Error
 		})
 	})
-
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Error(err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTransactionWithDefaultTimeout(t *testing.T) {
+	db, err := OpenTestConnection(&gorm.Config{DefaultTransactionTimeout: 2 * time.Second})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to connect database, got error %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tx := db.Begin()
+	time.Sleep(3 * time.Second)
+	if err = tx.Find(&User{}).Error; err == nil {
+		t.Errorf("should return error when transaction timeout, got error %v", err)
+	}
+}

tests/update_test.go

@@ -765,9 +765,9 @@ func TestSaveWithPrimaryValue(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// only sqlite, postgres, sqlserver support returning
+// only sqlite, postgres, gaussdb, sqlserver support returning
 func TestUpdateReturning(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -883,9 +883,9 @@ func TestSaveWithHooks(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-// only postgres, sqlserver, sqlite support update from
+// only postgres, gaussdb, sqlserver, sqlite support update from
 func TestUpdateFrom(t *testing.T) {
-	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
+	if DB.Dialector.Name() != "postgres" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "gaussdb" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlite" && DB.Dialector.Name() != "sqlserver" {
 		return
 	}
 

utils/utils.go

@@ -166,3 +166,14 @@ func SplitNestedRelationName(name string) []string {
 func JoinNestedRelationNames(relationNames []string) string {
 	return strings.Join(relationNames, nestedRelationSplit)
 }
+
+// RTrimSlice Right trims the given slice by given length
+func RTrimSlice[T any](v []T, trimLen int) []T {
+	if trimLen >= len(v) { // trimLen greater than slice len means fully sliced
+		return v[:0]
+	}
+	if trimLen < 0 { // negative trimLen is ignored
+		return v[:]
+	}
+	return v[:len(v)-trimLen]
+}

utils/utils_test.go

@@ -138,3 +138,64 @@ func TestToString(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRTrimSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		input    []int
+		trimLen  int
+		expected []int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "Trim two elements from end",
+			input:    []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5},
+			trimLen:  2,
+			expected: []int{1, 2, 3},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Trim entire slice",
+			input:    []int{1, 2, 3},
+			trimLen:  3,
+			expected: []int{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Trim length greater than slice length",
+			input:    []int{1, 2, 3},
+			trimLen:  5,
+			expected: []int{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Zero trim length",
+			input:    []int{1, 2, 3},
+			trimLen:  0,
+			expected: []int{1, 2, 3},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Trim one element from end",
+			input:    []int{1, 2, 3},
+			trimLen:  1,
+			expected: []int{1, 2},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Empty slice",
+			input:    []int{},
+			trimLen:  2,
+			expected: []int{},
+		},
+		{
+			name:     "Negative trim length (should be treated as zero)",
+			input:    []int{1, 2, 3},
+			trimLen:  -1,
+			expected: []int{1, 2, 3},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, testcase := range tests {
+		t.Run(testcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			result := RTrimSlice(testcase.input, testcase.trimLen)
+			if !AssertEqual(result, testcase.expected) {
+				t.Errorf("RTrimSlice(%v, %d) = %v; want %v", testcase.input, testcase.trimLen, result, testcase.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}