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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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        <title>Database · GORM Guide</title>
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                <a href="./">
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                        <b>1.1.</b>
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                    Getting Started with GORM
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                </a>
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                <a href="database.html">
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                        <b>1.2.</b>
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                    Database
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                </a>
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                <a href="database.html#connecting-to-a-database">
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                        <b>1.2.1.</b>
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                    Database Connection
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                </a>
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                        <b>1.2.2.</b>
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                    Migration
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                <a href="models.html">
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                        <b>1.3.</b>
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                    Models
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                </a>
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                <a href="models.html#model-definition">
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                        <b>1.3.1.</b>
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                    Model Definition
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                </a>
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                <a href="models.html#conventions">
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                        <b>1.3.2.</b>
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                    Conventions & Overriding
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                </a>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="associations.html">
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                <a href="associations.html">
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                        <b>1.3.3.</b>
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                    Associations
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                </a>
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                <a href="associations.html#belongs-to">
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                        <b>1.3.3.1.</b>
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                    Belongs To
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                </a>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.2" data-path="associations.html">
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                <a href="associations.html#has-one">
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                        <b>1.3.3.2.</b>
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                    Has One
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                </a>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.3" data-path="associations.html">
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                <a href="associations.html#has-many">
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                        <b>1.3.3.3.</b>
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                    Has Many
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                </a>
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                <a href="associations.html#many-to-many">
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                        <b>1.3.3.4.</b>
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                    Many To Many
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                </a>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.5" data-path="associations.html">
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                <a href="associations.html#polymorphism">
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                        <b>1.3.3.5.</b>
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                    Polymorphism
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                </a>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.6" data-path="associations.html">
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                <a href="associations.html#association-mode">
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                        <b>1.3.3.6.</b>
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                    Association Mode
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                </a>
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            </ul>
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            </ul>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html">
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                        <b>1.4.</b>
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                    CRUD: Reading and Writing Data
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                </a>
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            <ul class="articles">
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html#create">
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                        <b>1.4.1.</b>
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                    Create
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html#query">
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                        <b>1.4.2.</b>
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                    Query
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html#preloading-eager-loading">
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                        <b>1.4.3.</b>
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                    Preloading (Eager Loading)
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html#update">
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                        <b>1.4.4.</b>
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                    Update
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html#delete">
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                        <b>1.4.5.</b>
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                    Delete / Soft Delete
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6" data-path="crud.html">
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                <a href="crud.html#associations">
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                        <b>1.4.6.</b>
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                    Associations
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                </a>
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        </li>
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            </ul>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="callbacks.html">
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                <a href="callbacks.html">
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                        <b>1.5.</b>
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                    Callbacks
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html">
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                        <b>1.6.</b>
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                    Advanced Usage
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                </a>
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            <ul class="articles">
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html#error-handling">
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                        <b>1.6.1.</b>
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                    Error Handling
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html#transactions">
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                        <b>1.6.2.</b>
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                    Transactions
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html#sql-builder">
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                        <b>1.6.3.</b>
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                    Raw SQL & SQL Builder
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html#generic-database-interface-sqldb">
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                        <b>1.6.4.</b>
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                    Generic database interface sql.DB
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.5" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html#compose-primary-key">
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                        <b>1.6.5.</b>
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                    Composite Primary Key
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                </a>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.6" data-path="advanced.html">
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                <a href="advanced.html#logger">
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                        <b>1.6.6.</b>
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                    Overriding Logger
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                </a>
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        </li>
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            </ul>
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        </li>
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="development.html">
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                <a href="development.html">
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                        <b>1.7.</b>
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                    Development
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                </a>
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            <ul class="articles">
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        <li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.1" data-path="development.html">
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                <a href="development.html#architecture">
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                        <b>1.7.1.</b>
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                    Architecture
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                </a>
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                                <section class="normal markdown-section">
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                                <h1 id="database">Database</h1>
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<!-- toc -->
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<h2 id="connecting-to-a-database">Connecting to a database</h2>
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<p>In order to connect to a database, you need to import the database's driver first. For example:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> _ <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"</span>
 | 
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</code></pre>
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<p>GORM has wrapped some drivers, for easier to remember the import path, so you could import the mysql driver with</p>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> _ <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql"</span>
 | 
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<span class="hljs-comment">// import _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/postgres"</span>
 | 
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<span class="hljs-comment">// import _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite"</span>
 | 
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<span class="hljs-comment">// import _ "github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mssql"</span>
 | 
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</code></pre>
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<h4 id="mysql">MySQL</h4>
 | 
						|
<p><strong>NOTE:</strong> In order to handle <code>time.Time</code>, you need to include <code>parseTime</code> as a parameter. (<a href="https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql#parameters" target="_blank">More supported parameters</a>)</p>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
 | 
						|
    <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"</span>
 | 
						|
    _ <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/mysql"</span>
 | 
						|
)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
 | 
						|
  db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">"mysql"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"user:password@/dbname?charset=utf8&parseTime=True&loc=Local"</span>)
 | 
						|
  <span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> db.Close()
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h4 id="postgresql">PostgreSQL</h4>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
 | 
						|
    <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"</span>
 | 
						|
    _ <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/postgres"</span>
 | 
						|
)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
 | 
						|
  db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">"postgres"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"host=myhost user=gorm dbname=gorm sslmode=disable password=mypassword"</span>)
 | 
						|
  <span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> db.Close()
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h4 id="sqlite3">Sqlite3</h4>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> (
 | 
						|
    <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm"</span>
 | 
						|
    _ <span class="hljs-string">"github.com/jinzhu/gorm/dialects/sqlite"</span>
 | 
						|
)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> main() {
 | 
						|
  db, err := gorm.Open(<span class="hljs-string">"sqlite3"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"/tmp/gorm.db"</span>)
 | 
						|
  <span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> db.Close()
 | 
						|
}
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h4 id="write-dialect-for-unsupported-databases">Write Dialect for unsupported databases</h4>
 | 
						|
<p>GORM officially supports the above databases, but you could write a dialect for unsupported databases.</p>
 | 
						|
<p>To write your own dialect, refer to: <a href="https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/dialect.go" target="_blank">https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/dialect.go</a></p>
 | 
						|
<h2 id="migration">Migration</h2>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="auto-migration">Auto Migration</h3>
 | 
						|
<p>Automatically migrate your schema, to keep your schema update to date.</p>
 | 
						|
<p><strong>WARNING:</strong> AutoMigrate will <strong>ONLY</strong> create tables, missing columns and missing indexes, and <strong>WON'T</strong> change existing column's type or delete unused columns to protect your data.</p>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.AutoMigrate(&User{})
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
db.AutoMigrate(&User{}, &Product{}, &Order{})
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add table suffix when create tables</span>
 | 
						|
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">"gorm:table_options"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"ENGINE=InnoDB"</span>).AutoMigrate(&User{})
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="has-table">Has Table</h3>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Check model `User`'s table exists or not</span>
 | 
						|
db.HasTable(&User{})
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Check table `users` exists or not</span>
 | 
						|
db.HasTable(<span class="hljs-string">"users"</span>)
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="create-table">Create Table</h3>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Create table for model `User`</span>
 | 
						|
db.CreateTable(&User{})
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// will append "ENGINE=InnoDB" to the SQL statement when creating table `users`</span>
 | 
						|
db.Set(<span class="hljs-string">"gorm:table_options"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"ENGINE=InnoDB"</span>).CreateTable(&User{})
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="drop-table">Drop table</h3>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Drop model `User`'s table</span>
 | 
						|
db.DropTable(&User{})
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Drop table `users</span>
 | 
						|
db.DropTable(<span class="hljs-string">"users"</span>)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Drop model's `User`'s table and table `products`</span>
 | 
						|
db.DropTableIfExists(&User{}, <span class="hljs-string">"products"</span>)
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="modifycolumn">ModifyColumn</h3>
 | 
						|
<p>Modify column's type to given value</p>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// change column description's data type to `text` for model `User`</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).ModifyColumn(<span class="hljs-string">"description"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"text"</span>)
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="dropcolumn">DropColumn</h3>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Drop column description from model `User`</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).DropColumn(<span class="hljs-string">"description"</span>)
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="add-foreign-key">Add Foreign Key</h3>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Add foreign key</span>
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// 1st param : foreignkey field</span>
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// 2nd param : destination table(id)</span>
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// 3rd param : ONDELETE</span>
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// 4th param : ONUPDATE</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).AddForeignKey(<span class="hljs-string">"city_id"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"cities(id)"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"RESTRICT"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"RESTRICT"</span>)
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
 | 
						|
<h3 id="indexes">Indexes</h3>
 | 
						|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Add index for columns `name` with given name `idx_user_name`</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).AddIndex(<span class="hljs-string">"idx_user_name"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"name"</span>)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add index for columns `name`, `age` with given name `idx_user_name_age`</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).AddIndex(<span class="hljs-string">"idx_user_name_age"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"name"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"age"</span>)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add unique index</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).AddUniqueIndex(<span class="hljs-string">"idx_user_name"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"name"</span>)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Add unique index for multiple columns</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).AddUniqueIndex(<span class="hljs-string">"idx_user_name_age"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"name"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"age"</span>)
 | 
						|
 | 
						|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Remove index</span>
 | 
						|
db.Model(&User{}).RemoveIndex(<span class="hljs-string">"idx_user_name"</span>)
 | 
						|
</code></pre>
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