884 lines
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HTML
884 lines
26 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
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<title>Advanced Usage · GORM Guide</title>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.1" data-path="./">
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<a href="./">
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<b>1.1.</b>
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Getting Started with GORM
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2" data-path="database.html">
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<a href="database.html">
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<b>1.2.</b>
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Database
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.1" data-path="database.html">
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<a href="database.html#connecting-to-a-database">
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<b>1.2.1.</b>
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Database Connection
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.2.2" data-path="database.html">
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<a href="database.html#migration">
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<b>1.2.2.</b>
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Migration
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3" data-path="models.html">
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<a href="models.html">
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<b>1.3.</b>
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Models
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.1" data-path="models.html">
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<a href="models.html#model-definition">
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<b>1.3.1.</b>
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Model Definition
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.2" data-path="models.html">
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<a href="models.html#conventions">
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<b>1.3.2.</b>
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Conventions & Overriding
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html">
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<b>1.3.3.</b>
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Associations
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.1" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html#belongs-to">
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<b>1.3.3.1.</b>
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Belongs To
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</a>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.2" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html#has-one">
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<b>1.3.3.2.</b>
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Has One
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.3" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html#has-many">
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<b>1.3.3.3.</b>
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Has Many
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.4" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html#many-to-many">
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<b>1.3.3.4.</b>
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Many To Many
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.5" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html#polymorphism">
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<b>1.3.3.5.</b>
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Polymorphism
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.3.3.6" data-path="associations.html">
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<a href="associations.html#association-mode">
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<b>1.3.3.6.</b>
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Association Mode
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html">
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<b>1.4.</b>
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CRUD: Reading and Writing Data
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.1" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html#create">
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<b>1.4.1.</b>
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Create
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.2" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html#query">
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<b>1.4.2.</b>
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Query
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.3" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html#preloading-eager-loading">
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<b>1.4.3.</b>
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Preloading (Eager Loading)
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.4" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html#update">
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<b>1.4.4.</b>
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Update
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.5" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html#delete">
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<b>1.4.5.</b>
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Delete / Soft Delete
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.4.6" data-path="crud.html">
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<a href="crud.html#associations">
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<b>1.4.6.</b>
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Associations
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.5" data-path="callbacks.html">
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<a href="callbacks.html">
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<b>1.5.</b>
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Callbacks
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter active" data-level="1.6" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html">
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<b>1.6.</b>
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Advanced Usage
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.1" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html#error-handling">
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<b>1.6.1.</b>
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Error Handling
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.2" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html#transactions">
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<b>1.6.2.</b>
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Transactions
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.3" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html#sql-builder">
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<b>1.6.3.</b>
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Raw SQL & SQL Builder
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.4" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html#generic-database-interface-sqldb">
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<b>1.6.4.</b>
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Generic database interface sql.DB
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.5" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html#compose-primary-key">
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<b>1.6.5.</b>
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Composite Primary Key
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.6.6" data-path="advanced.html">
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<a href="advanced.html#logger">
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<b>1.6.6.</b>
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Overriding Logger
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7" data-path="development.html">
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<a href="development.html">
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<b>1.7.</b>
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Development
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</a>
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<ul class="articles">
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.1" data-path="development.html">
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<a href="development.html#architecture">
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<b>1.7.1.</b>
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Architecture
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.7.2" data-path="development.html">
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<a href="development.html#write-plugins">
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<b>1.7.2.</b>
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Write Plugins
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="chapter " data-level="1.8" data-path="changelog.html">
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<a href="changelog.html">
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<b>1.8.</b>
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Change Log
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</a>
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</div>
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</nav>
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</div>
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<div class="book-body">
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<div class="body-inner">
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<div class="book-header" role="navigation">
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<!-- Title -->
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<h1>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i>
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<a href="." >Advanced Usage</a>
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</h1>
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</div>
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<div class="page-wrapper" tabindex="-1" role="main">
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<div class="page-inner">
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<div id="book-search-results">
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<div class="search-noresults">
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<section class="normal markdown-section">
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<h1 id="advanced-usage">Advanced Usage</h1>
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<!-- toc -->
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<h2 id="error-handling">Error Handling</h2>
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<p>After perform any operations, if there are any error happened, GORM will set it to <code>*DB</code>'s <code>Error</code> field</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">"name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"jinzhu"</span>).First(&user).Error; err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
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<span class="hljs-comment">// error handling...</span>
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}
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<span class="hljs-comment">// If there are more than one error happened, get all of them with `GetErrors`, it returns `[]error`</span>
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db.First(&user).Limit(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>).Find(&users).GetErrors()
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Check if returns RecordNotFound error</span>
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db.Where(<span class="hljs-string">"name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"hello world"</span>).First(&user).RecordNotFound()
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<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> db.Model(&user).Related(&credit_card).RecordNotFound() {
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<span class="hljs-comment">// no credit card found handling</span>
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="transactions">Transactions</h2>
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<p>To perform a set of operations within a transaction, the general flow is as below.</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// begin a transaction</span>
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tx := db.Begin()
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<span class="hljs-comment">// do some database operations in the transaction (use 'tx' from this point, not 'db')</span>
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tx.Create(...)
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<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
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<span class="hljs-comment">// rollback the transaction in case of error</span>
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tx.Rollback()
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Or commit the transaction</span>
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tx.Commit()
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="a-specific-example">A Specific Example</h3>
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<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">func</span> CreateAnimals(db *gorm.DB) err {
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tx := db.Begin()
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<span class="hljs-comment">// Note the use of tx as the database handle once you are within a transaction</span>
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<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := tx.Create(&Animal{Name: <span class="hljs-string">"Giraffe"</span>}).Error; err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
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tx.Rollback()
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<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
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}
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<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> err := tx.Create(&Animal{Name: <span class="hljs-string">"Lion"</span>}).Error; err != <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span> {
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tx.Rollback()
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<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> err
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}
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tx.Commit()
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<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-literal">nil</span>
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h2 id="sql-builder">SQL Builder</h2>
|
|
<h4 id="run-raw-sql">Run Raw SQL</h4>
|
|
<p>Run Raw SQL</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.Exec(<span class="hljs-string">"DROP TABLE users;"</span>)
|
|
db.Exec(<span class="hljs-string">"UPDATE orders SET shipped_at=? WHERE id IN (?)"</span>, time.Now, []<span class="hljs-keyword">int64</span>{<span class="hljs-number">11</span>,<span class="hljs-number">22</span>,<span class="hljs-number">33</span>})
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Scan</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Result <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
Name <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>
|
|
Age <span class="hljs-keyword">int</span>
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> result Result
|
|
db.Raw(<span class="hljs-string">"SELECT name, age FROM users WHERE name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>).Scan(&result)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h4 id="sqlrow--sqlrows">sql.Row & sql.Rows</h4>
|
|
<p>Get query result as <code>*sql.Row</code> or <code>*sql.Rows</code></p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">row := db.Table(<span class="hljs-string">"users"</span>).Where(<span class="hljs-string">"name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"jinzhu"</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">"name, age"</span>).Row() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Row)</span>
|
|
row.Scan(&name, &age)
|
|
|
|
rows, err := db.Model(&User{}).Where(<span class="hljs-string">"name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"jinzhu"</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">"name, age, email"</span>).Rows() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
|
|
...
|
|
rows.Scan(&name, &age, &email)
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Raw SQL</span>
|
|
rows, err := db.Raw(<span class="hljs-string">"select name, age, email from users where name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"jinzhu"</span>).Rows() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
|
|
...
|
|
rows.Scan(&name, &age, &email)
|
|
...
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h4 id="scan-sqlrows-in-iteration">Scan sql.Rows In Iteration</h4>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">rows, err := db.Model(&User{}).Where(<span class="hljs-string">"name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"jinzhu"</span>).Select(<span class="hljs-string">"name, age, email"</span>).Rows() <span class="hljs-comment">// (*sql.Rows, error)</span>
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">defer</span> rows.Close()
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> rows.Next() {
|
|
<span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> user User
|
|
db.ScanRows(rows, &user)
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// do something</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h2 id="generic-database-interface-sqldb">Generic database interface sql.DB</h2>
|
|
<p>Get generic database interface <a href="http://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/#DB" target="_blank">*sql.DB</a> from <code>*gorm.DB</code> connection</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Get generic database object `*sql.DB` to use its functions</span>
|
|
db.DB()
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Ping</span>
|
|
db.DB().Ping()
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h4 id="connection-pool">Connection Pool</h4>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.DB().SetMaxIdleConns(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
|
|
db.DB().SetMaxOpenConns(<span class="hljs-number">100</span>)
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h2 id="composite-primary-key">Composite Primary Key</h2>
|
|
<p>Set multiple fields as primary key to enable composite primary key</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-keyword">type</span> Product <span class="hljs-keyword">struct</span> {
|
|
ID <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:"primary_key"`</span>
|
|
LanguageCode <span class="hljs-keyword">string</span> <span class="hljs-string">`gorm:"primary_key"`</span>
|
|
}
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h2 id="logger">Logger</h2>
|
|
<p>Gorm has built-in logger support, by default, it will print happened errors</p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go"><span class="hljs-comment">// Enable Logger, show detailed log</span>
|
|
db.LogMode(<span class="hljs-literal">true</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Diable Logger, don't show any log</span>
|
|
db.LogMode(<span class="hljs-literal">false</span>)
|
|
|
|
<span class="hljs-comment">// Debug a single operation, show detailed log for this operation</span>
|
|
db.Debug().Where(<span class="hljs-string">"name = ?"</span>, <span class="hljs-string">"jinzhu"</span>).First(&User{})
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|
<h4 id="customize-logger">Customize Logger</h4>
|
|
<p>Refer GORM's default logger for how to customize it <a href="https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/logger.go" target="_blank">https://github.com/jinzhu/gorm/blob/master/logger.go</a></p>
|
|
<pre><code class="lang-go">db.SetLogger(gorm.Logger{revel.TRACE})
|
|
db.SetLogger(log.New(os.Stdout, <span class="hljs-string">"\r\n"</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>))
|
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</code></pre>
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